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Shan S, Niu J, Yin R, Shi J, Zhang L, Wu C, Li H, Li Z. Peroxidase from foxtail millet bran exerts anti-colorectal cancer activity via targeting cell-surface GRP78 to inactivate STAT3 pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:1254-1270. [PMID: 35530132 PMCID: PMC9069399 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy has become an emerging promising strategy in cancer treatment, and screening the agents targeting at cancer cell specific targets is very desirable for cancer treatment. Our previous study firstly found that a secretory peroxidase of class III derived from foxtail millet bran (FMBP) exhibited excellent targeting anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) activity in vivo and in vitro, whereas its underlying target remains unclear. The highlight of present study focuses on the finding that cell surface glucose-regulated protein 78 (csGRP78) abnormally located on CRC is positively correlated with the anti-CRC effects of FMBP, indicating it serves as a potential target of FMBP against CRC. Further, we demonstrated that the combination of FMBP with the nucleotide binding domain (NBD) of csGRP78 interfered with the downstream activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in CRC cells, thus promoting the intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell grown inhibition. These phenomena were further confirmed in nude mice tumor model. Collectively, our study highlights csGRP78 acts as an underlying target of FMBP against CRC, uncovering the clinical potential of FMBP as a targeted agent for CRC in the future.
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Key Words
- CAC, colitis-associated carcinogenesis
- CDKs, cyclin-dependent kinases
- CETSA, cellular thermal shift assay
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation
- Colorectal cancer
- DCFH-DA, dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FMBP
- FMBP, peroxidase derived from foxtail millet bran
- Foxtail millet bran
- GRP78, glucose-regulated protein 78
- H&E, hematoxylin & eosin
- ISM, isthmin
- MPs, membrane proteins
- NBD, the nucleotide binding domain of csGRP78
- PD-1, programmed death-1
- ROS
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SBD, substrate-binding domain of csGRP78
- SPF, specific pathogen free
- STAT3
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TRAIL, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- csGRP78
- csGRP78, cell surface glucose-regulated protein 78
- rGRP78, recombinant GRP78
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Wang Q, Zhuang D, Feng W, Ma B, Qin L, Jin L. Fraxetin inhibits interleukin-1β-induced apoptosis, inflammation, and matrix degradation in chondrocytes and protects rat cartilage in vivo. Saudi Pharm J 2020; 28:1499-506. [PMID: 33424243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease characterized by degeneration of the joint complex due to cartilage destruction. Fraxetin, a widely used and studied coumarin compound extracted from a traditional Chinese herb (Qin Pi), has shown anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, but its effects on OA have not been studied. In the present study, western blotting, immunofluorescence, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) were used to evaluate the effects of fraxetin on IL-1β-induced apoptotic activity, inflammatory responses, and catabolism in rat chondrocytes. The results showed that fraxetin prevented IL-1β-induced apoptosis of chondrocytes and inhibited inflammatory mediator release by regulating the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)/nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway in chondrocytes. Additionally, fraxetin suppressed the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP13) and degradation of collagen II in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Moreover, the effects of fraxetin in vivo were assessed in a monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat model of OA using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Safranin O-fast green staining and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results showed that fraxetin protected the cartilage against destruction. In conclusion, fraxetin could be a potential therapeutic for OA.
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Key Words
- BSA, bovine albumin serum
- CCK-8, cell counting kit-8
- Catabolism
- DAMP, damage-associated molecular pattern
- DAPI, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
- ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- Fraxetin
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- IL, interleukin
- IL-1β
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Inflammation
- IκBα, inhibitor of NF-κB-α
- MIA, monosodium iodoacetate
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- MRI, magnetic resonance imaging
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- NF, nuclear factor
- OA, osteoarthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline, PMSF, phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride
- PRR, pattern recognition receptor
- RIPA, radio-immunoprecipitation assay
- SD, Sprague-Dawley
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SPF, specific pathogen free
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling
- TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor
- TUNEL, TdT dUTP nick-end labeling
- TdT, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
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Murbach TS, Glávits R, Hirka G, Endres JR, Clewell AE, Szakonyiné IP. A 28-day oral toxicology study of an aqueous extract of Polypodium leucotomos (Fernblock ®). Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:494-501. [PMID: 28959679 PMCID: PMC5615158 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOAEL study was 5000 mg/kg bw/d—the highest dose tested. No target organs or treatment-related toxicological effects were identified. Our results are relevant to the evaluation of the safety of human ingestion of Fernblock®.
Fernblock® is a standardized commercial aqueous extraction of the leaves of the tropical fern Polypodium leucotomos promoted as an orally active photoprotective substance. In a previous battery of toxicological tests on Fernblock®, no genotoxicy was observed and no oral toxicity was observed up to 1200 mg/kg bw/day. The current study was conducted in Hsd.Han Wistar rats using doses of 0, 2000, 3500, and 5000 mg/kg bw/day Fernblock® by gavage for 28 consecutive days. No mortality or toxic effects were observed and no target organs were identified. The no observed adverse effect level was determined to be 5000 mg/kg bw/day, the highest dose tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Murbach
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 2800 East Madison Street, Suite 202, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Róbert Glávits
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Magyar Jakobinusok tere 4/B, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Hirka
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Magyar Jakobinusok tere 4/B, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - John R Endres
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 2800 East Madison Street, Suite 202, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
| | - Amy E Clewell
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 2800 East Madison Street, Suite 202, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
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Kübeck R, Bonet-Ripoll C, Hoffmann C, Walker A, Müller VM, Schüppel VL, Lagkouvardos I, Scholz B, Engel KH, Daniel H, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Haller D, Clavel T, Klingenspor M. Dietary fat and gut microbiota interactions determine diet-induced obesity in mice. Mol Metab 2016; 5:1162-1174. [PMID: 27900259 PMCID: PMC5123202 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Gut microbiota may promote positive energy balance; however, germfree mice can be either resistant or susceptible to diet-induced obesity (DIO) depending on the type of dietary intervention. We here sought to identify the dietary constituents that determine the susceptibility to body fat accretion in germfree (GF) mice. Methods GF and specific pathogen free (SPF) male C57BL/6N mice were fed high-fat diets either based on lard or palm oil for 4 wks. Mice were metabolically characterized at the end of the feeding trial. FT-ICR-MS and UPLC-TOF-MS were used for cecal as well as hepatic metabolite profiling and cecal bile acids quantification, respectively. Hepatic gene expression was examined by qRT-PCR and cecal gut microbiota of SPF mice was analyzed by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results GF mice, but not SPF mice, were completely DIO resistant when fed a cholesterol-rich lard-based high-fat diet, whereas on a cholesterol-free palm oil-based high-fat diet, DIO was independent of gut microbiota. In GF lard-fed mice, DIO resistance was conveyed by increased energy expenditure, preferential carbohydrate oxidation, and increased fecal fat and energy excretion. Cecal metabolite profiling revealed a shift in bile acid and steroid metabolites in these lean mice, with a significant rise in 17β-estradiol, which is known to stimulate energy expenditure and interfere with bile acid metabolism. Decreased cecal bile acid levels were associated with decreased hepatic expression of genes involved in bile acid synthesis. These metabolic adaptations were largely attenuated in GF mice fed the palm-oil based high-fat diet. We propose that an interaction of gut microbiota and cholesterol metabolism is essential for fat accretion in normal SPF mice fed cholesterol-rich lard as the main dietary fat source. This is supported by a positive correlation between bile acid levels and specific bacteria of the order Clostridiales (phylum Firmicutes) as a characteristic feature of normal SPF mice fed lard. Conclusions In conclusion, our study identified dietary cholesterol as a candidate ingredient affecting the crosstalk between gut microbiota and host metabolism. Cholesterol-based but not plant sterol-based high-fat diet protects germfree (GF) mice from diet-induced obesity (DIO). DIO resistant GF mice show preferential carbohydrate oxidation, higher energy expenditure and energy and fat excretion. DIO resistance in GF mice is accompanied by increased steroid hormone levels but decreased bile acid levels in the cecum. Substrate oxidation and fat excretion in DIO resistant GF mice is linked to decreased hepatic Cyp7a1 and Nr1h4 expression.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- Abcg5, ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 5
- Abcg8, ATP-binding cassette sub-family G member 8
- Actb, beta actin
- Akr1d1, aldo-keto-reductase family member 1
- BMR, basal metabolic rate
- CA, cholic acid
- CD, control diet
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CIDEA, cell death inducing DFFA-like effector
- COX4, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4
- Cyp27a1, cholesterol 27 alpha-hydroxylase
- Cyp7a1, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- DEE, daily energy expenditure
- DIO, diet-induced obesity
- Dhcr7, 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase
- Diet-induced obesity resistance
- Eef2, eukaryotic elongation factor 2
- Energy balance
- FT-ICR-MS, Fourier transform-Ion Cyclotron Resonance-Mass Spectrometry
- FT-IR, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy
- GF, germfree
- GUSB, beta-glucuronidase
- Germfree
- HDCA, hyodeoxycholic acid
- HP, heat production
- High-fat diet
- Hmgcr, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A reductase
- Hmgcs, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A synthase 1
- Hprt1, hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase
- Hsd11b1, hydroxysteroid (11-β) dehydrogenase 1
- Hsp90, heat shock protein 90
- LHFD, high-fat diet based on lard
- Ldlr, low density lipoprotein receptor
- MCA, muricholic acid
- Nr1h2, nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 2 (liver X receptor β)
- Nr1h3, nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 3 (liver X receptor α)
- Nr1h4, nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group H, member 4 (farnesoid X receptor α)
- PHFD, high-fat diet based on palm oil
- PRDM16, PR domain containing 16
- SPF, specific pathogen free
- Srebf1, sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1
- TCA, taurocholic acid
- TMCA, Tauromuricholic acid
- Tf2b, transcription factor II B
- UCP1, uncoupling protein 1
- UDCA, ursodeoxycholic acid
- UPLC-TOF-MS, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry
- qPCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaela Kübeck
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Catalina Bonet-Ripoll
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christina Hoffmann
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Alesia Walker
- Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Veronika Maria Müller
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Valentina Luise Schüppel
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ilias Lagkouvardos
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Birgit Scholz
- Chair of General Food Technology, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Chair of General Food Technology, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Hannelore Daniel
- Chair of Nutritional Physiology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Department of Environmental Sciences, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr.1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 10, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Clavel
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- ZIEL - Institute for Food and Health, Technical University of Munich, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany; Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Gregor-Mendel-Str. 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
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Buzzelli JN, Chalinor HV, Pavlic DI, Sutton P, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS, Judd LM. IL33 Is a Stomach Alarmin That Initiates a Skewed Th2 Response to Injury and Infection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:203-221.e3. [PMID: 28210674 PMCID: PMC5301136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)33 is a recently described alarmin that is highly expressed in the gastric mucosa and potently activates Th2 immunity. It may play a pivotal role during Helicobacter pylori infection. Here, we delineate the role of IL33 in the normal gastric mucosa and in response to gastropathy. METHODS IL33 expression was evaluated in mice and human biopsy specimens infected with H pylori and in mice after dosing with aspirin. IL33 expression was localized in the gastric mucosa using immunofluorescence. Mice were given 1 or 7 daily doses of recombinant IL33 (1 μg/dose), and the stomach and the spleen responses were quantified morphologically, by flow cytometry and using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. RESULTS In mice, the IL33 protein was localized to the nucleus of a subpopulation of surface mucus cells, and co-localized with the surface mucus cell markers Ulex Europaeus 1 (UEA1), and Mucin 5AC (Muc5AC). A small proportion of IL33-positive epithelial cells also were Ki-67 positive. IL33 and its receptor Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (ST2) were increased 4-fold after acute (1-day) H pylori infection, however, this increase was not apparent after 7 days and IL33 expression was reduced 2-fold after 2 months. Similarly, human biopsy specimens positive for H pylori had a reduced IL33 expression. Chronic IL33 treatment in mice caused systemic activation of innate lymphoid cell 2 and polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype. In the stomach, IL33-treated mice developed transmural inflammation and mucous metaplasia that was mediated by Th2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling. Rag-1-/- mice, lacking mature lymphocytes, were protected from IL33-induced gastric pathology. CONCLUSIONS IL33 is highly expressed in the gastric mucosa and promotes the activation of T helper 2-cytokine-expressing cells. The loss of IL33 expression after prolonged H pylori infection may be permissive for the T helper 1-biased immune response observed during H pylori infection and subsequent precancerous progression.
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Key Words
- AB, Alcian blue
- DC, dendritic cell
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Gastric Cancer
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Helicobacter pylori
- IL, interleukin
- IL33
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- Inflammatory Response
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PAS, periodic acid–Schiff
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- QRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SMC, surface mucus cells
- SPF, specific pathogen free
- SS1, Sydney strain 1
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TFF, trefoil factor
- Th, T-helper
- WT, wild type
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon N. Buzzelli
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather V. Chalinor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel I. Pavlic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Louise Judd, PhD, Royal Children’s Hospital–Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052. fax: (61) 3-9936-6528.
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Hamidi A, Verdijk P, Kreeftenberg H. Preclinical evaluation of a Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine process intended for technology transfer. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:2691-6. [PMID: 25483504 PMCID: PMC4977440 DOI: 10.4161/hv.28924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine in low- and middle-income countries has been limited by cost and availability of Hib conjugate vaccines for a long time. It was previously recognized by the Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc, originating from the former Vaccinology Unit of the National Institute of Public Health [RIVM] and the Netherlands Vaccine Institute [NVI]) that local production of a Hib conjugate vaccine would increase the affordability and sustainability of the vaccine and thereby help to speed up Hib introduction in these countries. A new affordable and a non-infringing production process for a Hib conjugate vaccine was developed, including relevant quality control tests, and the technology was transferred to a number of vaccine manufacturers in India, Indonesia, and China. As part of the Hib technology transfer project managed by Intravacc, a preclinical toxicity study was conducted in the Netherlands to test the safety and immunogenicity of this new Hib conjugate vaccine. The data generated by this study were used by the technology transfer partners to accelerate the clinical development of the new Hib conjugate vaccine. A repeated dose toxicity and local tolerance study in rats was performed to assess the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a new Hib conjugate vaccine compared to a licensed vaccine. The results showed that the vaccine was well tolerated and immunogenic in rats, no major differences in both safety and immunogenicity in rats were found between the vaccine produced according to the production process developed by Intravacc and the licensed one. Rats may be useful to verify the immunogenicity of Hib conjugate vaccines and for preclinical evaluation. In general, nonclinical evaluation of the new Hib conjugate vaccine, including this proof of concept (safety and immunogenicity study in rats), made it possible for technology transfer partners, having implemented the original process with no changes in the manufacturing process and vaccine formulation, to start directly with phase 1 clinical trials.
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Key Words
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- EP, European Pharmacopeia
- Haemophilus influenzae type b
- Hib, Haemophilus influenzae type b
- IgG, Immunoglobulin G
- Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology
- LCB, Laboratory of Control of Biological Products
- NIBSC, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (UK)
- NVI, Netherlands Vaccine Institute
- OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- PRP, poly-ribosylribitol phosphate (Hib capsular polysaccharide)
- PRP-T, Hib capsular polysaccharide conjugated to Tetanus Toxoid
- QC, quality control
- RIVM, The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu)
- SPF, specific pathogen free
- WHO, World Health Organization
- conjugate
- preclinical
- rats
- technology transfer
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahd Hamidi
- Support and Global Health; Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline Verdijk
- Support and Global Health; Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Kreeftenberg
- Support and Global Health; Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc); Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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