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Kohn EM, Dos Santos Dias L, Dobson HE, He X, Wang H, Klein BS, Wüthrich M. SLAMF1 Is Dispensable for Vaccine-Induced T Cell Development but Required for Resistance to Fungal Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1417-1423. [PMID: 35217584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Homotypic signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor-ligand cell surface interactions between myeloid and lymphoid cells regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. In this article, we report that SLAMF1 is indispensable for host resistance to primary and vaccine-induced protection against fungal infection. Because vaccine immunity is dependent on cell-mediated immunity, we investigated the development of Ag-specific T cells. We studied the T cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic role of SLAMF1. We generated SLAMF1-/- TCR transgenic mice and analyzed the responses of adoptively transferred T cells. We also tracked endogenous Ag-specific T cells by using a tetramer. Intrinsic and extrinsic SLAMF1 signaling was dispensable for the development of antifungal Th1 and Th17 cells, which are requisite for the acquisition of vaccine-induced immunity. Despite intact T cell development, vaccinated SLAMF1-/- mice failed to control fungal infection. Failed accumulation of Ag-specific T cells in the lung on infection of vaccinated mice was due to uncontrolled early infection and inflammation, revealing a role for SLAMF1 in innate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Kohn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Lucas Dos Santos Dias
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Hannah E Dobson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Xin He
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Huafeng Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Bruce S Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI; and.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Marcel Wüthrich
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI;
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Wang J, Xu X, Wang T, Guo Q, Dai X, Guo H, Zhang W, Cheng S, Chen X, Ding L. Ceritinib increases sensitivity of AKT inhibitors to gastric cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 896:173879. [PMID: 33515539 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC), known for high morbidity and mortality, is poorly prognosed with traditional chemotherapy and biological agents. Current studies have found that over-activation of AKT is a common molecular characteristic in GC. Although the development of this targeted inhibitor has entered clinical phases, limited success is reported because of its compensatory signaling pathways. Here, we found that GC cell lines with high phosphorylation of AKT show different sensitivity to AKT inhibitors (AKTis), but a reduction of p-GSK3β related sensitivity of AKTis in GC cells. Besides, we revealed that Ceritinib exerted a strongly synergistic antitumor effect with AKT inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. Obviously, Ceritinib improved the sensitivity of Capivasertib (AZD5363, AKTs) and Afuresertib (GSK2110183, AKTis) in gastric cancer cells, as illustrated by a significant reduction in the GC cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. The drug combination showed tumor regression in BALB/c (nu/nu) mouse MKN45 (Gastric cancer), tumor model. Also, the combination strategy indicated significantly low p-AKT levels due to AKTis compensation and reduced the levels of p-GSK3β in both GC cell lines and GC patient-derived cells. These findings may provide a novel combination strategy for gastric cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaqing Xu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qingqu Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310009, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Dai
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hongjie Guo
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shuyuan Cheng
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Ling Ding
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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An Y, Jeon J, Sun L, Derakhshan A, Chen J, Carlson S, Cheng H, Silvin C, Yang X, Van Waes C, Chen Z. Death agonist antibody against TRAILR2/DR5/TNFRSF10B enhances birinapant anti-tumor activity in HPV-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6392. [PMID: 33737574 PMCID: PMC7973748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85589-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) induced by human papillomavirus (HPV) have increased recently in the US. However, the distinct alterations of molecules involved in the death pathways and drug effects targeting inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) have not been extensively characterized in HPV(+) HNSCC cells. In this study, we observed the distinct genomic and expression alterations of nine genes involved in cell death in 55% HNSCC tissues, which were associated with HPV status, tumor staging, and anatomic locations. Expression of four genes was statistically correlated with copy number variation. A panel of HPV(+) HNSCC lines showed abundant TRAILR2 and IAP1 protein expression, but were not sensitive to IAP inhibitor birinapant alone, while combinatory treatment with TNFα or especially TRAIL enhanced this drug sensitivity. The death agonistic TRAILR2 antibody alone showed no cell inhibitory effects, whereas its combination with birinapant and/or TRAIL protein demonstrated additive or synergistic effects. We observed predominantly late apoptosis mode of cell death after combinatorial treatments, and pan-caspase (ZVAD) and caspase-8 (ZIETD) inhibitors attenuated treatment-induced cell death. Our genomic and expression data-driven study provides a framework for identifying relevant combinatorial therapies targeting death pathways in HPV(+) HNSCC and other squamous cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi An
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 7N240, Bethesda, MD 201892 USA
| | - Jun Jeon
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 7N240, Bethesda, MD 201892 USA ,grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165NIH Medical Research Scholars Program, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Lillian Sun
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 7N240, Bethesda, MD 201892 USA
| | - Adeeb Derakhshan
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 7N240, Bethesda, MD 201892 USA
| | - Jianhong Chen
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 7N240, Bethesda, MD 201892 USA
| | - Sophie Carlson
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 7N240, Bethesda, MD 201892 USA
| | - Hui Cheng
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 7N240, Bethesda, MD 201892 USA
| | - Christopher Silvin
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 7N240, Bethesda, MD 201892 USA
| | - Xinping Yang
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 7N240, Bethesda, MD 201892 USA
| | - Carter Van Waes
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 7N240, Bethesda, MD 201892 USA
| | - Zhong Chen
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, 7N240, Bethesda, MD 201892 USA
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Abstract
Flow cytometry (FCM) is a sophisticated technique that works on the principle of light scattering and fluorescence emission by the specific fluorescent probe-labeled cells as they pass through a laser beam. It offers several unique advantages as it allows fast, relatively quantitative, multiparametric analysis of cell populations at the single cell level. In addition, it also enables physical sorting of the cells to separate the subpopulations based on different parameters. In this constantly evolving field, innovative technologies such as imaging FCM, mass cytometry and Raman FCM are being developed in order to address limitations of traditional FCM. This review explains the general principles, main applications and recent advances in the field of FCM.
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Aspland AM, Douagi I, Filby A, Jellison ER, Martinez L, Shinko D, Smith AL, Tang VA, Thornton S. Biosafety during a pandemic: shared resource laboratories rise to the challenge. Cytometry A 2021; 99:68-80. [PMID: 33289290 PMCID: PMC7753791 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biosafety has always been an important aspect of daily work in any research institution, particularly for cytometry Shared Resources Laboratories (SRLs). SRLs are common‐use spaces that facilitate the sharing of knowledge, expertise, and ideas. This sharing inescapably involves contact and interaction of all those within this working environment on a daily basis. The current pandemic caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 has prompted the re‐evaluation of many policies governing the operations of SRLs. Here we identify and review the unique challenges SRLs face in maintaining biosafety standards, highlighting the potential risks associated with not only cytometry instrumentation and samples, but also the people working with them. We propose possible solutions to safety issues raised by the COVID‐19 pandemic and provide tools for facilities to adapt to evolving guidelines and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrill M Aspland
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Iyadh Douagi
- Flow Cytometry Section, Research Technologies Branch, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Filby
- Innovation, Methodology and Application Research Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, UCONN School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lola Martinez
- Biotechnology Programme, Flow Cytometry Core Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Shinko
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adrian L Smith
- Sydney Cytometry Core Research Facility, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vera A Tang
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Flow Cytometry and Virometry Core Facility, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sherry Thornton
- Division of Rheumatology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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6
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Flores Bueso Y, Walker S, Quinn J, Tangney M. A novel cell permeability assay for macromolecules. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:75. [PMID: 33126861 PMCID: PMC7602297 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00321-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many cell permeabilisation methods to mediate internalisation of various molecules to mammalian or bacterial cells have been developed. However, no size-specific permeability assay suitable for both cell types exists. RESULTS We report the use of intrinsically biotinylated cell components as the target for reporter molecules for assessing permeabilisation. Due to its well-described biotin binding activity, we developed an assay using Streptavidin (SAv) as a molecular weight marker for assessing eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell internalisation, using flow cytometry as a readout. This concept was tested here as part of the development of host DNA depletion strategies for microbiome analysis of formalin-fixed (FF) samples. Host depletion (HD) strategies require differential cell permeabilisation, where mammalian cells but not bacterial cells are permeabilised, and are subsequently treated with a nuclease. Here, the internalisation of a SAv-conjugate was used as a reference for nucleases of similar dimensions. With this assay, it was possible to demonstrate that formalin fixation does not generate pores which allow the introduction of 60 KDa molecules in mammalian or bacterial membranes/envelopes. Among surfactants tested, Saponin derived from Quillaja bark showed the best selectivity for mammalian cell permeabilisation, which, when coupled with Benzonase nuclease, provided the best results for host DNA depletion, representing a new HD strategy for formalin fixed samples. CONCLUSION The assay presented provides researchers with a sensitive and accessible tool for discerning membrane/cell envelop permeability for different size macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yensi Flores Bueso
- CancerResearch@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sidney Walker
- CancerResearch@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Quinn
- CancerResearch@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mark Tangney
- CancerResearch@UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,SynBioCentre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland. .,APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Abstract
Ram spermatozoa are very sensitive to any cold shock or oxidative damage, therefore making them unsuitable for prolonged storage or distant transport to specialized laboratories for flow-cytometric analysis. The aim of this study was to stain ram semen samples with several fluorescent markers and analyse their stability during formaldehyde fixation. Briefly, freshly collected semen samples were stained for apoptosis (annexin V-FITC, YO-PRO™-1 and FLICA), acrosomal damage (PNA-AF488 and FITC-conjugated antibody against GAPDHS), mitochondrial activity (Mitotracker probes), oxidative damage [dihydroethidium (DHE) and CellROX™ Green] and cell viability (live/dead fixable viability dyes). Next, samples were fixed in buffer containing formaldehyde and then washed. Stained sample were analyzed using flow cytometer before fixation, immediately after fixation, and at 5 h and 20 h post-fixation. Fluorescent signals and the proportion of positively stained spermatozoa were compared statistically in fresh and post-fixed samples. All examined markers, except YO-PRO-1 (decreased significantly, P < 0.05), retained their fluorescence intensities after fixation. In conclusion, several tested markers were able to withstand formaldehyde fixation of ram semen samples as follows: annexin V and FLICA for apoptosis; PNA for acrosomal status; MitoTracker Red CMXRos for mitochondrial activity; and CellROX Green for oxidative status in combination with a suitable live/dead fixable viability dye. This optimized methodology could help to comprehensively analyse the quality of ram semen from local farms countrywide.
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8
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Houston JP. Apoptosis and autophagy. Cytometry A 2020; 95:655-656. [PMID: 31207048 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica P Houston
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico
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Mari A, Mani G, Nagabhishek SN, Balaraman G, Subramanian N, Mirza FB, Sundaram J, Thiruvengadam D. Carvacrol Promotes Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis through PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Chin J Integr Med 2020; 27:680-687. [PMID: 32572774 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-020-3193-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the role of carvacrol in modulating PI3K/AKT signaling involved in human breast cancer pathogenesis using in vitro experimental model MCF-7 cells. METHODS MTT and lactate dehydrogenase assays were performed with cells treated with different doses of carvacrol (0-250 p mol/L) at different time points (24 and 48 h). The nuclear morphology was assessed in MCF-7 cells with propidium iodide (PI) and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining and analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. Events like cell cycle arrest, apoptosis was observed by flow cytometric analysis and expressions of p-Rb, cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), CDK6, Bax, Bcl-2, PI3K/p-AKT was analyzed by immunoblot. RESULTS Carvacrol significantly reduced cell viability with the half maximal inhibitory concentration value of 200 µmol/L at 24 and 48 h (P<0.05). importantly, there was a significant increase in the accumulation of the G0/G1 phase upon treatment with carvacrol in MCF-7 cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01). A remarkable decrease in protein expressions of p-Rb, cyclin D1, CDK4 and CDK6 denotes cell cycle arrest (P<0.05 or P<0.01). In addition, carvacrol treatment significantly inhibited PI3K/p-AKT protein expressions leading to induction of apoptosis mediated by decreased Bcl2 and increased Bax protein expressions. Further, Annexin V/PI staining by FACS analysis, dual staining by AO/EB and PI staining studies suggests induction of apoptosis by carvacrol through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSION Carvacrol significantly inhibited the breast cancer MCF-7 cell proliferation and induced apoptosis via suppressing PI3/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Mari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Gopikrishnan Mani
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Sirpu Natesh Nagabhishek
- Cancer Biology Lab, Department of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119, India
| | | | - Nirmala Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | | | - Jagan Sundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Devaki Thiruvengadam
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600025, India.
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10
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Juan G. Could the Key Be Hidden in the Lysosomes? Cytometry A 2018; 95:712-713. [PMID: 30382613 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Juan
- Clinical Biomarkers and Diagnostics, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California
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11
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Nisini R, Poerio N, Mariotti S, De Santis F, Fraziano M. The Multirole of Liposomes in Therapy and Prevention of Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:155. [PMID: 29459867 PMCID: PMC5807682 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liposomes are closed bilayer structures spontaneously formed by hydrated phospholipids that are widely used as efficient delivery systems for drugs or antigens, due to their capability to encapsulate bioactive hydrophilic, amphipathic, and lipophilic molecules into inner water phase or within lipid leaflets. The efficacy of liposomes as drug or antigen carriers has been improved in the last years to ameliorate pharmacokinetics and capacity to release their cargo in selected target organs or cells. Moreover, different formulations and variations in liposome composition have been often proposed to include immunostimulatory molecules, ligands for specific receptors, or stimuli responsive compounds. Intriguingly, independent research has unveiled the capacity of several phospholipids to play critical roles as intracellular messengers in modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses through various mechanisms, including (i) activation of different antimicrobial enzymatic pathways, (ii) driving the fusion–fission events between endosomes with direct consequences to phagosome maturation and/or to antigen presentation pathway, and (iii) modulation of the inflammatory response. These features can be exploited by including selected bioactive phospholipids in the bilayer scaffold of liposomes. This would represent an important step forward since drug or antigen carrying liposomes could be engineered to simultaneously activate different signal transduction pathways and target specific cells or tissues to induce antigen-specific T and/or B cell response. This lipid-based host-directed strategy can provide a focused antimicrobial innate and adaptive immune response against specific pathogens and offer a novel prophylactic or therapeutic option against chronic, recurrent, or drug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Noemi Poerio
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica De Santis
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fraziano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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