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Scott-Wittenborn N, D'Souza G, Tewari S, Rooper L, Troy T, Drake V, Bigelow EO, Windon MJ, Ryan WR, Ha PK, Kiess AP, Miles B, Westra WH, Mydlarz WK, Eisele DW, Fakhry C. Prevalence of human papillomavirus in head and neck cancers at tertiary care centers in the United States over time. Cancer 2022; 128:1767-1774. [PMID: 35132635 PMCID: PMC9007835 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.34124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for a growing proportion of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCCs) among men and White individuals. Whether similar trends apply to women, non‐Whites, and non‐oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (non‐OPSCCs) is unknown. METHODS This is a cross‐sectional analysis combining 2 multi‐institutional case series of incident head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cases. Incident HNSCCs from 1995 to 2012 were enrolled retrospectively using banked tumor samples and medical record abstraction. Incident HNSCCs from 2013 to 2019 were enrolled prospectively. The prevalence of tumor HPV biomarkers was tested over 3 time periods (1995‐2003, 2004‐2012, and 2013‐2019). Centralized testing was done for p16 immunohistochemistry (p16) and oncogenic HPV in situ hybridization (ISH). RESULTS A total of 1209 incident cases of HNSCC were included. Prevalence of p16‐ and ISH‐positive tumors increased significantly for oropharynx cancers over time. The majority were positive after 2013 for White patients (p16, 92%; P < .001; ISH 94%; P < .001), Black patients (p16, 72%; P = .021; ISH 67%; P = .011), and Hispanic patients (p16, 100%; P = .04; ISH 100%; P = .013). For women with OPSCC, the prevalence of p16‐ and ISH‐positive tumors increased significantly to 82% (P < .001) and 78% (P = .004), respectively. For non‐OPSCCs, there was increased p16 and ISH positivity overall with 24% p16 and 16% ISH positivity in the most recent time period (P < .001 for both). CONCLUSIONS The majority of OPSCCs in US tertiary care centers are now p16 and ISH positive for all sex and race groups. In some populations in the United States, 91% of OPSCCs are now caused by HPV. Few non‐OPSCCs are p16 and ISH positive. This study evaluates the prevalence of p16 and in situ hybridization positivity in head and neck cancers over time. This study shows an increase in prevalence over time among women and non‐Whites, 2 groups that are understudied in the epidemiology of human papillomavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gypsyamber D'Souza
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sakshi Tewari
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lisa Rooper
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tanya Troy
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Virginia Drake
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elaine O Bigelow
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Melina J Windon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - William R Ryan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Patrick K Ha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ana P Kiess
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brett Miles
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - William H Westra
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Wojciech K Mydlarz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David W Eisele
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Carole Fakhry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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2
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Drake V, Bigelow E, Fakhry C, Windon M, Rooper LM, Ha P, Miles B, Gourin C, Mandal R, Mydlarz W, London N, Vosler PS, Yavvari S, Troy T, Waterboer T, Eisele DW, D'Souza G. Biologic and behavioral associations of estrogen receptor alpha positivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2021; 121:105461. [PMID: 34304004 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor HPV status is an established independent prognostic marker for oropharynx cancer (OPC). Recent studies have reported that tumor estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) positivity is also associated with prognosis independent of HPV. Little is known about the biologic and behavioral predictors of ERα positivity in head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). We therefore explored this in a multicenter prospective cohort study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants with HNSCC completed a survey and provided a blood sample. Tumor samples were tested for ERα using immunohistochemistry. ERα positivity was defined as ≥1%, standardized by the American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists in breast cancer. Characteristics were compared with χ2 and Fisher's exact test. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS Of 318 patients with HNSCC, one third had ERα positive tumors (36.2%, n = 115). Odds of ERα expression were significantly increased in those with HPV-positive tumors (OR = 27.5, 95% confidence interval[CI] 12.1-62), smaller tumors (≤T2, OR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.9-7.1), male sex (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.6), overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25, OR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.1-3.3), and those married/living with a partner (OR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.0). In a multivariate model, HPV-positivity (aOR = 27.5, 95% CI 11.4-66) and small tumor size (≤T2, aOR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.0-4.8) remained independently associated with ERα status. When restricted to OPC (n = 180), tumor HPV status (aOR = 17.1, 95% CI 2.1-137) and small tumor size (≤T2, aOR = 4.0 95% CI 1.4-11.3) remained independently associated with ERα expression. CONCLUSION Tumor HPV status and small tumor size are independently associated with ERα expression in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Drake
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Elaine Bigelow
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Carole Fakhry
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Melina Windon
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lisa M Rooper
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Patrick Ha
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Brett Miles
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mount Sinai Health System, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Christine Gourin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rajarsi Mandal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Wojciech Mydlarz
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nyall London
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Peter S Vosler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Siddhartha Yavvari
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tanya Troy
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Tim Waterboer
- Infections and Cancer Epidemiology, Infection, Inflammation and Cancer Program, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David W Eisele
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gypsyamber D'Souza
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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Lee HS, Gonzalez-Gil A, Drake V, Li TA, Schnaar RL, Kim J. Induction of the endogenous sialoglycan ligand for eosinophil death receptor Siglec-8 in chronic rhinosinusitis with hyperplastic nasal polyposis. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1026-1036. [PMID: 33755113 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglec-8, an immune-inhibitory sialoglycan binding lectin (S8), is expressed on the surface of eosinophils and mast cells, potent mediators of allergic inflammation. When S8 engages endogenous sialoglycan ligands, eosinophils undergo apoptosis and mast cell mediator release is inhibited. In the human airway, Siglec-8 ligands (S8L) are sialylated keratan sulfate chains carried on isoforms of the protein Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors-1 (DMBT1), an immunoregulatory protein that we recently identified as the endogenous ligand for S8, DMBT1S8. We herein report that S8L is overexpressed in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), a prevalent eosinophilic laden airway disease. Quantification and comparison of the degree to which DMBT1 carries the S8L by immunoblot analysis and lectin blot overlay, respectively, from nasal lavage showed that the S8L/DMBT1 ratio was significantly increased in CRSwNP vs control or CRS patients. We identified the histological sites of S8L and DMBT1 expression in fresh surgically resected human nasal polyps. Histochemistry of diseased polyps and adjacent non-diseased middle turbinate tissue from CRSwNP demonstrated colocalization of S8L and DMBT1 with highest staining in submucosal glands >> epithelium > stoma. S8L expression was specifically elevated in the submucosal glands and epithelium of polyp tissue compared to middle turbinate. We hypothesize that expression of the isoform of DMBT1 carrying the Siglec-8 binding sialoglycan, DMBT1S8, is induced in polyps of CRSwNP specifically at the site of disease, is produced in the submucosal glands of polyps and secreted into the lumen of the sinonasal cavity as a host response to mitigate eosinophil-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sil Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - Anabel Gonzalez-Gil
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Virginia Drake
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
| | - T August Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Ronald L Schnaar
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Jean Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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Motz K, Lina I, Murphy MK, Drake V, Davis R, Tsai HW, Feeley M, Yin LX, Ding D, Hillel A. M2 Macrophages Promote Collagen Expression and Synthesis in Laryngotracheal Stenosis Fibroblasts. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:E346-E353. [PMID: 33051870 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Macrophages exhibit distinct phenotypes and are dysregulated in a model of iatrogenic laryngotracheal stenosis (iLTS). Increased populations of alternatively activated or M2 macrophages have been demonstrated. However, the role of these macrophages is unknown. The aims of this study are: 1) define the macrophage population in iLTS in the context of classically activated or M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes, and 2) characterize the effect of monocyte-derived M1 and M2 macrophages on normal airway and LTS-derived fibroblasts (FBs) in vitro. STUDY DESIGN Comparative analysis; in vitro controlled study. METHODS Immunohistochemical analysis of human iLTS and control specimens was performed to define the macrophage population. In vitro, M1, and M2 macrophages were polarized using M-CSF + Interferon-gamma and lipopolysaccharide or Interleukin-4, respectively. FBs isolated from laryngotracheal scar (LTS-FBs) and normal tracheal airway (NA-FBs) in eight patients with iLTS were cocultured with polarized macrophages. Fibrosis gene expression, soluble collagen production, and proliferation were assessed. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased CD11b + cells (macrophage marker) in laryngotracheal scar specimens (18.3% vs. 8.5%, P = .03) and predominant CD206 (M2) costaining versus CD86 (M1) (51.5% vs. 9.8%, n = 10, P = .001). In vitro, NA-FBs cultured with M2 macrophages demonstrated a 2.41-fold increase in collagen-1 expression (P = .05, n = 8) and an increase in soluble collagen (9.98 vs. 8.875, mean difference: 1.11 95%, confidence interval 0.024-2.192, n = 8, P = .015). CONCLUSION Increased populations of CD11b cells are present in iLTS specimens and are predominantly CD206+, indicating an M2 phenotype. In vitro, M2 macrophages promoted collagen expression in airway FBs. Targeting macrophages may represent a therapeutic strategy for attenuating fibrosis in iLTS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 131:E346-E353, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Motz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Ioan Lina
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Michael K Murphy
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Virginia Drake
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Ruth Davis
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Hsiu-Wen Tsai
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Michael Feeley
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Linda X Yin
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Dacheng Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Alexander Hillel
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
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Milon B, Mitra S, Song Y, Margulies Z, Casserly R, Drake V, Mong JA, Depireux DA, Hertzano R. The impact of biological sex on the response to noise and otoprotective therapies against acoustic injury in mice. Biol Sex Differ 2018; 9:12. [PMID: 29530094 PMCID: PMC5848513 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-018-0171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the most prevalent form of acquired hearing loss and affects about 40 million US adults. Among the suggested therapeutics tested in rodents, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) has been shown to be otoprotective from NIHL; however, these results were limited to male mice. METHODS Here we tested the effect of SAHA on the hearing of 10-week-old B6CBAF1/J mice of both sexes, which were exposed to 2 h of octave-band noise (101 dB SPL centered at 11.3 kHz). Hearing was assessed by measuring auditory brainstem responses (ABR) at 8, 16, 24, and 32 kHz, 1 week before, as well as at 24 h and 15-21 days following exposure (baseline, compound threshold shift (CTS) and permanent threshold shift (PTS), respectively), followed by histologic analyses. RESULTS We found significant differences in the CTS and PTS of the control (vehicle injected) mice to noise, where females had a significantly smaller CTS at 16 and 24 kHz (p < 0.0001) and PTS at 16, 24, and 32 kHz (16 and 24 kHz p < 0.001, 32 kHz p < 0.01). This sexual dimorphic effect could not be explained by a differential loss of sensory cells or synapses but was reflected in the amplitude and amplitude progression of wave I of the ABR, which correlates with outer hair cell (OHC) function. Finally, the frequency of the protective effect of SAHA differed significantly between males (PTS, 24 kHz, p = 0.002) and females (PTS, 16 kHz, p = 0.003), and the magnitude of the protection was smaller in females than in males. Importantly, the magnitude of the protection by SAHA was smaller than the effect of sex as a biological factor in the vehicle-injected mice. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that female mice are significantly protected from NIHL in comparison to males and that therapeutics for NIHL may have a different effect in males and females. The data highlight the importance of analyzing NIHL experiments from males and females, separately. Finally, these data also raise the possibility of effectors in the estrogen signaling pathway as novel therapeutics for NIHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Milon
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, 16 South Eutaw Street, Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Sunayana Mitra
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, 16 South Eutaw Street, Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Yang Song
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Institute for Genome Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Zachary Margulies
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, 16 South Eutaw Street, Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Ryan Casserly
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, 16 South Eutaw Street, Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Virginia Drake
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, 16 South Eutaw Street, Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Jessica A. Mong
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Didier A. Depireux
- 0000 0001 2175 4264grid.411024.2Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, 16 South Eutaw Street, Suite 500, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA ,0000 0001 0941 7177grid.164295.dInstitute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Ronna Hertzano
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Maryland, 16 South Eutaw Street, Suite 500, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Institute for Genome Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA. .,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Wu AA, Drake V, Huang HS, Chiu S, Zheng L. Reprogramming the tumor microenvironment: tumor-induced immunosuppressive factors paralyze T cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1016700. [PMID: 26140242 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1016700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It has become evident that tumor-induced immuno-suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment play a major role in suppressing normal functions of effector T cells. These factors serve as hurdles that limit the therapeutic potential of cancer immunotherapies. This review focuses on illustrating the molecular mechanisms of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, including evasion of T-cell recognition, interference with T-cell trafficking, metabolism, and functions, induction of resistance to T-cell killing, and apoptosis of T cells. A better understanding of these mechanisms may help in the development of strategies to enhance the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapies.
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Key Words
- 1MT, 1-methyltryptophan
- COX2, cyclooxygenase-2
- GM-CSF, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- Gal1, galectin-1
- HDACi, histone deacetylase inhibitor
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IDO, indoleamine-2,3- dioxygenase
- IL-10, interleukin-10
- IMC, immature myeloid cell
- MDSC, myeloid-derived suppressor cells
- MHC, major histocompatibility
- MICA, MHC class I related molecule A
- MICB, MHC class I related molecule B
- NO, nitric oxide
- PARP, poly ADP-ribose polymerase
- PD-1, program death receptor-1
- PD-L1, programmed death ligand 1
- PGE2, prostaglandin E2
- RCAS1, receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on Siso cells 1
- RCC, renal cell carcinoma
- SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- SVV, survivin
- T cells
- TCR, T-cell receptor
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
- VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1
- XIAP, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein
- iNOS, inducible nitric-oxide synthase
- immunosuppression
- immunosuppressive factors
- immunotherapy
- tumor microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie A Wu
- Department of Oncology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Virginia Drake
- School of Medicine; University of Maryland ; Baltimore, MD USA
| | | | - ShihChi Chiu
- College of Medicine; National Taiwan University ; Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Oncology; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine ; Baltimore, MD USA
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8
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Drake V, Schallert D, Blustein J, Gold JA. Diabetic Screening Pilot Project: a community affair. WMJ 1999; 98:58-60. [PMID: 10050158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Drake
- MetaStar, Madison, WI 53713, USA
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Blustein J, Gold J, Drake V. Diabetes outpatient project. WMJ 1998; 97:58, 60. [PMID: 9775757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Abstract
In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that residents requiring nursing care rather than residential care in a dual registered nursing and residential home would experience increased levels of confusion and agitation as the evening drew in. This article describes how the hypothesis was examined and the action that was taken as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Drake
- Sands Nursing and Residential Home, Morecambe, Lancashire
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12
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Drake V, White DSHEPHARD RJ. The fitness performance of Canadian working men: with some comments on adaptation of performance tests to a small gymnasium. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1969; 9:152-61. [PMID: 5351788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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13
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Drake V, Jones G, Brown JR, Shephard RJ. Fitness performance tests and their relationship to the maximal oxygen uptake of adults. Can Med Assoc J 1968; 99:844-8. [PMID: 5685889 PMCID: PMC1945419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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