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Wang D, Li D, Zhang Y, Chen J, Zhang Y, Liao C, Qin S, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Xu F. Functional metabolomics reveal the role of AHR/GPR35 mediated kynurenic acid gradient sensing in chemotherapy-induced intestinal damage. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:763-80. [PMID: 33777681 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal toxicity induced by chemotherapeutics has become an important reason for the interruption of therapy and withdrawal of approved agents. In this study, we demonstrated that chemotherapeutics-induced intestinal damage were commonly characterized by the sharp upregulation of tryptophan (Trp)−kynurenine (KYN)−kynurenic acid (KA) axis metabolism. Mechanistically, chemotherapy-induced intestinal damage triggered the formation of an interleukin-6 (IL-6)−indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1)−aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) positive feedback loop, which accelerated kynurenine pathway metabolism in gut. Besides, AHR and G protein-coupled receptor 35 (GPR35) negative feedback regulates intestinal damage and inflammation to maintain intestinal integrity and homeostasis through gradually sensing kynurenic acid level in gut and macrophage, respectively. Moreover, based on virtual screening and biological verification, vardenafil and linagliptin as GPR35 and AHR agonists respectively were discovered from 2388 approved drugs. Importantly, the results that vardenafil and linagliptin significantly alleviated chemotherapy-induced intestinal toxicity in vivo suggests that chemotherapeutics combined with the two could be a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer patients in clinic. This work highlights GPR35 and AHR as the guardian of kynurenine pathway metabolism and core component of defense responses against intestinal damage.
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Key Words
- 1-MT, 1-methyl-tryptophan
- AG, AG490
- AHR
- AHR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- ARNT, aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
- BCA, bicinchoninic acid
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CH, CH223191
- CPT-11, irinotecan
- CYP1A1, cytochrome P450 1A1
- DAI, disease activity index
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4
- DRE, dioxin response elements
- DSS, dextran sulphate sodium
- Dens-Cl, N-diethyl-amino naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride
- Dns-Cl, N-dimethyl-amino naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride
- ECL, enhanced chemiluminescence
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERK1/2, extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- GE, gastric emptying
- GFP, green fluorescence protein
- GI, gastrointestinal transit
- GPR35
- GPR35, G protein-coupled receptor 35
- Gradually sensing
- HE, hematoxylin and eosin
- HRP, horseradish peroxi-dase
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IDO1, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IS, internal standard
- Intestinal toxicity
- JAK2, janus kinase 2
- KA, kynurenic acid
- KAT, kynurenine aminotransferase
- KYN, kynurenine
- Kynurenine pathway
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- LPS, lipopolysaccharides
- Linag, linagliptin
- MOE, molecular operating environment
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- MRM, multiple-reaction monitoring
- MTT, thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide
- PBS, phosphate buffer saline
- PDB, protein data bank
- PDE5, phosphodiesterase type-5
- PF, PF-04859989
- PMA, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
- PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- RIPA, radioimmunoprecipitation
- RPKM, reads per kilobase per million mapped reads
- RPMI 1640, Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640
- RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- Trp, tryptophan
- VCR, vincristine
- Vard, vardenafil
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Zhao X, Liu X, Zhang P, Liu Y, Ran W, Cai Y, Wang J, Zhai Y, Wang G, Ding Y, Li Y. Injectable peptide hydrogel as intraperitoneal triptolide depot for the treatment of orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1050-1060. [PMID: 31649853 PMCID: PMC6804453 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is among the limited choices approved for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at intermediate and advanced stages. Preferential and prolonged drug exposure in diseased sites is required to maximize the therapeutic index of the drug. Here, we report an injectable supramolecular peptide hydrogel as an intraperitoneal depot for localized and sustained release of triptolide for the treatment of orthotopic HCC. We chose peptide amphiphile C16-GNNQQNYKD-OH-based nanofibers as gelators and carriers for triptolide. Sustained triptolide release from the hydrogel was achieved over 14 days in vitro, with higher accumulation in and cytotoxicity against human HCC Bel-7402 in comparison with L-02 fetal hepatocytes. After intraperitoneal injection, the hydrogel showed prolonged retention over 13 days and preferential accumulation in the liver, realizing HCC growth inhibition by 99.7 ± 0.1% and animal median survival extension from 19 to 43 days, without causing noticeable pathological changes in the major organs. These results demonstrate that injectable peptide hydrogel can be a potential carrier for localized chemotherapy of HCC.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AST, aspartate transaminase
- ATL, alanine transaminase
- AUC0–13, areas under the curve
- AURKA, aurora A kinase
- Akt, protein kinase B
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- Bel-7402/Luc, luciferase transfected human HCC cell line Bel-7402
- C16-N, C16-GNNQQNYKD-OH
- C16-N/DiI, DiI-labeled C16-N
- C16-N/DiR, DiR-labeled C16-N hydrogel
- C16-N/T, triptolide-loaded peptide amphiphile-based hydrogel
- CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- CD, circular dichroism
- CKS2, cyclin kinase subunit-2
- CRE, creatinine
- DL, drug loading
- DSPE-PEG, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[amino (polyethylene glycol)-2000]
- DSPE-PEG/DiI, DiI-labeled DSPE-PEG
- DSPE-PEG/DiR, DiR-labeled DSPE-PEG micelle
- DSPE-PEG/T, drug-loaded DSPE-PEG micelles
- EE, encapsulation efficiency
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FI range, fluorescence intensity range
- FI, fluorescence intensity
- GEMOX, gemcitabine and oxaliplatin
- H&E, hematoxylin and eosin
- HFIP, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- Hepatocellular carcinoma
- Hydrogel
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- OB glue, EPIGLUs
- Peptide amphiphile
- RFI, relative fluorescence intensity
- Self-assembly
- TACE, transarterial chemoembolization
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TIR, tumor inhibition rate
- Tmax, time to reach highest fluorescence intensity
- Triptolide
- d-Luciferin, (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-(6-hydroxy-2-benzothiazolyl)-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid potassium
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Pengcheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine & Advanced Preparations, Yantai Institute of Materia Medica, Yantai 264000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 20231979.
| | - Yiran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yihui Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yaping Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 21 20231979.
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Ventura R, Mordec K, Waszczuk J, Wang Z, Lai J, Fridlib M, Buckley D, Kemble G, Heuer TS. Inhibition of de novo Palmitate Synthesis by Fatty Acid Synthase Induces Apoptosis in Tumor Cells by Remodeling Cell Membranes, Inhibiting Signaling Pathways, and Reprogramming Gene Expression. EBioMedicine 2015; 2:808-24. [PMID: 26425687 PMCID: PMC4563160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of de novo palmitate synthesis via fatty acid synthase (FASN) inhibition provides an unproven approach to cancer therapy with a strong biological rationale. FASN expression increases with tumor progression and associates with chemoresistance, tumor metastasis, and diminished patient survival in numerous tumor types. TVB-3166, an orally-available, reversible, potent, and selective FASN inhibitor induces apoptosis, inhibits anchorage-independent cell growth under lipid-rich conditions, and inhibits in-vivo xenograft tumor growth. Dose-dependent effects are observed between 20–200 nM TVB-3166, which agrees with the IC50 in biochemical FASN and cellular palmitate synthesis assays. Mechanistic studies show that FASN inhibition disrupts lipid raft architecture, inhibits biological pathways such as lipid biosynthesis, PI3K–AKT–mTOR and β-catenin signal transduction, and inhibits expression of oncogenic effectors such as c-Myc; effects that are tumor-cell specific. Our results demonstrate that FASN inhibition has anti-tumor activities in biologically diverse preclinical tumor models and provide mechanistic and pharmacologic evidence that FASN inhibition presents a promising therapeutic strategy for treating a variety of cancers, including those expressing mutant K-Ras, ErbB2, c-Met, and PTEN. The reported findings inform ongoing studies to link mechanisms of action with defined tumor types and advance the discovery of biomarkers supporting development of FASN inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Research in context Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a vital enzyme in tumor cell biology; the over-expression of FASN is associated with diminished patient prognosis and resistance to many cancer therapies. Our data demonstrate that selective and potent FASN inhibition with TVB-3166 leads to selective death of tumor cells, without significant effect on normal cells, and inhibits in vivo xenograft tumor growth at well-tolerated doses. Candidate biomarkers for selecting tumors highly sensitive to FASN inhibition are identified. These preclinical data provide mechanistic and pharmacologic evidence that FASN inhibition presents a promising therapeutic strategy for treating a variety of cancers. TVB-3166 is an orally available, reversible, potent, and selective FASN inhibitor. TVB-3166 inhibition of FASN induces apoptosis in tumor cells but not normal cells. TVB-3166 inhibits in vivo xenograft tumor growth. Candidate biomarkers to select tumors sensitive to FASN inhibition are identified.
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Key Words
- Beta-catenin
- CRC, colorectal cancer
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Fatty acid synthase
- HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Inhibitor
- KRAS
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- Lipid raft
- MEM, minimal essential media
- MYC
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- TGI, tumor growth inhibition
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Zhong H, Lu J, Xia L, Zhu M, Yin H. Formation of electrophilic oxidation products from mitochondrial cardiolipin in vitro and in vivo in the context of apoptosis and atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2014; 2:878-83. [PMID: 25061570 PMCID: PMC4099507 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial cardiolipins (CL) are prone to free radical oxidation and this process appears to be intimately associated with multiple biological functions of mitochondria. Our previous work demonstrated that a significant amount of potent lipid electrophiles including 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE) was generated from CL oxidation through a novel chemical mechanism. Here we provide further evidence that a characteristic class of CL oxidation products, epoxyalcohol-aldehyde-CL (EAA-CL), is formed through this novel mechanism in isolated mice liver mitochondria when treated with the pro-apoptotic protein t-Bid to induce cyt c release. Generation of these oxidation products are dose-dependently attenuated by a peroxidase inhibitor acetaminophen (ApAP). Using a mouse model of atherosclerosis, we detected significant amount of these CL oxidation products in liver tissue of low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR −/−) mice after Western diet feeding. Our studies highlight the importance of lipid electrophiles formation from CL oxidation in the settings of apoptosis and atherosclerosis as inhibition of CL oxidation and lipid electrophiles formation may have potential therapeutic value in diseases linked to oxidant stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions. 4-HNE and other electrophilic lipids are formed from mitochondrial cardiolipin. Novel electrophilic oxidation products EAA-CL were identified in vitro and in vivo. Level of EAA-CL in liver tissue of LDLR −/− mice is higher with Western diet feeding. ApAP dose-dependently inhibits EAA-CL formation during t-Bid induced cyt c release. CL electrophilic lipid formation is important in apoptosis and atherosclerosis.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-nonena
- 4-ONE, 4-oxo-2-nonenal
- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE)
- ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase-2
- ApAP, acetaminophen
- Apoptosis
- Atherosclerosis
- BHT, butylate hydroxytoluene
- CL, cardiolipin cyt c cytochrome c
- Cardiolipin
- EAA-CL, epoxyalcohol-aldehyde-CL
- ESI, electrospray
- ETC, electron transport chain
- Epoxyalcohol-aldehyde-CL (EAA-CL)
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HODE, hydroxyoctadienoic acid
- HpODE, hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid
- KODE, keto-octadecadienoic acid
- L3OCL, trilinoleoyl oleoyl cardiolipin
- L4CL, tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin
- LA, linoleic acid
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- LDLR −/−, low density lipoprotein receptor knockout
- Lipid peroxidation
- Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)
- M4CL, tetramyristeoyl cardiolipin
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- Mitochondria
- PHGPX, hospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase
- PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Prdx3/Prx3, peroxiredoxin 3
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Room 1826, New Life Science Building, 320 Yueyang Road, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Ali I, Aboul-Enein HY, Singh P, Singh R, Sharma B. Separation of biological proteins by liquid chromatography. Saudi Pharm J 2010; 18:59-73. [PMID: 23960722 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2010.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
After the success of human genome project, proteome is a new emerging field of biochemistry as it provides the knowledge of enzymes (proteins) interactions with different body organs and medicines administrated into human body. Therefore, the study of proteomics is very important for the development of new and effective drugs to control many lethal diseases. In proteomics study, analyses of proteome is essential and significant from the pathological point of views, i.e., in several serious diseases such as cancer, Alzheimer's disease and aging, heart diseases and also for plant biology. The separation and identification of proteomics is a challenging job due to their complex structures and closely related physico-chemical behaviors. However, the recent advances in liquid chromatography make this job easy. Various kinds of liquid chromatography, along with different detectors and optimization strategies, have been discussed in this article. Besides, attempts have been made to include chirality concept in proteomics for understanding mechanism and medication of various disease controlled by different body proteins.
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Key Words
- 2D-nano LC, two-dimensional nano liquid chromatography quadrupole
- ACN, acetonitrile
- AIEC, anion exchange chromatography
- CEC, capillary electro-chromatography
- CIEF, capillary isoelectric focusing
- CSF, cerebrospinal fluid
- Chirality
- EC, electro-chromatography
- ESI-LC–MS, electrospray ionization liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- FA, formic acid
- FLP, FMRF amide-like peptide
- FT-ICR-MS, ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry
- GPI-APs, glycosylphosphadylinositol anchored proteins
- GSH, glutathione stimulating hormone
- GSTs, glutathione-S-transferase isoenzyme
- Gene
- HFBA, heptafluorobutyric acid
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- ICAT, isotope coded affinity tag
- IEF-SEC, isoelectrofocussing size-exclusion chromatography
- IMCD, inner medullary collecting duct
- LC-Q-TOF, liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass
- LC-dual ESI, liquid chromatography dual electrospray ionization-Fourier transform
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- Liquid chromatography
- MALDI-TOF, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of flight
- MFGM, milk fat globule membranes
- MMA, mass measurement accuracy
- MPC, mesenchymal progenitor cell
- MS/MS, spectrometry
- NLFs, Nasal lavage fluids
- NLP, neuropeptide like protein
- Nano detection
- PC2, prohormone convertase-2
- PS II, photosystem II
- Preparation
- Proteomics
- Q-TOFMS/MS, time-of-flight tandem-mass spectrometry
- RPLC, reversed phase liquid chromatography
- SCX, strong cation exchange
- SEC, size-exclusion chromatography
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
- TIC, total ion current
- TRAF, tumor necrosis factor receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi 110 025, India
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