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Chen YL, Chen CY, Lai KH, Chang YC, Hwang TL. Anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities of flavone C-glycosides of Lophatherum gracile for COVID-19. J Funct Foods 2023; 101:105407. [PMID: 36627926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lophatherum gracile (L. gracile) has long been used as a functional food and herbal medicine. Previous studies have demonstrated that extracts of L. gracile attenuate inflammatory response and inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication; however, the underlying active constituents have yet to be identified. This study investigated the bioactive components of L. gracile. Flavone C-glycosides of L. gracile were found to dominate both anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. A simple chromatography-based method was developed to obtain flavone C-glycoside-enriched extract (FlavoLG) from L. gracile. FlavoLG and its major flavone C-glycoside isoorientin were shown to restrict respiratory bursts and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps in activated human neutrophils. FlavoLG and isoorientin were also shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection by interfering with the binding of the SARS-CoV-2 spike on ACE2. These results provide scientific evidence indicating the efficacy of L. gracile as a potential supplement for treating neutrophil-associated COVID-19.
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Key Words
- ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- CB, cytochalasin B
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- Flavone C-glycosides
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- IC50, half-maximal inhibitory concentration
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- LG, Lophatherum gracile
- Lophatherum gracile
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- NETs, neutrophil extracellular traps
- Neutrophils
- O2•−, superoxide
- RBD, receptor-binding domain
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- UPLC, ultra-performance liquid chromatography
- fMLF, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine
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Maliyakkal N, Appadath Beeran A, Udupa N. Nanoparticles of cisplatin augment drug accumulations and inhibit multidrug resistance transporters in human glioblastoma cells. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:857-873. [PMID: 34408546 PMCID: PMC8363105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cisplatin (CSP) is a potent anticancer drug widely used in treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). However, CSP's clinical efficacy in GBM contrasted with low therapeutic ratio, toxicity, and multidrug resistance (MDR). Therefore, we have developed a system for the active targeting of cisplatin in GBM via cisplatin loaded polymeric nanoplatforms (CSP-NPs). Methods CSP-NPs were prepared by modified double emulsion and nanoprecipitation techniques. The physiochemical characterizations of CSP-NPs were performed using zeta sizer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), drug release kinetics, and drug content analysis. Cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, and cell cycle-specific activity of CSP-NPs in human GBM cell lines were evaluated by MTT assay, fluorescent microscopy, and flow cytometry. Intracellular drug uptake was gauged by fluorescent imaging and flow cytometry. The potential of CSP-NPs to inhibit MDR transporters were assessed by flow cytometry-based drug efflux assays. Results CSP-NPs have smooth surface properties with discrete particle size with required zeta potential, polydispersity index, drug entrapment efficiency, and drug content. CSP-NPs has demonstrated an ‘initial burst effect’ followed by sustained drug release properties. CSP-NPs imparted dose and time-dependent cytotoxicity and triggered apoptosis in human GBM cells. Interestingly, CSP-NPs significantly increased uptake, internalization, and accumulations of anticancer drugs. Moreover, CSP-NPs significantly reversed the MDR transporters (ABCB1 and ABCG2) in human GBM cells. Conclusion The nanoparticulate system of cisplatin seems to has a promising potential for active targeting of cisplatin as an effective and specific therapeutic for human GBM, thus eliminating current chemotherapy's limitations.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance
- Active drug targeting
- BBB, Blood brain barrier
- BCRP, Breast cancer resistance protein
- CSP, Cisplatin
- CSP-NPs, Cisplatin nanoparticles DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium
- Cisplatin nanoparticles
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- DNR, Daunorubicin
- DOX, Doxorubicin
- Drug uptake and accumulations
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- EPR, Enhanced permeability retention
- FACS, Fluorescence activated cell sorting
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- FTC, Fumitremorgin C
- GBM, Glioblastoma multiforme
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- HPLC, High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- Induction of Apoptosis
- MDR, Multidrug resistance
- MTT, Methyl tetrazolium
- MX, Mitoxantrone
- NPs, Nanoparticles
- O.D., Optical density
- PBS, Phosphate buffer saline
- PI, Propidium iodide
- PLGA, Poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid
- RT, Room temperature
- Rho-123, Rhodamine 123
- SDS, Sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SEM, Scanning electron microscopy
- Targeting multidrug resistance (MDR) transporters
- nm, Nanometer
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseer Maliyakkal
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Khamis Mushait, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.,Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.,Cancer Research Unit, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmy Appadath Beeran
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nayanabhirama Udupa
- Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Kiyohara H, Sujino T, Teratani T, Miyamoto K, Arai MM, Nomura E, Harada Y, Aoki R, Koda Y, Mikami Y, Mizuno S, Naganuma M, Hisamatsu T, Kanai T. Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist-Induced Dermatitis Causes Severe Dextran Sulfate Sodium Colitis by Altering the Gut Microbiome and Immune Cells. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 7:135-56. [PMID: 30510995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are both chronic inflammatory diseases occurring in the skin and gut, respectively. It is well established that psoriasis and IBD have high concordance rates, and similar changes in immune cells and microbiome composition have been reported in both conditions. To study this connection, we used a combination murine model of psoriatic dermatitis and colitis in which mice were treated topically with the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist imiquimod (IMQ) and fed dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). METHODS We applied IMQ topically to B6 mice (IMQ mice) and subsequently fed them 2% DSS in their drinking water. Disease activity and immune cell phenotypes were analyzed, and the microbial composition of fecal samples was investigated using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. We transplanted feces from IMQ mice to germ-free IQI/Jic (IQI) mice and fed them DSS to assess the effect of the gut microbiome on disease. RESULTS We first confirmed that IMQ mice showed accelerated DSS colitis. IMQ mice had decreased numbers of IgD+ and IgM+ B cells and increased numbers of non-cytokine-producing macrophages in the gut. Moreover, the gut microbiomes of IMQ mice were perturbed, with significant reductions of Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus reuteri populations. Germ-free mice transplanted with feces from IMQ mice, but not with feces from untreated mice, also developed exacerbated DSS colitis. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that skin inflammation may contribute to pathogenic conditions in the gut via immunologic and microbiological changes. Our finding of a novel potential skin-gut interaction provides new insights into the coincidence of psoriasis and IBD.
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Key Words
- Abx, antibiotics
- BM, bone marrow
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- DAI, disease activity index
- DSS, dextran sulfate sodium
- Dermatitis
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GF, germ-free
- Gut Microbiome
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IFN, interferon
- IL, interleukin
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- IMQ, imiquimod
- IP, intraperitoneally
- IQI, IQI/Jic
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- LP, lamina propria
- NLRP3, NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3
- OTU, operational taxonomic unit
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PE, phycoerythrin
- PMA, phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate
- SPF, specific pathogen-free
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- Th, T helper
- Treg, regulatory T cells
- WT, wild-type
- ZO-1, zonula occludens-1
- dLN, draining lymph node
- gnoto, gnotobiote
- pDC, plasmacytoid dendritic cell
- rRNA, ribosomal RNA
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Smith NR, Swain JR, Davies PS, Gallagher AC, Parappilly MS, Beach CZ, Streeter PR, Williamson IA, Magness ST, Wong MH. Monoclonal Antibodies Reveal Dynamic Plasticity Between Lgr5- and Bmi1-Expressing Intestinal Cell Populations. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 6:79-96. [PMID: 29928673 PMCID: PMC6008251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Continual renewal of the intestinal epithelium is dependent on active- and slow-cycling stem cells that are confined to the crypt base. Tight regulation of these stem cell populations maintains homeostasis by balancing proliferation and differentiation to support critical intestinal functions. The hierarchical relation of discrete stem cell populations in homeostasis or during regenerative epithelial repair remains controversial. Although recent studies have supported a model for the active-cycling leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5)+ intestinal stem cell (ISC) functioning upstream of the slow-cycling B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog (Bmi1)-expressing cell, other studies have reported the opposite relation. Tools that facilitate simultaneous analyses of these populations are required to evaluate their coordinated function. METHODS We used novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised against murine intestinal epithelial cells in conjunction with ISC-green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter mice to analyze relations between ISC populations by microscopy. Ex vivo 3-dimensional cultures, flow cytometry, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed. RESULTS Two novel mAbs recognized distinct subpopulations of the intestinal epithelium and when used in combination permitted isolation of discrete Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP-enriched populations with stem activity. Growth from singly isolated Lgr5GFP ISCs gave rise to small spheroids. Spheroids did not express Lgr5GFP and instead up-regulated Bmi1GFP expression. Conversely, Bmi1-derived spheroids initiated Lgr5GFP expression as crypt domains were established. CONCLUSIONS These data showed the functional utility of murine mAbs in the isolation and investigation of Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP ISC-enriched populations. Ex vivo analyses showed hierarchical plasticity between different ISC-expressing states; specifically Lgr5GFP ISCs gave rise to Bmi1GFP cells, and vice versa. These data highlight the impact of temporal and physiological context on unappreciated interactions between Lgr5GFP and Bmi1GFP cells during crypt formation.
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Key Words
- 3D, 3-dimensional
- 4-OHT, 4-hydroxytamoxifen
- APC, allophycocyanin
- Bmi1
- Bmi1, B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog
- Egf, epidermal growth factor
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Hierarchy
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Stem Cells
- Lgr5
- Lgr5, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein–coupled receptor 5
- Lyz, lysozyme
- OHSU, Oregon Health and Science University
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PE, Phycoerythrin
- Plasticity
- Rspo1, R-spondin1
- TdT, tdTomato
- Wnt, wingless-type MMTV (mouse mammary tumor virus) integration site
- cDNA, complementary DNA
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mRNA, messenger RNA
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Smith
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - John R. Swain
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Paige S. Davies
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alexandra C. Gallagher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael S. Parappilly
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Catherine Z. Beach
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Philip R. Streeter
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon,Oregon Health & Science University Stem Cell Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Ian A. Williamson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Scott T. Magness
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon,Oregon Health & Science University Stem Cell Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Melissa H. Wong, PhD, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L215, Portland, Oregon 97239. fax: (503) 494-4253.
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Smith NR, Davies PS, Levin TG, Gallagher AC, Keene DR, Sengupta SK, Wieghard N, El Rassi E, Wong MH. Cell Adhesion Molecule CD166/ALCAM Functions Within the Crypt to Orchestrate Murine Intestinal Stem Cell Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:389-409. [PMID: 28462380 PMCID: PMC5404029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal epithelial homeostasis is maintained by active-cycling and slow-cycling stem cells confined within an instructive crypt-based niche. Exquisite regulating of these stem cell populations along the proliferation-to-differentiation axis maintains a homeostatic balance to prevent hyperproliferation and cancer. Although recent studies focus on how secreted ligands from mesenchymal and epithelial populations regulate intestinal stem cells (ISCs), it remains unclear what role cell adhesion plays in shaping the regulatory niche. Previously we have shown that the cell adhesion molecule and cancer stem cell marker, CD166/ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), is highly expressed by both active-cycling Lgr5+ ISCs and adjacent Paneth cells within the crypt base, supporting the hypothesis that CD166 functions to mediate ISC maintenance and signal coordination. METHODS Here we tested this hypothesis by analyzing a CD166-/- mouse combined with immunohistochemical, flow cytometry, gene expression, and enteroid culture. RESULTS We found that animals lacking CD166 expression harbored fewer active-cycling Lgr5+ ISCs. Homeostasis was maintained by expansion of the transit-amplifying compartment and not by slow-cycling Bmi1+ ISC stimulation. Loss of active-cycling ISCs was coupled with deregulated Paneth cell homeostasis, manifested as increased numbers of immature Paneth progenitors due to decreased terminal differentiation, linked to defective Wnt signaling. CD166-/- Paneth cells expressed reduced Wnt3 ligand expression and depleted nuclear β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS These data support a function for CD166 as an important cell adhesion molecule that shapes the signaling microenvironment by mediating ISC-niche cell interactions. Furthermore, loss of CD166 expression results in decreased ISC and Paneth cell homeostasis and an altered Wnt microenvironment.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CD166
- CLEM, correlative light and electron microscopy
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Homeostasis
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Stem Cell
- Lyz, lysozyme
- Muc2, mucin 2
- Paneth Cell
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- Stem Cell Niche
- TA, transit-amplifying
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- WT, wild-type
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Smith
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paige S. Davies
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Trevor G. Levin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alexandra C. Gallagher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Sidharth K. Sengupta
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nikki Wieghard
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Edward El Rassi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,OHSU Stem Cell Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Melissa H. Wong, PhD, Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L215, Portland, Oregon 97239. fax: (503) 494-4253.Oregon Health & Science UniversityDepartment of CellDevelopmental and Cancer Biology3181 SW Sam Jackson Park RoadMail Code L215PortlandOregon 97239
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Buzzelli JN, Chalinor HV, Pavlic DI, Sutton P, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS, Judd LM. IL33 Is a Stomach Alarmin That Initiates a Skewed Th2 Response to Injury and Infection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:203-221.e3. [PMID: 28210674 PMCID: PMC5301136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)33 is a recently described alarmin that is highly expressed in the gastric mucosa and potently activates Th2 immunity. It may play a pivotal role during Helicobacter pylori infection. Here, we delineate the role of IL33 in the normal gastric mucosa and in response to gastropathy. METHODS IL33 expression was evaluated in mice and human biopsy specimens infected with H pylori and in mice after dosing with aspirin. IL33 expression was localized in the gastric mucosa using immunofluorescence. Mice were given 1 or 7 daily doses of recombinant IL33 (1 μg/dose), and the stomach and the spleen responses were quantified morphologically, by flow cytometry and using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. RESULTS In mice, the IL33 protein was localized to the nucleus of a subpopulation of surface mucus cells, and co-localized with the surface mucus cell markers Ulex Europaeus 1 (UEA1), and Mucin 5AC (Muc5AC). A small proportion of IL33-positive epithelial cells also were Ki-67 positive. IL33 and its receptor Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (ST2) were increased 4-fold after acute (1-day) H pylori infection, however, this increase was not apparent after 7 days and IL33 expression was reduced 2-fold after 2 months. Similarly, human biopsy specimens positive for H pylori had a reduced IL33 expression. Chronic IL33 treatment in mice caused systemic activation of innate lymphoid cell 2 and polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype. In the stomach, IL33-treated mice developed transmural inflammation and mucous metaplasia that was mediated by Th2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling. Rag-1-/- mice, lacking mature lymphocytes, were protected from IL33-induced gastric pathology. CONCLUSIONS IL33 is highly expressed in the gastric mucosa and promotes the activation of T helper 2-cytokine-expressing cells. The loss of IL33 expression after prolonged H pylori infection may be permissive for the T helper 1-biased immune response observed during H pylori infection and subsequent precancerous progression.
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Key Words
- AB, Alcian blue
- DC, dendritic cell
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Gastric Cancer
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Helicobacter pylori
- IL, interleukin
- IL33
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- Inflammatory Response
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PAS, periodic acid–Schiff
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- QRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SMC, surface mucus cells
- SPF, specific pathogen free
- SS1, Sydney strain 1
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TFF, trefoil factor
- Th, T-helper
- WT, wild type
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon N. Buzzelli
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather V. Chalinor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel I. Pavlic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Louise Judd, PhD, Royal Children’s Hospital–Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052. fax: (61) 3-9936-6528.
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