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Ou G, Komura A, Hojo M, Kato R, Ikeda M, Fujisawa M, Xu K, Yoshioka K, Obara K, Tanaka Y. Pharmacological study on the enhancing effects of U46619 on guinea pig urinary bladder smooth muscle contraction induced by acetylcholine and α,β-methylene ATP and the possible involvement of protein kinase C. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 153:119-129. [PMID: 37770153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined whether U46619 (a prostanoid TP receptor agonist) could enhance the contractions of guinea pig urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM) in response to acetylcholine (ACh) and an ATP analog (α,β-methylene ATP (αβ-MeATP)) through stimulation of the UBSM TP receptor and whether protein kinase C (PKC) is involved. U46619 (10-7 M) markedly enhanced UBSM contractions induced by electrical field stimulation and ACh/αβ-MeATP (3 × 10-6 M each), the potentiation of which was completely suppressed by SQ 29,548 (a TP receptor antagonist, 6 × 10-7 M). PKC inhibitors did not attenuate the ACh-induced contractions enhanced by U46619 although they partly suppressed the U46619-enhanced, αβ-MeATP-induced contractions. While phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, a PKC activator, 10-6 M) did not enhance ACh-induced contractions, it enhanced αβ-MeATP-induced contractions, an effect that was completely suppressed by PKC inhibitors. αβ-MeATP-induced contractions, both with and without U46619 enhancement, were strongly inhibited by diltiazem. U46619/PMA enhanced 50 mM KCl-induced contractions, the potentiation of which was partly/completely attenuated by PKC inhibitors. These findings suggest that U46619 potentiates parasympathetic nerve-associated UBSM contractions by stimulating UBSM TP receptors. PKC-increased Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels may partially play a role in purinergic receptor-mediated UBSM contractions enhanced by TP receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghan Ou
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Akane Komura
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Misaki Hojo
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Rina Kato
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ikeda
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Miki Fujisawa
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Keyue Xu
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kento Yoshioka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Keisuke Obara
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Tanaka
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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Rehman A, Shabbir M, Badshah Y, Khan K, Trembley JH, Ashraf NM, Afsar T, Almajwal A, Alruwaili NW, Alshamari A, Alanezi TN, Razak S. Elucidating the role of missense SNP of protein kinase C epsilon in HCV-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:147. [PMID: 36782184 PMCID: PMC9926771 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein kinase C (PKC) family of serine/threonine kinases contains more than ten isozymes that are involved in multiple signaling pathways, including cell cycle regulation and carcinogenesis. The PKCε isozyme is an oncogene known to be upregulated in various signaling pathways involved in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, there is no known association of missense SNPs in PKCε with this disease, which can be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and treatment. This research reveals a novel missense SNP in PKCε that is associated with HCV-induced HCC in the Pakistani population. METHODS The PKCε SNP with amino acid substitution of E14K was chosen for wet lab analysis. Tetra ARMS-PCR was employed for the identification of high-risk SNP in PKCε of HCV-induced HCC patients. Liver function testing was also performed for comparison between the liver condition of the HCC patient and control group, and the viral load of HCC patient samples was evaluated to determine any alteration in the viral infectivity between different genotypes of the selected high-risk PKCε variant SNP. RESULTS Frequency distribution of the homozygous GG genotype was found to be highest among HCV-induced HCC patients and was also found to be significantly associated with disease development and progression. The p values of comparative data obtained for the other two genotypes, heterozygous AG and homozygous AA, of the SNP also showed the significance of the data for these alleles. Still, their odds ratio and relative risk analysis did not indicate their association with HCV-induced HCC. CONCLUSION The distribution of a genotype GG of PKCε has been found in HCV- induced HCC patients. Therefore, these PKCε SNP have the potential to be biomarkers for HCV-induced HCC. Further investigation using a larger sample size would provide additional insight into these initial data and open a new avenue for a better prognosis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areeba Rehman
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maria Shabbir
- Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Yasmin Badshah
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Khushbukhat Khan
- grid.412117.00000 0001 2234 2376Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Janeen H. Trembley
- grid.410394.b0000 0004 0419 8667Minneapolis VA Health Care System Research Service, Minneapolis, MN USA ,grid.17635.360000000419368657Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA ,grid.17635.360000000419368657Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Naeem Mahmood Ashraf
- grid.11173.350000 0001 0670 519XSchool of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Afsar
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Almajwal
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nawaf W. Alruwaili
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Alshamari
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Nahar Alanezi
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396College of Medicine, King Saud University, 11481 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suhail Razak
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Yuan L, Zhang L, Yao N, Wu L, Liu J, Liu F, Zhang H, Hu X, Xiong Y, Xia C. Upregulation of UGT1A1 expression by ursolic acid and oleanolic acid via the inhibition of the PKC/NF-κB signaling pathway. Phytomedicine 2021; 92:153726. [PMID: 34536821 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isomeric ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) compounds have recently garnered great attention due to their biological effects. Previously, it had been shown that UA and OA can exert important pharmacological action via the protein kinase C (PKC) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, and that they can induce the expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) in HepG2 cells. This study aims to investigate the role of PKC/NF-κB signaling in regulating the expression of UGT1A1 and examine how UA and OA induce UGT1A1 based on this signaling pathway. METHODS HepG2 cells, hp65-overexpressed HepG2 cell and lentivirus-hp65-shRNA silenced HepG2 cells were stimulated with PKC/NF-κB specific agonists and inhibitors for 24 h in the presence or absence of UA and OA. The expression of UGT1A1, PKC, and NF-κB were determined by qRT-PCR, western blot, and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. RESULTS PKC/NF-κB activation downregulates UGT1A1 expression. This effect is countered by UA and OA treatment. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the agonists of PKC and NF-κB signaling, respectively, significantly inhibit hp65-mediated UGT1A1 luciferase activity. UA, OA, and the PKC/NF-κB inhibitors suppress this effect. PMA and LPS do not affect UGT1A1 activity in p65-silenced HepG2 cells; however, UA and OA mildly influence UGT1A1 expression in these cells. CONCLUSION The activation of PKC/NF-κB signaling can significantly downregulate UGT1A1 expression. By inhibiting the PKC/NF-κB signaling pathway, UA and OA promote UGT1A1 expression in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Lingming Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Na Yao
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Lingna Wu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Fanglan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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Abstract
Protein kinase C α (PKCα) is a ubiquitously expressed member of the PKC family of serine/threonine kinases with diverse functions in normal and neoplastic cells. Early studies identified anti-proliferative and differentiation-inducing functions for PKCα in some normal tissues (e.g., regenerating epithelia) and pro-proliferative effects in others (e.g., cells of the hematopoietic system, smooth muscle cells). Additional well documented roles of PKCα signaling in normal cells include regulation of the cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, and cell migration, and PKCα can function as a survival factor in many contexts. While a majority of tumors lose expression of PKCα, others display aberrant overexpression of the enzyme. Cancer-related mutations in PKCα are uncommon, but rare examples of driver mutations have been detected in certain cancer types (e. g., choroid gliomas). Here we review the role of PKCα in various cancers, describe mechanisms by which PKCα affects cancer-related cell functions, and discuss how the diverse functions of PKCα contribute to tumor suppressive and tumor promoting activities of the enzyme. We end the discussion by addressing mutations and expression of PKCα in tumors and the clinical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian R Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jennifer D Black
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Hu Z, Zhao T, Chen T, Wang D. Chronic activation of Mas-related gene receptors (Mrg) reduces the potency of morphine-induced analgesia via PKC pathway in naive rats. Brain Res 2019; 1722:146363. [PMID: 31394092 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mas oncogene-related gene receptors (Mrg) are uniquely distributed in small and medium cells of trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The physiological and pharmacological properties of Mrg are unknown. We have shown that intermittent activation of MrgC prevents and reverses morphine tolerance. Now we observed that intrathecal (i.t.) administration of the MrgC agonist bovine adrenal medulla 8-22 (BAM8-22, 3 nmol) for 3 and 6 days reduced the potency of morphine analgesia by 1.5 and 3.5 folds, respectively. Daily administration of BAM8-22 for 6 days also significantly decreased the tail flick latency. The administration of another MrgC agonist (Tyr6)-γ2-MSH-6-12 (MSH, 3 nmol) reduced morphine potency and the reduction was abolished following the co-administration of the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine chloride (CLT, 3 nmol). The chronic treatment with BAM8-22 or MSH increased the expression of PKC-gamma (PKCγ) in the cell membrane of spinal dorsal horn neurons and PKC-epsilon (PKCε) in the cell membrane and cytosol of DRG neurons. Moreover, the BAM8-22 treatment induced an increase in the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in small and medium cells in DRG. All of these responses were not seen when BAM8-22 or MSH was co-administered with the PKC inhibitor CLT (3 nmol) or GF-109203X (10 nmol). The present study suggested that the chronic activation of MrgC upregulated expressions of pronociceptive mediators via PKC signaling pathway leading to the suppression of antinociceptive property of morphine. These effects are opposite to those occurred when MrgC is activated acutely or moderately.
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Lian HM, Guo JY, Sun Y, Zhang MH, Piao LH, Jin Z, Cai YL. Mechanism of CNP-mediated DG-PKC and IP4 signaling pathway in diabetic rats with gastric motility disorder. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:141-149. [PMID: 31583569 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the precedent research conducted by the same team, it concluded that the activities in C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/β-type phospholipase C (PLCβ) pathways of rat antral smooth muscle were changed due to diabetes, which was the key pathogenetic mechanism for diabetic gastric dysmotility. As the follow-on step, this study was designed to probe into the downstream signaling pathway of CNP/PLCβ. The results showed that level of α-type protein kinase C (PKCα),cell membrane to cytoplasm ratio of PKCα, cell membrane to cytoplasmic ratio of βI-type protein kinase C (PKCβI) and level of Phosphor-PKCα (P-PKCα) were significantly reduced in diabetes rat antral smooth muscle samples. The content of tetraphosphate inositol (IP4) in gastric antral smooth muscle of diabetic rats reduced, and the content of diacyl-glycerol (DG) was unchanged. CNP significantly decreased the content of IP4 and DG, this effect was more obvious in diabetic rats. Subsequent to the addition of protein kinase A (PKA) blocker N-[2- (p-Bromocin-namylamino)ethyl]-5 -isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride (H-89) before CNP treatment, the inhibitory effect of CNP was reduced; subsequent to the addition of protein kinase G (PKG) blocker KT5823 before CNP treatment, the inhibitory effect of CNP was also reduced. With the addition of the combination of H-89 and KT5823 before CNP treatment, the inhibition by CNP could be offset. These results were concluded that CNP inhibited the activity of PKC family in rat smooth muscle and reduced the levels of IP4 and DG through the PKG/PKA-PLCβ pathways, causing inhibited muscular contractions, which may be a key pathogenetic factor for diabetic gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Lian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University School of Medicine, 977 Gongyuan, Road, Jilin, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Jun-Yu Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University School of Medicine, 977 Gongyuan, Road, Jilin, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University School of Medicine, 977 Gongyuan, Road, Jilin, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Mo-Han Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University School of Medicine, 977 Gongyuan, Road, Jilin, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Li-Hua Piao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University School of Medicine, 977 Gongyuan, Road, Jilin, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University School of Medicine, 977 Gongyuan, Road, Jilin, Yanji, 133002, China
| | - Ying-Lan Cai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Yanbian University School of Medicine, 977 Gongyuan, Road, Jilin, Yanji, 133002, China.
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Surendran D. PKCγ and PKCε are Differentially Activated and Modulate Neurotoxic Signaling Pathways During Oxygen Glucose Deprivation in Rat Cortical Slices. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2577-89. [PMID: 31541352 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is known to trigger a series of intracellular events such as changes in metabolism, membrane function and intracellular transduction, which eventually leads to cell death. Many of these processes are mediated by intracellular signaling cascades that involve protein kinase activation. Among all the kinases activated, the serine/threonine kinase family, protein kinase C (PKC), particularly, has been implicated in mediating cellular response to cerebral ischemic and reperfusion injury. In this study, using oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in acute cortical slices as an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia, I show that PKC family of isozymes, specifically PKCγ and PKCε are differentially activated during OGD. Detecting the expression and activation levels of these isozymes in response to different durations of OGD insult revealed an early activation of PKCε and delayed activation of PKCγ, signifying their roles in response to different durations and stages of ischemic stress. Specific inhibition of PKCγ and PKCε significantly attenuated OGD induced cytotoxicity, rise in intracellular calcium, membrane depolarization and reactive oxygen species formation, thereby enhancing neuronal viability. This study clearly suggests that PKC family of isozymes; specifically PKCγ and PKCε are involved in OGD induced intracellular responses which lead to neuronal death. Thus isozyme specific modulation of PKC activity may serve as a promising therapeutic route for the treatment of acute cerebral ischemic injury.
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Dietrich M, Malik MS, Skeie M, Bertelsen V, Stang E. Protein kinase C regulates ErbB3 turnover. Exp Cell Res 2019; 382:111473. [PMID: 31233741 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ErbB3, which belongs to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is involved in progression of several human cancers and a tight regulation of its expression is crucial. An important mechanism for regulation of ErbB proteins is endocytosis and we recently showed that ErbB3, contrary to other ErbB proteins, like EGFR and ErbB2, is constitutively internalized and degraded. Several studies show that protein kinase C (PKC) can regulate the activation, localization and stability of EGFR and ErbB2. Activation of PKC causes their down-regulation from the plasma membrane, but instead of being degraded the receptors accumulate in an endosomal recycling compartment. Since little is known about possible connections between ErbB3 and PKC, we have in the present study investigated effects PKC activity has on ErbB3 stability and intracellular trafficking. While PKC inhibition tends to increase ErbB3 degradation, activation of PKC causes ErbB3 stabilization. The stabilization was not due to inhibited internalization, on the contrary we find that expression of ErbB3 at the plasma membrane is reduced upon PMA-induced PKC activation. However, while endocytosed ErbB3 under normal conditions and upon PKC inhibition is found in early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1) positive early endosomes and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) positive late endosomes/lysosomes, indicating that it follows the classic degradative pathway, ErbB3 localizes to EEA1 and LAMP1 negative compartments upon PMA-induced activation of PKC. Altogether this shows that PKC regulates the stability of ErbB3, and knockdown experiments show that PKCδ is essential in this process. A likely explanation is that PKC regulates endosomal sorting of ErbB3 and that activated PKC sorts ErbB3 away from the degradative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dietrich
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Marianne Skeie
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Espen Stang
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Ye Y, Liu M, Tang L, Du F, Liu Y, Hao P, Fu Q, Guo Q, Yan Q, Zhang X, Bao C. Iguratimod represses B cell terminal differentiation linked with the inhibition of PKC/EGR1 axis. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:92. [PMID: 30971291 PMCID: PMC6458835 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-1874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism and clinical relevance of iguratimod in the regulation of human B cell terminal differentiation. Methods An in vitro human antibody-secreting cell (ASC) differentiation system was established to test the effect of iguratimod. B cell phenotype and key transcription factors (TFs) relevant to ASC differentiation were analyzed through flow cytometry and qPCR. The COX-2 activity was measured by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). RNA sequencing was used to identify potential targets of iguratimod. We enrolled six treatment-naive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients whose blood samples were collected for phenotypic and molecular studies along with 12-week iguratimod monotherapy. Results Iguratimod inhibited human ASC generation without affecting B cell activation and proliferation. Iguratimod showed only weak COX-2 activity. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified that protein kinase C (PKC) pathway was targeted by iguratimod which was confirmed by PKC activity detection. Furthermore, early growth response 1 (EGR1), a target of PKC and a non-redundant TF for ASC differentiation, was found to be the most downregulated gene in iguratimod-treated B cells. Lastly, iguratimod monotherapy decreased peripheral ASCs and was associated with improved disease activity. The expression of major ASC-related TFs, including EGR1, was similarly downregulated in patient blood samples. Conclusions Iguratimod inhibits ASC differentiation both in vitro and in RA patients. Our study suggests that PKC/EGR1 axis, rather than COX-2, is critically involved in the inhibitory effect by iguratimod on human ASC differentiation. Iguratimod could have a broader application to treat B cell-related autoimmune diseases in clinics. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-019-1874-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ye
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 145 Shandong C Rd, Shanghai, 200001, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Rd, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Rd, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | | | - Fang Du
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Rd, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yuanhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Rd, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Pei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Rd, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qiong Fu
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 145 Shandong C Rd, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 145 Shandong C Rd, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Qingran Yan
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 145 Shandong C Rd, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Rd, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Chunde Bao
- Department of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 145 Shandong C Rd, Shanghai, 200001, China.
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Mehjabin R, Chen L, Huang R, Zhu D, Yang C, Li Y, Liao L, He L, Zhu Z, Wang Y. Expression and localization of grass carp pkc-θ (protein kinase C theta) gene after its activation. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 87:788-795. [PMID: 30716520 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Haemorrhagic disease caused by grass carp reovirus (GCRV) can result in large-scale death of young grass carp, leading to irreparable economic losses that seriously affect large-scale breeding. Protein kinase C (PKC, also known as PRKC) represents a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that includes multiple isozymes in many species. Among these, PKC-θ (PKC theta, also written as PRKCQ) is a novel isoform, mainly expressed in T cells, that is known to be involved in immune system function in mammals. To date, no research on immunological functions of fish Pkc-θ has been reported. To address this issue, we cloned the grass carp pkc-θ gene. Phylogenetic and syntenic analysis showed that this gene is the most evolutionarily conserved relative to zebrafish. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) indicated that pkc-θ was expressed at high levels in the gills and spleen of healthy grass carp. Infection with GCRV down regulated pkc-θ expression in the gills and spleen. Gene products that function upstream and downstream of pkc-θ were up regulated in the gill, but were down-regulated in the spleen. These results suggest that direct or indirect targeting of pkc-θ by GCRV may help the virus evade host immune defences in the spleen. Phorbol ester (PMA) treatment of Jurkat T cells induced translocation of grass carp Pkc-θ from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. This response to PMA suggests evolutionary conservation of an immune response function in fish Pkc-θ, as well as conservation of its sequence and structural domains. This study expanded our knowledge of the fish PKC gene family, and explored the role of pkc-θ in function of the grass carp immune system, providing new insights which may facilitate further studies of its biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumana Mehjabin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liangming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Denghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Libo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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11
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Xia J, Ozaki I, Matsuhashi S, Kuwashiro T, Takahashi H, Anzai K, Mizuta T. Mechanisms of PKC-Mediated Enhancement of HIF-1α Activity and its Inhibition by Vitamin K2 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051022. [PMID: 30813635 PMCID: PMC6429062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) plays important roles in cancer cell biology. HIF-1α is reportedly activated by several factors, including protein kinase C (PKC), in addition to hypoxia. We investigated the role of PKC isoforms and the effects of vitamin K2 (VK2) in the activation process of HIF-1α. Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-derived Huh7 cells were cultured under normoxic and hypoxic (1% O₂) conditions with or without the PKC stimulator TPA. The expression, transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation of HIF-1α were examined under treatment with PKC inhibitors, siRNAs against each PKC isoform and VK2. Hypoxia increased the expression and activity of HIF-1α. TPA increased the HIF-1α activity several times under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. PKC-δ siRNA-mediated knockdown, PKC-δ inhibitor (rottlerin) and pan-PKC inhibitor (Ro-31-8425) suppressed the expression and transcriptional activity of HIF-1α. VK2 significantly inhibited the TPA-induced HIF-1α transcriptional activity and suppressed the expression and nuclear translocation of HIF-1α induced by TPA without altering the HIF-1α mRNA levels. These data indicate that PKC-δ enhances the HIF-1α transcriptional activity by increasing the nuclear translocation, and that VK2 might suppress the HIF-1α activation through the inhibition of PKC in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghe Xia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Iwata Ozaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
- Health Administration Center, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Matsuhashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Takuya Kuwashiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Keizo Anzai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan.
| | - Toshihiko Mizuta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fujikawa Hospital, 1-2-6 Matsubara, Saga 840-0831, Japan.
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12
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Sipka S, Brugós B, Czifra G, Griger Z, Balogh N, Tarr T, Papp G, Bíró T, Zeher M. Season Dependent Changes in the Expression of Protein Kinase C Isoenzymes in a Female Patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 25:801-805. [PMID: 30715676 PMCID: PMC6449297 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to answer the question whether the decreased expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is inherited or not. For this reason we examined the expression of PKC isoenzymes in a European white girl with acute SLE and in her healthy mother and father simultaneously in summer and winter during one year using western blotting and densitometry. We found that in the father the expression of PKC isoenzymes did not differ from that of eight healthy controls included women and men. However, in the "SLE-free" mother and in the patient arrived in July with acute symptoms of lupus, the expression of PKC isoenzymes showed a season dependent undulation in parallel. Namely, in summer the expression values were significantly lower, in winter they were significantly higher than those in the controls. Thus, the decreased expression of PKC isoenzymes in the PBMC of SLE patient is not a disease specific marker; it appears also in her lupus free mother. This phenomenon may be due to a season dependent female genetic background. However, the low PKC levels in summer can still decrease further the low production of IL-2 in T cells of lupus patients augmenting the existing AP-1 defects. This is the first report on the season and female dependent inherited changing of PKC expression in a European white patient with SLE and her mother. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Sipka
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zs. str. 22, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary.
| | - Boglárka Brugós
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zs. str. 22, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Czifra
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei blvd, 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Griger
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zs. str. 22, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Norbert Balogh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei blvd, 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Tünde Tarr
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zs. str. 22, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Gábor Papp
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zs. str. 22, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bíró
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei blvd, 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Margit Zeher
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Móricz Zs. str. 22, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
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13
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Nemer A, Azab AN, Rimon G, Lamprecht S, Ben-Menahem D. Different roles of cAMP/PKA and PKC signaling in regulating progesterone and PGE 2 levels in immortalized rat granulosa cell cultures. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 269:88-95. [PMID: 30144443 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Follicular cells from various species secrete steroids and prostaglandins, which are crucial for reproduction, in response to gonadotropins. Here, we examined prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion from immortalized rat granulosa cells derived from preovulaotry follicles expressing the rat follicle stimulating hormone receptor (denoted as FSHR cells) that produce progesterone in response to gonadotropins. The cells were stimulated with a) pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG; a rat FSH receptor agonist), b) activators of the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway (forskolin and a cell permeable cAMP analog Dibutyryl-cAMP (DB-cAMP)) and c) protein kinase C (PKC) (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate; TPA), alone and in combination for 24 h. Thereafter, PGE2 and progesterone levels in the culture media were determined. In accordance with previous studies, while PMSG and the PKA pathway activators induced progesterone accumulation in the media, TPA did not. In contrast, our data indicate that TPA, but neither PMSG, forskolin and DB-cAMP evoked PGE2 accumulation in the media. Western Blot analysis of cell lysate showed a drastic TPA induced increase of COX-2 levels, which was not seen with neither PMSG nor forskolin treatment. This association between the COX-2 and PGE2 levels suggests that the enzyme activity is the likely factor that determines the synthesis and levels of the prostaglandin in the culture media of the granulosa-derived cells. The addition of the PKA inhibitor H-89 to the FSHR cultures suppressed the gonadotropin and forskolin induction of progesterone secretion. Incubation in the presence of GF109203X (a PKC inhibitor) attenuated the TPA induced PGE2 accumulation in the culture media of the cells (a dose dependent reduction of 40-70%). In addition, while TPA inhibited the PMSG and forskolin induced-accumulation of progesterone in the media, the gonadotropin and forskolin inhibited the elevation of PGE2 levels evoked by TPA (a dose dependent decrease of 35-55%). These data suggest that cAMP/PKA and PKC signaling have opposite effects on PGE2 and progesterone synthesis in FSHR cells. We propose that this PKA and PKC interplay on progesterone and PGE2 may be advantageous for the coordination of these key mediators for successful ovulation and luteinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala Nemer
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Abed N Azab
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Gilad Rimon
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Sergio Lamprecht
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - David Ben-Menahem
- Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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14
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Dietrich M, Malik MS, Nikolaysen F, Skeie M, Stang E. Protein kinase C mediated internalization of ErbB2 is independent of clathrin, ubiquitination and Hsp90 dissociation. Exp Cell Res 2018; 371:139-150. [PMID: 30098331 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of ErbB2 is frequent in cancer and understanding the mechanisms which regulate its expression is important. ErbB2 is considered endocytosis resistant. It has no identified ligand, but upon heterodimerization it is a potent mediator of proliferative signaling. A recent study established a role for protein kinase C (PKC) in internalization and recycling of ErbB2. We have now further investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in PKC-mediated downregulation of ErbB2. We confirm that PMA-induced PKC activation causes ErbB2 internalization, but while the Hsp90 inhibitor 17-AAG induced ErbB2 degradation, PMA had no such effect. When combined with 17-AAG, PMA had additive effect on ErbB2 internalization indicating that Hsp90 inhibition and PKC activation induce internalization by alternative mechanisms. We confirm that while 17-AAG-induced internalization was clathrin-mediated, PMA-induced internalization was clathrin independent. This difference may be explained by while both 17-AAG and PMA reduced the constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of ErbB2, only 17-AAG induced Hsp90 dissociation, Hsp70 recruitment and ubiquitination of ErbB2. Importantly, since PMA induced internalization of ErbB2, but not dissociation of Hsp90, Hsp90 does not per se retain ErbB2 at the plasma membrane. The morphology of the compartment into which receptors are sorted upon PKC activation has not previously been identified. By immuno-electron microscopy, we show that PMA sorts ErbB2 into a complex tubulovesicular or cisternal organelle resembling a previously described endocytic recycling compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dietrich
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Marianne Skeie
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Stang
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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15
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Zhou YF, Ying XM, He XF, Shou SY, Wei JJ, Tai ZX, Shao XM, Liang Y, Fang F, Fang JQ, Jiang YL. Suppressing PKC-dependent membrane P2X3 receptor upregulation in dorsal root ganglia mediated electroacupuncture analgesia in rat painful diabetic neuropathy. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:359-369. [PMID: 30084084 PMCID: PMC6298917 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) is a common and troublesome diabetes complication. Protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated dorsal root ganglia (DRG) P2X3 receptor upregulation is one important mechanism underlying PDN. Accumulating evidence demonstrated that electroacupuncture (EA) at low frequency could effectively attenuate neuropathic pain. Our previous study showed that 2-Hz EA could relieve pain well in PDN. The study aimed to investigate whether 2-Hz EA relieves pain in PDN through suppressing PKC-mediated DRG P2X3 receptor upregulation. A 7-week feeding of high-fat and high-sugar diet plus a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in a dose of 35 mg/kg after a 5-week feeding of the diet successfully induced type 2 PDN in rats as revealed by the elevated body weight, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin and insulin resistance, and the reduced paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), as well as the destructive ultrastructural change of sciatic nerve. DRG plasma membrane P2X3 receptor level and DRG PKC expression were elevated. Two-hertz EA failed to improve peripheral neuropathy; however, it reduced PWT, DRG plasma membrane P2X3 receptor level, and DRG PKC expression in PDN rats. Intraperitoneal administration of P2X3 receptor agonist αβ-meATP or PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) blocked 2-Hz EA analgesia. Furthermore, PMA administration increased DRG plasma membrane P2X3 receptor level in PDN rats subject to 2-Hz EA treatment. These findings together indicated that the analgesic effect of EA in PDN is mediated by suppressing PKC-dependent membrane P2X3 upregulation in DRG. EA at low frequency is a valuable approach for PDN control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Feng Zhou
- Department of Acupuncture, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Ying
- Department of Massage, the Third Affliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Xiao-Fen He
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Sheng-Yun Shou
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jun-Jun Wei
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zhao-Xia Tai
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Shao
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jian-Qiao Fang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, the Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Wang R, Yang L, Zhang Y, Li J, Xu L, Xiao Y, Zhang Q, Bai L, Zhao S, Liu E, Zhang YJ. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces HMGB1 secretion via activating PKC-delta to trigger inflammatory response. Virology 2018. [PMID: 29522984 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes inflammatory injuries in infected pigs. PRRSV induces secretion of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) that enhances inflammatory response. However, the mechanism of PRRSV-induced HMGB1 secretion is unknown. Here, we discovered PRRSV induced HMGB1 secretion via activating protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ). HMGB1 secretion was positively correlated with PKCδ activation in PRRSV-infected cells in a dose and time-dependent manner. Suppression of PKCδ with inhibitor and siRNA significantly blocked PRRSV-induced HMGB1 translocation and secretion, which indicates PKCδ activation is essential for the PRRSV-mediated HMGB1 secretion. In addition, PKCδ knockdown in PRRSV-infected cells led to downregulation of inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1beta and IL-6. Moreover, PRRSV E and pORF5a proteins were found to activate PKCδ and consequent HMGB1 secretion. These results demonstrate PRRSV activates PKCδ to induce HMGB1 secretion via E and pORF5a. This finding provides insights on the inflammatory response and pathogenesis of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yali Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junyan Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liran Xu
- Laboratory Animal Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yueqiang Xiao
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Liang Bai
- Laboratory Animal Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sihai Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Enqi Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yan-Jin Zhang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Yoon SP, Kim J. Exogenous CGRP upregulates profibrogenic growth factors through PKC/JNK signaling pathway in kidney proximal tubular cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2017; 34:251-262. [PMID: 28540451 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-017-9399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Kidney denervation prevents the development of tubulointerstitial fibrosis, but the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the denervated kidneys restores the fibrotic feature through the upregulation of profibrogenic growth factors. CGRP is involved in aggravation of inflammation by increasing the number of circulating cells and chemotactic factors. However, it is not clear how CGRP contributes to the upregulation of profibrogenic factors during fibrogenesis. In both human and pig kidney proximal tubular cell lines, administration of 1 nM CGRP significantly increased the levels of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) production and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression at 6 and 24 h after the administration. Exogenous CGRP also increased the TGF-β1 and CTGF protein levels in the incubation media, indicating release of these proteins from the cells. Treatment with 100 nM CGRP receptor antagonist (CGRP8-37) for 24 h significantly inhibited the increase in intracellular levels and released levels of TGF-β1 and CTGF in CGRP-treated cells. Genetic inhibition of CGRP receptor using siRNA transfection also suppressed the increase in TGF-β1 production and release at 24 h after CGRP stimulation. Furthermore, treatment with a specific protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine (1 thru 10 μM) markedly reduced the upregulation and release of TGF-β1 and CTGF 6 h after CGRP administration. Finally, inhibition of c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) phosphorylation using 1 μM SP600125 prevented the increase in TGF-β1 and CTGF upregulation and release 6 h after CGRP administration. Consistent with the in vitro data, exogenous CGRP in denervated UUO kidneys upregulated and secreted TGF-β1 and CTGF in dependence on PKC activation and JNK phosphorylation. In conclusion, these data suggest that exogenous CGRP induces the upregulation and secretion of profibrogenic TGF-β1 and CTGF proteins through the CGRP receptor/PKC/JNK signaling pathway in kidney proximal tubular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Pil Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, Jeju National University School of Medicine, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedicine and Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinu Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Jeju National University School of Medicine, 102 Jejudaehak-ro, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedicine and Drug Development, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Chronic inflammatory state in obesity causes dysregulation of the endocrine and paracrine actions of adipocyte-derived factors, which disrupt vascular homeostasis and contribute to endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and subsequent hypertension. While normal healthy perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) ensures the dilation of blood vessels, obesity-associated PVAT leads to a change in profile of the released adipo-cytokines, resulting in a decreased vasorelaxing effect. Adipose tissue inflammation, nitric oxide (NO)-bioavailability, insulin resistance and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) are main participating factors in endothelial dysfunction of obesity. In this chapter, disruption of inter-endothelial junctions between endothelial cells, significant increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation mediators, which are originated from inflamed endothelial cells, the balance between NO synthesis and ROS , insulin signaling and NO production, and decrease in L-arginine/endogenous asymmetric dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) ratio are discussed in connection with endothelial dysfunction in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla Engin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of General Surgery, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.
- , Mustafa Kemal Mah. 2137. Sok. 8/14, 06520, Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey.
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19
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Boroda S, Niccum M, Raje V, Purow BW, Harris TE. Dual activities of ritanserin and R59022 as DGKα inhibitors and serotonin receptor antagonists. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 123:29-39. [PMID: 27974147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKα) catalyzes the conversion of diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA). Recently, DGKα was identified as a therapeutic target in various cancers, as well as in immunotherapy. Application of small-molecule DGK inhibitors, R59022 and R59949, induces cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo. The pharmacokinetics of these compounds in mice, however, are poor. Thus, there is a need to discover additional DGK inhibitors not only to validate these enzymes as targets in oncology, but also to achieve a better understanding of their biology. In the present study, we investigate the activity of ritanserin, a compound structurally similar to R59022, against DGKα. Ritanserin, originally characterized as a serotonin (5-HT) receptor (5-HTR) antagonist, underwent clinical trials as a potential medicine for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance dependence. We document herein that ritanserin attenuates DGKα kinase activity while increasing the enzyme's affinity for ATP in vitro. In addition, R59022 and ritanserin function as DGKα inhibitors in cultured cells and activate protein kinase C (PKC). While recognizing that ritanserin attenuates DGK activity, we also find that R59022 and R59949 are 5-HTR antagonists. In conclusion, ritanserin, R59022 and R59949 are combined pharmacological inhibitors of DGKα and 5-HTRs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salome Boroda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Maria Niccum
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Vidisha Raje
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Benjamin W Purow
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
| | - Thurl E Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.
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20
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Modgil A, Parakala ML, Ackley MA, Doherty JJ, Moss SJ, Davies PA. Endogenous and synthetic neuroactive steroids evoke sustained increases in the efficacy of GABAergic inhibition via a protein kinase C-dependent mechanism. Neuropharmacology 2016; 113:314-322. [PMID: 27743930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The neuroactive steroid (NAS) tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) increases protein kinase C (PKC) mediated phosphorylation of extrasynaptic GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subunits leading to increased surface expression of α4/β3 subunit-containing extrasynaptic GABAARs, leading to a sustained increase in GABAAR tonic current density. Whether other naturally occurring and synthetic NASs share both an allosteric and metabotropic action on GABAARs is unknown. Here, we examine the allosteric and metabotropic properties of allopregnanolone (ALLO), and synthetic NASs SGE-516 and ganaxolone. ALLO, SGE-516, and ganaxolone all allosterically enhanced prototypical synaptic and extrasynaptic recombinant GABAARs. In dentate gyrus granule cells (DGGCs) all three NASs, when applied acutely, allosterically enhanced tonic and phasic GABAergic currents. In separate experiments, slices were exposed to NASs for 15 min, and then transferred to a steroid naïve recording chamber followed by ≥ 30 min wash before tonic currents were measured. A sustained increase in tonic current was observed following exposure to ALLO, or SGE-516 and was prevented by inhibiting PKC with GF 109203X. No increase in tonic current was observed with exposure to ganaxolone. In agreement with the observations of an increased tonic current, the NASs ALLO and SGE-516 increased the phosphorylation and surface expression of the β3 subunit-containing GABAARs. Our studies demonstrate that neuroactive steroids have differential abilities to induce sustained increases in the efficacy of tonic inhibition by promoting GABAAR phosphorylation and membrane trafficking dependent on PKC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Modgil
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Manasa L Parakala
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen J Moss
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College, London WC1E6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Davies
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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21
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Carpenter C, Sorenson RJ, Jin Y, Klossowski S, Cierpicki T, Gnegy M, Showalter HD. Design and synthesis of triarylacrylonitrile analogues of tamoxifen with improved binding selectivity to protein kinase C. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5495-5504. [PMID: 27647375 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The clinical selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen is also a modest inhibitor of protein kinase C, a target implicated in several untreatable brain diseases such as amphetamine abuse. This inhibition and tamoxifen's ability to cross the blood brain barrier make it an attractive scaffold to conduct further SAR studies toward uncovering effective therapies for such diseases. Utilizing the known compound 6a as a starting template and guided by computational tools to derive physicochemical properties known to be important for CNS permeable drugs, the design and synthesis of a small series of novel triarylacrylonitrile analogues have been carried out providing compounds with enhanced potency and selectivity for PKC over the estrogen receptor relative to tamoxifen. Shortened synthetic routes compared to classical procedures have been developed for analogues incorporating a β-phenyl ring, which involve installing dialkylaminoalkoxy side chains first off the α and/or α' rings of a precursor benzophenone and then condensing the resultant ketones with phenylacetonitrile anion. A second novel, efficient and versatile route utilizing Suzuki chemistry has also been developed, which will allow for the introduction of a wide range of β-aryl or β-heteroaryl moieties and side-chain substituents onto the acrylonitrile core. For analogues possessing a single side chain off the α- or α'-ring, novel 2D NMR experiments have been carried out that allow for unambiguous assignment of E- and Z-stereochemistry. From the SAR analysis, one compound, 6c, shows markedly increased potency and selectivity for inhibiting PKC with an IC50 of 80nM for inhibition of PKC protein substrate and >10μM for binding to the estrogen receptor α (tamoxifen IC50=20μM and 222nM, respectively). The data on 6c provide support for further exploration of PKC as a druggable target for the treatment of amphetamine abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen Carpenter
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Roderick J Sorenson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Yafei Jin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Szymon Klossowski
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Margaret Gnegy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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22
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Maruyama W, Shirakawa K, Matsui H, Matsumoto T, Yamazaki H, Sarca AD, Kazuma Y, Kobayashi M, Shindo K, Takaori-Kondo A. Classical NF-κB pathway is responsible for APOBEC3B expression in cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1466-71. [PMID: 27577680 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
APOBEC3B (A3B) is a DNA cytosine deaminase and catalyzes cytosine deamination, resulting in mutations in genomic DNA. A3B is aberrantly expressed in a variety of cancers and considered to be a source of genomic mutations that contribute to cancer progression and metastasis. However, the mechanisms through which A3B expression is dysregulated in cancer cells are not fully elucidated. Here we report that the classical NF-κB pathway plays a crucial role in the transcriptional regulation of A3B in various cancer cells, including lymphoid malignancies. PMA, a strong activator of PKC, induces A3B at both mRNA and protein levels in cancer cell lines, and specific inhibitors of both PKC and IKK downregulate A3B expression. Using luciferase reporter and EMSA assays, we identify 3 NF-κΒ binding sites in the A3B promoter and reveal that NF-κB p65/p50 and p65/c-Rel heterodimers are important for A3B transcription. These results suggest that the classical NF-κB pathway is responsible for activation of A3B mRNA expression and further imply that inhibition of PKC and IKK might augment cancer treatment by reducing cancer progression and metastasis through downregulation of A3B expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Maruyama
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kotaro Shirakawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsui
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Matsumoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamazaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Anamaria D Sarca
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuma
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kobayashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shindo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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23
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Wei H, Li Y, Han S, Liu S, Zhang N, Zhao L, Li S, Li J. cPKCγ-Modulated Autophagy in Neurons Alleviates Ischemic Injury in Brain of Mice with Ischemic Stroke Through Akt-mTOR Pathway. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:497-511. [PMID: 27510769 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have reported that neuron-specific conventional protein kinase C (cPKC)γ is involved in the development of cerebral hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) and the neuroprotection against ischemic injuries, but its molecular mechanism is unclear. In this study, the adult and postnatal 24 h C57BL/6J wild-type (cPKCγ+/+) and cPKCγ knockout (cPKCγ-/-) mice were respectively used to establish the models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced ischemic stroke in vivo and oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated primarily cultured cortical neurons as cell ischemia in vitro. The results showed that cPKCγ knockout could increase the infarct volume and neuronal cell loss in the peri-infarct region, and enhance the neurological deficits, the impaired coordination, and the reduced muscle strength of mice following 1 h MCAO/1-7 days reperfusion. Meanwhile, cPKCγ knockout significantly increased the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II and beclin-1 protein expression, and resulted in more reductions in P-Akt, P-mTOR, and P-S6 phosphorylation levels in the peri-infarct region of mice with ischemic stroke. The autophagy inhibitor BafA1 could enhance or reduce neuronal cell loss in the peri-infarct region of cPKCγ+/+ and cPKCγ-/- mice after ischemic stroke. In addition, cPKCγ knockout and restoration could aggravate or alleviate OGD-induced neuronal ischemic injury in vitro through Akt-mTOR pathway-mediated autophagy. These results suggested that cPKCγ-modulated neuron-specific autophagy improves the neurological outcome of mice following ischemic stroke through the Akt-mTOR pathway, providing a potential therapeutic target for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiping Wei
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Han
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuiqiao Liu
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junfa Li
- Department of Neurobiology and Center of Stroke, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, #10 You An Men Wai Xi Tou Tiao, Beijing, 100069, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Voelkl J, Alesutan I, Primessnig U, Feger M, Mia S, Jungmann A, Castor T, Viereck R, Stöckigt F, Borst O, Gawaz M, Schrickel JW, Metzler B, Katus HA, Müller OJ, Pieske B, Heinzel FR, Lang F. AMP-activated protein kinase α1-sensitive activation of AP-1 in cardiomyocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 97:36-43. [PMID: 27106803 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (Ampk) regulates myocardial energy metabolism and plays a crucial role in the response to cell stress. In the failing heart, an isoform shift of the predominant Ampkα2 to the Ampkα1 was observed. The present study explored possible isoform specific effects of Ampkα1 in cardiomyocytes. To this end, experiments were performed in HL-1 cardiomyocytes, as well as in Ampkα1-deficient and corresponding wild-type mice and mice following AAV9-mediated cardiac overexpression of constitutively active Ampkα1. As a result, in HL-1 cardiomyocytes, overexpression of constitutively active Ampkα1 increased the phosphorylation of Pkcζ. Constitutively active Ampkα1 further increased AP-1-dependent transcriptional activity and mRNA expression of the AP-1 target genes c-Fos, Il6 and Ncx1, effects blunted by Pkcζ silencing. In HL-1 cardiomyocytes, angiotensin-II activated AP-1, an effect blunted by silencing of Ampkα1 and Pkcζ, but not of Ampkα2. In wild-type mice, angiotensin-II infusion increased cardiac Ampkα1 and cardiac Pkcζ protein levels, as well as c-Fos, Il6 and Ncx1 mRNA expression, effects blunted in Ampkα1-deficient mice. Pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) similarly increased cardiac Ampkα1 and Pkcζ abundance as well as c-Fos, Il6 and Ncx1 mRNA expression, effects again blunted in Ampkα1-deficient mice. AAV9-mediated cardiac overexpression of constitutively active Ampkα1 increased Pkcζ protein abundance and the mRNA expression of c-Fos, Il6 and Ncx1 in cardiac tissue. In conclusion, Ampkα1 promotes myocardial AP-1 activation in a Pkcζ-dependent manner and thus contributes to cardiac stress signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Voelkl
- Department of Physiology & Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr.5/Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Department of Physiology & Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr.5/Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Uwe Primessnig
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow & German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Charite & Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Feger
- Department of Physiology & Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr.5/Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sobuj Mia
- Department of Physiology & Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr.5/Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Jungmann
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg, Germany, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tatsiana Castor
- Department of Physiology & Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr.5/Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Viereck
- Department of Physiology & Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr.5/Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Stöckigt
- Department of Medicine - Cardiology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str.25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Borst
- Department of Physiology & Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr.5/Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- Department of Physiology & Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr.5/Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Wilko Schrickel
- Department of Medicine - Cardiology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str.25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Metzler
- Department of Medicine - Cardiology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstr.35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg, Germany, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver J Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, Heidelberg, Germany, and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow & German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Charite & Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Department of Cardiology, University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Frank R Heinzel
- Department of Cardiology, Charité, Campus Virchow & German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Charite & Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology & Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Tübingen, Gmelinstr.5/Otfried-Mueller-Str. 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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25
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Obata T, Nakashima M. Fluvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, facilitate adenosine production in the rat hearts via activation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Microvasc Res 2016; 107:1-5. [PMID: 27102210 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was examined whether fluvastatin, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, can increase the production of interstitial adenosine via activation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in the ventricular myocardium, with use of microdialysis techniques in in situ rat hearts. METHODS Adenosine in the dialysate collected during perfusion with Tyrode's solution containing 100μM AMP (through the probe) originated from the hydrolysis of AMP catalyzed by endogenous ecto-5'-nucleotidase, so that the level of adenosine reflected the activity of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in this tissue. RESULTS Fluvastatin (100μM), an inhibitor of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation, significantly increased the concentration of adenosine measured in the presence of 100μM AMP (i.e., the activity of ecto-5'-nucleotidase) by 154.7±16.0% (n=6, P<0.05), an increase which inhibited an antagonist of the α1-adrenoceptor (prazosin, 50μM) or of protein kinase C (PKC; chelerythrine, 10μM). Fluvastatin (10-500μM) increased the level of AMP-primed dialysate adenosine in a concentration-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These results indicate that fluvastatin increases in adenosine concentrations in the dialysate which resulted from activation of PKC, mediated by stimulation of α1-adrenoceptors, through activation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Obata
- School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Osaka Aoyama University, 2-11-1 Niina, Mino, City, Japan.
| | - Michiko Nakashima
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Asahi University, 1851 Hozumi Mizuho City Gifu, Japan
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26
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Meng Z, Bischof J, Ianes C, Henne-Bruns D, Xu P, Knippschild U. CK1δ kinase activity is modulated by protein kinase C α (PKCα)-mediated site-specific phosphorylation. Amino Acids 2016; 48:1185-97. [PMID: 26803658 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-2154-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cellular signal transduction components are usually regulated not only on transcriptional or translational level, but also by posttranslational modifications. Among these, reversible phosphorylation represents the most abundant modification. In general, phosphorylation events are essential for regulating the activity of central signal transduction proteins, also including kinases itself. Members of the CK1 family can be found as central signal transduction proteins in numerous cellular pathways. Due to its wide variety of cellular functions the activity of CK1 family members has to be tightly regulated. We previously reported that PKA and Chk1 are able to phosphorylate CK1δ within its C-terminal regulatory domain, consequently resulting in altered CK1 kinase activity. In the present study, we show by several methods that protein kinase C α (PKCα) as well is able to phosphorylate CK1δ at its C-terminally located residues S328, T329, and S370. Furthermore, we analyze the functional consequences of PKCα-mediated phosphorylation on CK1δ kinase activity. Mutation of S328, T329, or S370 to alanine dramatically alters the kinetic parameters of CK1δ. By using the PKCα-specific inhibitor Go-6983 in a selected cell culture model, we finally show that the in vitro detected regulatory connection between PKCα and CK1δ is also relevant in the cellular context. Taken together, these data contribute to a deeper understanding of cellular signal transduction networks thereby helping to form a basis for the development of future therapeutic concepts.
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Abstract
Despite a more recent isolation and chemical characterization when compared to phorbol, along with its chemical instability, limited distribution in Nature, and scarce availability, ingenol is the only Euphorbia diterpenoid that has undergone successful pharmaceutical development, with ingenol 3-angelate (ingenol mebutate, Picato(®)) entering the pharmaceutical market in 2012 for the treatment of actinic keratosis. The phytochemical, chemical, and biological literature on members of the ingenane class of diterpenoids is reviewed from their first isolation in 1968 through 2015, highlighting unresolved issues both common to phorboids (biogenesis, relationship between molecular targets, and in vivo activity) and specific to ingenol derivatives (two-dimensional representation, in-out stereoisomerism, versatility of binding mode to PKC, and inconsistencies in the structural elucidation of some classes of derivatives). The biogenesis of ingenol is discussed in the light of the Jakupovic proposal of a dissection between the formation of the macrocyclic Euphorbia diterpenoids and the phorboids, and the clinical development of ingenol mebutate is chronicled in the light of its "reverse-pharmacology" focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Appendino
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Largo Donegani 2, 28100, Novara, Italy.
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28
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Brennan S, Jackson R, Patel M, Sims MW, Hudman D, Norman RI, Lodwick D, Rainbow RD. Early opening of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive potassium channels is not a key step in PKC-mediated cardioprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 79:42-53. [PMID: 25450614 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are abundantly expressed in the myocardium. Although a definitive role for the channel remains elusive they have been implicated in the phenomenon of cardioprotection, but the precise mechanism is unclear. We set out to test the hypothesis that the channel protects by opening early during ischemia to shorten action potential duration and reduce electrical excitability thus sparing intracellular ATP. This could reduce reperfusion injury by improving calcium homeostasis. Using a combination of contractile function analysis, calcium fluorescence imaging and patch clamp electrophysiology in cardiomyocytes isolated from adult male Wistar rats, we demonstrated that the opening of sarcolemmal KATP channels was markedly delayed after cardioprotective treatments: ischemic preconditioning, adenosine and PMA. This was due to the preservation of intracellular ATP for longer during simulated ischemia therefore maintaining sarcolemmal KATP channels in the closed state for longer. As the simulated ischemia progressed, KATP channels opened to cause contractile, calcium transient and action potential failure; however there was no indication of any channel activity early during simulated ischemia to impart an energy sparing hyperpolarization or action potential shortening. We present compelling evidence to demonstrate that an early opening of sarcolemmal KATP channels during simulated ischemia is not part of the protective mechanism imparted by ischemic preconditioning or other PKC-dependent cardioprotective stimuli. On the contrary, channel opening was actually delayed. We conclude that sarcolemmal KATP channel opening is a consequence of ATP depletion, not a primary mechanism of ATP preservation in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Brennan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Robert Jackson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Manish Patel
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Mark W Sims
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Diane Hudman
- Department of Medical and Social Care Education, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Robert I Norman
- Department of Medical and Social Care Education, Maurice Shock Medical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - David Lodwick
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Richard D Rainbow
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Clinical Sciences Wing, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK.
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Olala LO, Shapiro BA, Merchen TC, Wynn JJ, Bollag WB. Protein kinase C and Src family kinases mediate angiotensin II-induced protein kinase D activation and acute aldosterone production. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 392:173-81. [PMID: 24859649 PMCID: PMC4120960 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has shown a role for the serine/threonine protein kinase D (PKD) in the regulation of acute aldosterone secretion upon angiotensin II (AngII) stimulation. However, the mechanism by which AngII activates PKD remains unclear. In this study, using both pharmacological and molecular approaches, we demonstrate that AngII-induced PKD activation is mediated by protein kinase C (PKC) and Src family kinases in primary bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells and leads to increased aldosterone production. The pan PKC inhibitor Ro 31-8220 and the Src family kinase inhibitors PP2 and Src-1 inhibited both PKD activation and acute aldosterone production. Additionally, like the dominant-negative serine-738/742-to-alanine PKD mutant that cannot be phosphorylated by PKC, the dominant-negative tyrosine-463-to-phenylalanine PKD mutant, which is not phosphorylatable by the Src/Abl pathway, inhibited acute AngII-induced aldosterone production. Taken together, our results demonstrate that AngII activates PKD via a mechanism involving Src family kinases and PKC, to underlie increased aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence O Olala
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, United States; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Brian A Shapiro
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Todd C Merchen
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - James J Wynn
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, United States; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medicine and Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States.
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30
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Dos Santos-Rodrigues A, Grañé-Boladeras N, Bicket A, Coe IR. Nucleoside transporters in the purinome. Neurochem Int 2014; 73:229-37. [PMID: 24704797 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The purinome is a rich complex of proteins and cofactors that are involved in fundamental aspects of cellular homeostasis and cellular responses. The purinome is evolutionarily ancient and is made up of thousands of members. Our understanding of the mechanisms linking some parts of this complex network and the physiological relevance of the various connections is well advanced. However, our understanding of other parts of the purinome is less well developed. Our research focuses on the adenosine or nucleoside transporters (NTs), which are members of the membrane purinome. Nucleoside transporters are integral membrane proteins that are responsible for the flux of nucleosides, such as adenosine, and nucleoside analog drugs, used in a variety of anti-cancer, anti-viral and anti-parasite therapies, across cell membranes. Nucleoside transporters form the SLC28 and SLC29 families of solute carriers and the protein members of these families are widely distributed in human tissues including the central nervous system (CNS). NTs modulate purinergic signaling in the CNS primarily through their effects on modulating prevailing adenosine levels inside and outside the cell. By clearing the extracellular milieu of adenosine, NTs can terminate adenosine receptor-dependent signaling and this raises the possibility of regulatory feedback loops that tie together receptor signaling with transporter function. Despite the important role of NTs as modulators of purinergic signaling in the human body, very little is known about the nature or underlying mechanisms of regulation of either the SLC28 or SLC29 families, particularly within the context of the CNS purinome. Here we provide a brief overview of our current understanding of the regulation of members of the SLC29 family and highlight some interesting avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Grañé-Boladeras
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alex Bicket
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Imogen R Coe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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31
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Matta C, Mobasheri A. Regulation of chondrogenesis by protein kinase C: Emerging new roles in calcium signalling. Cell Signal 2014; 26:979-1000. [PMID: 24440668 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During chondrogenesis, complex intracellular signalling pathways regulate an intricate series of events including condensation of chondroprogenitor cells and nodule formation followed by chondrogenic differentiation. Reversible phosphorylation of key target proteins is of particular importance during this process. Among protein kinases known to be involved in these pathways, protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes play pivotal roles. However, the precise function of PKC isoenzymes during chondrogenesis and in mature articular chondrocytes is still largely unclear. In this review, we provide a historical overview of how the concept of PKC-mediated chondrogenesis has evolved, starting from the first discoveries of PKC isoform expression and activity. Signalling components upstream and downstream of PKC, leading to the stimulation of chondrogenic differentiation, are also discussed. Although it is evident that we are only at the beginning to understand what roles are assigned to PKC subtypes during chondrogenesis and how they are regulated, there are many yet unexplored aspects in this area. There is evidence that calcium signalling is a central regulator in differentiating chondroprogenitors; still, clear links between intracellular calcium signalling and prototypical calcium-dependent PKC subtypes such as PKCalpha have not been established. Exploiting putative connections and shedding more light on how exactly PKC signalling pathways influence cartilage formation should open new perspectives for a better understanding of healthy as well as pathological differentiation processes of chondrocytes, and may also lead to the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Matta
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ali Mobasheri
- D-BOARD European Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre, Medical Research Council and Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, United Kingdom; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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32
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Adornetto A, Pagliara V, Renzo GD, Arcone R. Polychlorinated biphenyls impair dibutyryl cAMP-induced astrocytic differentiation in rat C6 glial cell line. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:459-66. [PMID: 24251112 PMCID: PMC3829991 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system, alteration of glial cell differentiation can affect brain functions. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental chemical contaminants that exert neurotoxic effects in glial and neuronal cells. We examined the effects of a commercial mixture of PCBs, Aroclor1254 (A1254) on astrocytic differentiation of glial cells, using the rat C6 cell line as in vitro model. The exposure for 24 h to sub-toxic concentrations of A1254 (3 or 9 μM) impaired dibutyryl cAMP-induced astrocytic differentiation as showed by the decrease of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein levels and inhibition in change of cell morphology toward an astrocytic phenotype. The A1254 inhibition was restored by the addition of a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide (bis), therefore indicating that PCBs disturbed the cAMP-induced astrocytic differentiation of C6 cells via the PKC pathway. The phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is essential for cAMP-induced transcription of GFAP promoter in C6 cells. Our results indicated that the exposure to A1254 (3 or 9 μM) for 24 h suppressed cAMP-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Moreover, A1254 reduced cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of STAT3 requires inhibition of PKC activity. Together, our results suggest that PCBs induce perturbation in cAMP/PKA and PKC signaling pathway during astrocytic differentiation of glial cells.
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Key Words
- A1254, Aroclor 1254
- Aroclor1254
- Astrocytic differentiation
- C6 glial cell line
- CNS, central nervous system
- CRE, cAMP responsive element
- CREB, cAMP-response element binding protein
- DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- DMEM, Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
- Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide
- NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate
- PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, protein kinase C
- Protein kinase C (PKC)
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3)
- TRE, CRE transcriptional response element
- bis, 2-[1-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)indol-3-yl]-3-(indol-3-yl) maleimide
- dbcAMP, N6,2′-O-dibutyryl cAMP
- nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide
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Affiliation(s)
- Annagrazia Adornetto
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Arcavacata di Rende, Cosenza (CS) 87036, Italy
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its number has been increasing. CKD is a worldwide threat to health but the precise mechanism of this problem is not fully appreciated. It is believed that hyperglycemia is one of the most important metabolic factors in the development of DN. Multiple molecular mechanisms have been proposed to mediate hyperglycemia's adverse effects on kidney. To identify targets for therapeutic intervention, most studies have focused on understanding how abnormal levels of such metabolities cause DN. However, there have been few reports regarding endogenous renal protective factors. Thus, recognition of the importance of this could be providing a new perspective for understanding the development of DN and a new therapeutic paradigm to combat DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Mima
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
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Chen JQ, Heldman MR, Herrmann MA, Kedei N, Woo W, Blumberg PM, Goldsmith PK. Absolute quantitation of endogenous proteins with precision and accuracy using a capillary Western system. Anal Biochem 2013; 442:97-103. [PMID: 23896461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Precise and accurate quantification of protein expression levels in a complex biological setting is challenging. Here, we describe a method for absolute quantitation of endogenous proteins in cell lysates using an automated capillary immunoassay system, the size-based Simple Western system (recently developed by ProteinSimple). The method was able to accurately measure the absolute amounts of target proteins at picogram or sub-picogram levels per nanogram of cell lysates. The measurements were independent of the cell matrix or the cell lysis buffer and were not affected by different antibody affinities for their specific epitopes. We then applied this method to quantitate absolute levels of expression of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms in LNCaP and U937 cells, two cell lines used extensively for probing the downstream biological responses to PKC targeted ligands. Our absolute quantitation confirmed the predominance of PKCδ in both cells, supporting the important functional role of this PKC isoform in these cell lines. The method described here provides an approach to accurately quantitate levels of protein expression and correlate protein level with function. In addition to enhanced accuracy relative to conventional Western analysis, it circumvents the distortions inherent in comparison with signal intensities from different antibodies with different affinities.
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Kim EC, Lee MJ, Shin SY, Seol GH, Han SH, Yee J, Kim C, Min SS. Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate Enhances Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus through Activation of Protein Kinase Cδ and ε. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol 2013; 17:51-6. [PMID: 23440225 PMCID: PMC3579105 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many intracellular proteins and signaling cascades contribute to the sensitivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). One such putative contributor is the serine/threonine kinase, protein kinase C (PKC). Activation of PKC by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) causes activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and promotes the formation of new spines in cultured hippocampal neurons. The purpose of this study was to examine which PKC isoforms are responsible for the PMA-induced augmentation of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 stratum radiatum of the hippocampus in vitro and verify that this facilitation requires NMDAR activation. We found that PMA enhanced the induction of LTP by a single episode of theta-burst stimulation in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting to magnitude of baseline field excitatory postsynaptic potentials. Facilitation of LTP by PMA (200 nM) was blocked by the nonspecific PKC inhibitor, Ro 31-8220 (10µM); the selective PKCδ inhibitor, rottlerin (1µM); and the PKCε inhibitor, TAT-εV1-2 peptide (500 nM). Moreover, the NMDAR blocker DL-APV (50µM) prevented enhancement of LTP by PMA. Our results suggest that PMA contributes to synaptic plasticity in the nervous system via activation of PKCδ and/or PKCε, and confirm that NMDAR activity is required for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung Chang Kim
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 301-746, Korea
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36
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Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) has been the center of many cell signaling pathways. PKC isoforms, specifically PKC-β II is linked to both diabetic complications as well as in promotion of angiogenesis and regulation of cancers. PKC-β II activates the PKB/Akt pathway. Enzastaurin, a selective PKC-β II inhibitor has been found to inhibit PKB/Akt by suppressing the regulation of various cancerous pathways. In the present work, we carried out an in depth study on the binding mode of inhibitors of PKC-β II, enzastaurin and ruboxistaurin with the active site residues of PKB and PKC-β II. A ligand based approach has been further used to determine the pharmacophoric features and spatial arrangement of molecules, having common properties necessary for appropriate binding to the active site of both targets. Virtual screening of the respective pharmacophores of both proteins led to identification of hits which may be useful for treatment of diabetic complications and cancer. The study has highlighted important features that may be considered in the future for designing novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Jain
- Centre for Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S Nagar - 160062, Punjab, India phone: +91-172-221468286-2025; fax: +91-172-2214692
| | - Dara Ajay
- Centre for Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S Nagar - 160062, Punjab, India phone: +91-172-221468286-2025; fax: +91-172-2214692
| | - M Elizabeth Sobhia
- Centre for Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S Nagar - 160062, Punjab, India phone: +91-172-221468286-2025; fax: +91-172-2214692.
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Ayatollahi AM, Ghanadian M, Afsharypuor S, Mesaik MA, Abdalla OM, Shahlaei M, Farzandi G, Mostafavi H. Cycloartanes from Euphorbia aellenii Rech. f. and their Antiproliferative Activity. Iran J Pharm Res 2011; 10:105-12. [PMID: 24363688 PMCID: PMC3869593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxic chloroform fraction of Euphorbia aellenii afforded two cycloartane type triterpenes-cycloart-25-en-3β,24-diol (1) and 24-methylene-cycloartan-3β-ol (2)-for the first time from this plant. Preparation of cycloartane derivatives, 3β, 24-O-diacetyl-cycloart-25-en as compound 3 and 3β-O-acetyl-24-methylene-cycloartan (4) were conducted by acetylating of 1 and 2, respectively. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods and their activities evaluated by proliferation assay on human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). Comparing the results suggested that anti-proliferation effect of these compounds on PBLs might be due to the presence of free 3-OH group while masking the free OH groups by acetylation, could induce proliferation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Majid Ayatollahi
- School of Pharmacy and Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, I.R. Iran.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
| | - Suleiman Afsharypuor
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - M. Ahmad Mesaik
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Omer Mohamed Abdalla
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan
| | - Mohsen Shahlaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Mostafavi
- Welsh School of Pharmacy Centre for Socioeconomic Research, Cardiff University, UK
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