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LoParo D, Fonseca AC, Matos APM, Craighead WE. Anxiety and Depression from Childhood to Young Adulthood: Trajectories and Risk Factors. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024; 55:127-136. [PMID: 35763175 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to (1) evaluate how population levels of anxiety and depression grow and correlate from middle childhood through early adulthood, and (2) determine whether sex, family socioeconomic status, parental education, academic achievement, learning disabilities, or externalizing symptoms predict anxiety and/or depression levels and growth trajectory. We used two longitudinal samples (N = 445, 448) of Portuguese children. Mean depression levels increased from mid-childhood through adolescence before stabilizing in early adulthood and were most strongly predicted by academic achievement and learning disabilities. Mean anxiety levels increased until adolescence before decreasing across early adulthood and were most strongly predicted by academic achievement, learning disabilities, and externalizing symptoms. Quadratic models of growth fit best for both depression and anxiety, and depression and anxiety growth trajectories were strongly correlated. Though anxiety and depression trajectories differ in pattern and predictors, the two are highly interrelated and pathways to comorbid anxiety and depression should be characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon LoParo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive NE, 2nd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA.
| | | | | | - W Edward Craighead
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, 12 Executive Park Drive NE, 2nd Floor, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Ernst J, Rückert F, Ollmann TM, Voss C, Kische H, Knappe S, Beesdo-Baum K. Social Interactions in Everyday Life of Socially Anxious Adolescents: Effects on Mental State, Anxiety, and Depression. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2024; 52:207-222. [PMID: 37768440 PMCID: PMC10834615 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-023-01121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Unfavorable interpersonal behavior in social anxiety disorder (SAD) contributes to the maintenance of the disorder and may also be related to the development of secondary depression. Since there is limited research on daily life behavior in SAD, this study aimed to describe social interaction behavior and analyze the effect of positive interactions on depression, anxiety, and mental state. Data were obtained from the Behavior and Mind Health study (11/2015-12/2016), an epidemiological cohort study of adolescents and young adults (n = 1,180, aged 14-21 years) from Dresden, Germany. Interpersonal behavior, current mental state, anxiety, and depression were assessed eight times per day over four days using smartphone-based ecological momentary assessments. The analyzed subsample consisted of n = 723 participants, comparing 12-month SAD (n = 60) and healthy controls (HC; n = 663). The interaction behavior of participants with SAD did not differ substantially from that of HC in terms of frequency of social interactions, type of interaction partner, and time spent communicating, although they reported fewer real-life interaction partners (SAD: M = 2.49, SD = 4.78; HC: M = 3.18, SD = 6.43; F(17,044) = 23.92, p < 0.001). When comparing mental state, anxiety, and depression after interactions with familiar people to no interaction, no differences were found between SAD and HC. However, interactions with unfamiliar people negatively affected depressive symptoms in individuals with SAD (b = 0.53; SE = 0.25; 95%CI: 0.04-1.03; p = 0.036). In adolescents with SAD, social situations with unfamiliar people seem to be processed in a dysfunctional way, contributing to increased depressive mood in everyday life. This is particularly interesting given the high rate of secondary depression in SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ernst
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Chemnitzer Straße 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Frank Rückert
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Chemnitzer Straße 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Theresa Magdalena Ollmann
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Chemnitzer Straße 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Catharina Voss
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Chemnitzer Straße 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hanna Kische
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Chemnitzer Straße 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Knappe
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Chemnitzer Straße 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Evangelische Hochschule Dresden (ehs), University of Applied Sciences for Social Work, Education and Nursing, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Beesdo-Baum
- Behavioral Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Chemnitzer Straße 46, 01187, Dresden, Germany
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Zhang C, Zhang Q, Zhuang H, Xu W. The reciprocal relationship between depression, social anxiety and aggression in Chinese adolescents: The moderating effects of family functioning. J Affect Disord 2023; 329:379-384. [PMID: 36870452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression, social anxiety, and aggression often co-occur in adolescents. Several theoretical models have been proposed to explain the temporal relationships of these symptoms, with relevant empirical evidence mixed. The role of environmental factors should be taken into consideration. OBJECTIVES To examine the temporal relationship between depression, social anxiety, and aggression in adolescents, and to extend previous work by exploring the moderating effects of family functioning. METHOD A total of 1947 Chinese adolescents completed the survey questionnaires at two time points: family functioning at baseline, and depression, social anxiety, and aggression at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Data was analyzed using a cross-lagged model. RESULTS Bidirectional positive association was found between depression and aggression. However, although social anxiety predicted subsequent depression and aggression, the opposite relationship was not found. Moreover, favorable family functioning alleviated depression and moderated the prediction of social anxiety to depression. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggested that clinicians should pay attention to the underlying depressive symptoms of adolescents with aggressive behaviors, and to the level of aggression of adolescents with depression. Interventions on social anxiety may prevent the transformation of social anxiety to depression and aggression. Adaptive family functioning may act as a protective factor for the comorbid depression in adolescents with social anxiety, which can be targeted by relevant interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Hongjuan Zhuang
- Xiamen Shuangshi Middle School of Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Tillfors M, Van Zalk N, Boersma K, Anniko M. Longitudinal links between adolescent social anxiety and depressive symptoms: stressful experiences at home, in school and with peers. NORDIC PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2023.2183583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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Kenny B, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Moodie M, Brown V, Williams J. Bi-directional associations between depressive symptoms and eating disorder symptoms in early adolescence. Body Image 2022; 42:246-256. [PMID: 35841698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite frequently co-occurring, the temporal relationship between depression and eating disorder symptoms remains poorly understood. This exploratory study sought to investigate the reciprocal relationship between depressive symptoms and (1) shape and weight dissatisfaction, (2) shape and weight overvaluation, (3) preoccupation with shape or weight, (4) preoccupation with food, (5) dietary restraint and (6) binge eating in early adolescence. Adolescents (N = 1393) aged between 11.4 and 13.9 years (M = 12.50, SD = 0.38) completed the Centre for Epidemiological Depression Scale-Revised and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire-Adolescent version at the beginning of secondary school (T1) and 12-months later (T2). Cross-lagged models were created to assess the reciprocal relationship between depressive symptoms and ED symptoms. Depressive symptoms at T1 predicted shape and weight dissatisfaction, shape and weight overvaluation, preoccupation with shape or weight, preoccupation with food, dietary restraint and binge eating at T2. Shape and weight dissatisfaction and binge eating were the only ED symptoms at T1 to predict depressive symptoms at T2. Findings suggest young adolescents who experience depressive symptoms in their first year of secondary school are at-risk of developing ED symptoms over the subsequent 12-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Kenny
- Deakin University, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz
- Deakin University, School of Psychology, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, Strategic Research Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Marj Moodie
- Deakin University, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, Deakin Health Economics, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Vicki Brown
- Deakin University, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Deakin University, Deakin Health Economics, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Joanne Williams
- Deakin University, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health and Social Development, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Swinburne University of Technology, School of Health Sciences, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.
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Hasegawa A, Oura SI, Yamamoto T, Kunisato Y, Fukui Y. Preliminary validation of the self-report measure assessing experiences of negative independent and dependent event frequency in Japanese university students. JOURNAL OF RATIONAL-EMOTIVE AND COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOR THERAPY 2022; 41:1-23. [PMID: 35966444 PMCID: PMC9362106 DOI: 10.1007/s10942-022-00469-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background In the past, different stress generation studies have used self-report measures comprising different items to assess each category of negative events. Moreover, the validity of these scales has not been adequately investigated. Therefore, we developed a self-report measure dedicated to assessing experiences of negative interpersonal dependent events, negative non-interpersonal dependent events, and negative independent events in university students, which was named the Negative Independent/Dependent Events Scale. Methods Japanese undergraduate students (N = 247; mean age = 19.18 years, SD = 3.08) responded to the Negative Independent/Dependent Events Scale, which had items selected for adequate content validity. They also responded to self-report measures of depressive symptoms, reassurance-seeking behaviors, inattention, and lack of perseverance. Results All the negative events subscales had moderate positive correlations with depressive symptoms. In addition, the negative interpersonal dependent events subscale showed a moderate positive correlation with reassurance-seeking behaviors, and the negative non-interpersonal dependent events subscale showed a strong positive correlation with inattention. Furthermore, the negative non-interpersonal dependent events subscale was more strongly correlated with inattention than the other two negative events subscales. In contrast, the negative interpersonal dependent events subscale was more strongly correlated with reassurance-seeking behaviors than with the negative independent events subscale but not more strongly than with the negative non-interpersonal dependent events subscale. Conclusions These findings indicated the acceptable construct validity of the Negative Independent/Dependent Events Scale. However, further research is necessary to establish the discriminant validity of the negative interpersonal dependent events subscale and the negative non-interpersonal dependent events subscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hasegawa
- Department of Psychology, International University of Health and Welfare, 4-1-26 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 107-8402 Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Oura
- Faculty of Human Relations, Tokai Gakuin University, 5-68 Naka-kirino, Kakamigahara City, Gifu 504-8511 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-1, Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8502 Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kunisato
- Department of Psychology, School of Human Sciences, Senshu University, 2-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 214-8580 Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Fukui
- Faculty of Letters, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Hyougo 658-8501 Japan
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Hasegawa A, Oura SI, Yamamoto T, Kunisato Y, Matsuda Y, Adachi M. Causes and consequences of stress generation: Longitudinal associations of negative events, aggressive behaviors, rumination, and depressive symptoms. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 42:1-10. [PMID: 35221638 PMCID: PMC8864461 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the causes and consequences of stress generation in university students in Japan. A two-wave longitudinal study with an 8- or 9-week interval was conducted in the fall of 2020. Undergraduate and graduate students at four universities in Japan (N = 201) completed self-report measures assessing experiences of negative interpersonal dependent events, negative non-interpersonal events, and negative independent events at two times. At the same time, they also responded to measures of aggressive behaviors, trait rumination, and depressive symptoms. Path analyses revealed that baseline aggressive behaviors were positively associated with an increase in subsequent negative interpersonal dependent events, even after controlling for the influences of negative interpersonal dependent events, rumination, and depressive symptoms at baseline. However, aggressive behaviors were not significantly associated with subsequent negative non-interpersonal dependent events or negative independent events. These findings suggest that aggressive behaviors may have been a factor leading to interpersonal stress generation. Furthermore, all categories of negative event experiences predicted an increase in subsequent depressive symptoms, but not subsequent rumination, and rumination was not significantly associated with subsequent depressive symptoms. This research extends previous studies on the causes and consequences of stress generation conducted in the US by using specific measures of aggressive behaviors and including a non-restricted sample of university students in Japan. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-02859-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hasegawa
- Faculty of Human Relations, Tokai Gakuin University, 5-68 Naka-kirino, Kakamigahara City, Gifu, 504-8511 Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Oura
- Faculty of Human Relations, Tokai Gakuin University, 5-68 Naka-kirino, Kakamigahara City, Gifu, 504-8511 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-1, Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, 770-8502 Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kunisato
- Department of Psychology, School of Human Sciences, Senshu University, 2-1-1, Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa 214-8580 Japan
| | - Yuko Matsuda
- Graduate Schools of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1, Hon-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, 036-8564 Japan
| | - Masaki Adachi
- Graduate Schools of Health Sciences, Hirosaki University, 66-1, Hon-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, 036-8564 Japan
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Cassiani-Miranda CA, Scoppetta O, Cabanzo-Arenas DF. Validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in primary care patients in Colombia. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2022; 74:102-109. [PMID: 33750606 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) for depression and anxiety screening in primary care patients in Colombia. METHODS A criterion validity study was conducted with 243 adults that had completed the HADS and were later assessed using the MINI as a gold standard. Cronbach's alpha, McDonald's omega and factor structure were applied through confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). ROC curve analysis and Youden's statistic were used to determine the cut-off point. RESULTS Cronbach's α was reported to be 0.85 and 0.82 for McDonalds' ω. CFA supported a two-factor solution demonstrating satisfactory fit. Root mean square error of approximation = 0.04, Comparative Fix Index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) = 0.97. For HADS-A, the cut-off point was determined as 6 associated with a sensitivity of 0.76, a specificity of 0.72 and Youden's index of 0.50. The ABC was 0.81. For HADS-D, the cut-off point was determined as 4 associated with a sensitivity of 0.78, a specificity of 0.74 and Youden's index of 0.53. The ABC was 0.82. CONCLUSION The HADS is a valid and reliable instrument for anxiety and depression screening in adult patients of primary healthcare services in Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Arturo Cassiani-Miranda
- University of Santander, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Program, UDES Neuroscience Research Group, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| | - Orlando Scoppetta
- Catholic University of Colombia, Faculty of Psychology, GAEM Research Group (Research methods applied to behavioral science), Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Diego Fernando Cabanzo-Arenas
- University of Santander, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medicine Program, Positive Psychiatry Research Incubator, UDES Neuroscience Research Group, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Franzen M, de Jong PJ, Veling W, aan het Rot M. Victims of Bullying: Emotion Recognition and Understanding. Front Psychol 2021; 12:729835. [PMID: 34721191 PMCID: PMC8551375 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.729835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Victims of bullying often show interpersonal problems, such as having less high-quality interpersonal relationships compared to non-involved individuals. Research suggests that interpersonal struggles are associated with diminished emotional intelligence and competence and can lead to mental health problems such as depression. Therefore, we examined emotion recognition abilities, empathic accuracy, and behavioral responses to emotions in bullying victims and non-involved individuals. Based on previous research, we expected victims to show diminished skills in all three domains. Methods: Adolescents (Mage=17years; 67% female; no "other" gender participants) with (N=24) and without (N=21) a self-reported history of bullying victimization in high school completed a Virtual Reality facial emotion recognition task (ERT-VR), an empathic accuracy task (EAT) using videos of people recounting real-life autobiographical events, and a computer task in which they indicated their likely behavioral responses to facial emotions. Results: The two groups only significantly differed in recognizing emotions when taking their depression symptoms into account. Across emotions, victims had lower recognition accuracy than non-involved individuals. When examining emotion-specific differences, victims showed lower accuracy for neutral faces which they mainly mistook for angry faces. Conclusion: In contrast to expectations, adolescents with a high-school history of bullying victimization mostly showed similar emotional intelligence and competence skills as non-involved individuals. Nonetheless, we found some subtle differences regarding emotion recognition. Victims misjudged neutral as angry faces. This suggests a hostile attribution bias which might help explain victims' interpersonal problems as well as their increased risk for mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minita Franzen
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Peter J. de Jong
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Wim Veling
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Marije aan het Rot
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Ye B, Li L, Wang P, Wang R, Liu M, Wang X, Yang Q. Social anxiety and subjective well-being among Chinese college students: A moderated mediation model. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.110680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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