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Brooks HL, de Castro Brás LE, Brunt KR, Sylvester MA, Parvatiyar MS, Sirish P, Bansal SS, Sule R, Eadie AL, Knepper MA, Fenton RA, Lindsey ML, DeLeon-Pennell KY, Gomes AV. Guidelines on antibody use in physiology research. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F511-F533. [PMID: 38234298 PMCID: PMC11208033 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00347.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are one of the most used reagents in scientific laboratories and are critical components for a multitude of experiments in physiology research. Over the past decade, concerns about many biological methods, including those that use antibodies, have arisen as several laboratories were unable to reproduce the scientific data obtained in other laboratories. The lack of reproducibility could be largely attributed to inadequate reporting of detailed methods, no or limited verification by authors, and the production and use of unvalidated antibodies. The goal of this guideline article is to review best practices concerning commonly used techniques involving antibodies, including immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Awareness and integration of best practices will increase the rigor and reproducibility of these techniques and elevate the quality of physiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | | | - Keith R Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Megan A Sylvester
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Michelle S Parvatiyar
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
| | - Padmini Sirish
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Shyam S Bansal
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Heart and Vascular Institute, Pennsylvania State University Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Rasheed Sule
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Ashley L Eadie
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Mark A Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert A Fenton
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Research Service, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- Research Service, Ralph H Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
| | - Aldrin V Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
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Srebotnik Kirbiš I, Rodrigues Roque R, Bongiovanni M, Strojan Fležar M, Cochand-Priollet B. Immunocytochemistry practices in European cytopathology laboratories-Review of European Federation of Cytology Societies (EFCS) online survey results with best practice recommendations. Cancer Cytopathol 2020; 128:757-766. [PMID: 32598103 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variability in preanalytical and analytical steps for immunocytochemistry (ICC) on cytology samples is poorly defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate current practices for ICC on cytology samples in European laboratories. METHODS A link to an online survey with 19 questions about ICC practices was distributed to cytology laboratories through national representatives in the European Federation of Cytology Societies. RESULTS In total, 245 laboratories responded to the survey by January 30, 2019. Cell blocks, cytospins, liquid-based cytology (LBC) preparations, and smears alone or in combination with other preparations were used for ICC in 38%, 22%, 21%, and 19% of laboratories, respectively. In general, various combinations of preparations were used for ICC in greater than one-half of laboratories (147 of 245; 60%), whereas only 1 specific type of cytology preparation was used in the remaining 98 of 245 laboratories (40%) laboratories. The majority of laboratories (217 of 226; 96%) performed ICC on automated platforms using protocols that were the same as those used for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples (238 of 527 laboratories; 45%), either optimized (138 of 527 laboratories; 26%) or optimized and validated (151 of 527 laboratories; 29%) for cytology preparations. Positive control slides, negative control slides, and external quality control were used in 174 of 223 (78%), 112 of 223 (50%), and 111 of 120 (50%) laboratories, respectively. Greater than 1000 ICC tests were performed yearly in 34% of laboratories (65 of 191; average, 1477 tests; median, 500 tests). CONCLUSIONS ICC is extensively performed in European laboratories using variously prepared cytology preparations on automated platforms, mostly without quality-assurance measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rúben Rodrigues Roque
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
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Jain D, Nambirajan A, Borczuk A, Chen G, Minami Y, Moreira AL, Motoi N, Papotti M, Rekhtman N, Russell PA, Savic Prince S, Yatabe Y, Bubendorf L. Immunocytochemistry for predictive biomarker testing in lung cancer cytology. Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 127:325-339. [PMID: 31050216 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
With an escalating number of predictive biomarkers emerging in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), immunohistochemistry (IHC) is being used as a rapid and cost-effective tool for the screening and detection of many of these markers. In particular, robust IHC assays performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor tissue are widely used as surrogate markers for ALK and ROS1 rearrangements and for detecting programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in patients with advanced NSCLC; in addition, they have become essential for treatment decisions. Cytology samples represent the only source of tumor in a significant proportion of patients with inoperable NSCLC, and there is increasing demand for predictive biomarker testing on them. However, the wide variation in the types of cytology samples and their preparatory methods, the use of alcohol-based fixatives that interfere with immunochemistry results, the difficulty in procurement of cytology-specific controls, and the uncertainty regarding test validity have resulted in underutilization of cytology material for predictive immunocytochemistry (ICC), and most cytopathologists limit such testing to FFPE cell blocks (CBs). The purpose of this review is to: 1) analyze various preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical factors influencing ICC results; 2) discuss measures for validation of ICC protocols; and 3) summarize published data on predictive ICC for ALK, ROS1, EGFR gene alterations and PD-L1 expression on lung cancer cytology. Based on our experience and from a review of the literature, we conclude that cytology specimens are in principal suitable for predictive ICC, but proper optimization and rigorous quality control for high-quality staining are essential, particularly for non-CB preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Jain
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aruna Nambirajan
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Alain Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuko Minami
- Department of Pathology, National Hospital Organization, Ibaraki Higashi National Hospital, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Andre L Moreira
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York
| | - Noriko Motoi
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mauro Papotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Natasha Rekhtman
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Prudence A Russell
- Anatomical Pathology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital and the University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Center, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Lukas Bubendorf
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Layfield LJ, Esebua M, Ang J, Alnijoumi MM, Sohal HS, Hammer RD, Prabhakaran N, Schmidt RL. Cell block cellularity: A comparison of two fixatives and their impact on cellularity. Diagn Cytopathol 2018; 47:417-420. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.24118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lester J. Layfield
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri
| | - Magda Esebua
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri
| | - Jonathan Ang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of PulmonologyUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri
| | - Mohammed M. Alnijoumi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of PulmonologyUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri
| | - Harijyot S. Sohal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of PulmonologyUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri
| | - Richard D. Hammer
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri
| | - Nitya Prabhakaran
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical SciencesUniversity of Missouri Columbia Missouri
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Brooks HL, Lindsey ML. Guidelines for authors and reviewers on antibody use in physiology studies. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 314:H724-H732. [PMID: 29351459 PMCID: PMC6048465 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00512.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody use is a critical component of cardiovascular physiology research, and antibodies are used to monitor protein abundance (immunoblot analysis) and protein expression and localization (in tissue by immunohistochemistry and in cells by immunocytochemistry). With ongoing discussions on how to improve reproducibility and rigor, the goal of this review is to provide best practice guidelines regarding how to optimize antibody use for increased rigor and reproducibility in both immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemistry approaches. Listen to this article’s corresponding podcast at http://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/guidelines-on-antibody-use-in-physiology-studies/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Medicine, Sarver Heart Center, College of Medicine, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- Mississippi Center for Heart Research, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi.,Research Service, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Jackson, Mississippi
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Advanced Diagnostic Techniques. CANINE AND FELINE CYTOLOGY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7158337 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4083-3.00017-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
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Sauter JL, Ambaye AB, Mount SL. Increased utilization, verification, and clinical implications of immunocytochemistry: Experience in a northern New England hospital. Diagn Cytopathol 2015; 43:688-95. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Sauter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Vermont Medical Center; Burlington Vermont
- Department of Pathology; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
| | - Abiy B. Ambaye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Vermont Medical Center; Burlington Vermont
- Department of Pathology; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
| | - Sharon L. Mount
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of Vermont Medical Center; Burlington Vermont
- Department of Pathology; University of Vermont; Burlington Vermont
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CytoLyt® Fixation and Decalcification Pretreatments Alter Antigenicity in Normal Tissues Compared With Standard Formalin Fixation. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2015; 23:297-302. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Toll AD, Rossi ED, Ali SZ. Role of ancillary testing in thyroid fine needle aspiration: Review and update. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2014; 3:218-224. [PMID: 31051689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid nodules are common, and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration identifies 70-75% as benign, and 4% as malignant. The remainder falls into categories of "indeterminate" with a widely ranging malignancy rate from 10-75%. The diagnosis and clinical management of indeterminate lesions is evolving, and we will review ancillary testing as an aid to diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Toll
- Department of Pathology, Jersey Shore Medical Center, Neptune, New Jersey
| | - Esther Diana Rossi
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Histology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Syed Z Ali
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
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Pinheiro C, Roque R, Adriano A, Mendes P, Praça M, Reis I, Pereira T, Srebotnik Kirbis I, André S. Optimization of immunocytochemistry in cytology: comparison of two protocols for fixation and preservation on cytospin and smear preparations. Cytopathology 2014; 26:38-43. [DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Pinheiro
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute Francisco Gentil, EPE; Lisbon Portugal
| | - R. Roque
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute Francisco Gentil, EPE; Lisbon Portugal
- Lisbon School of Health Technology; Lisbon Portugal
| | - A. Adriano
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute Francisco Gentil, EPE; Lisbon Portugal
| | - P. Mendes
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute Francisco Gentil, EPE; Lisbon Portugal
| | - M. Praça
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute Francisco Gentil, EPE; Lisbon Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Porto; Porto Portugal
| | - I. Reis
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute Francisco Gentil, EPE; Lisbon Portugal
| | - T. Pereira
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute Francisco Gentil, EPE; Lisbon Portugal
| | - I. Srebotnik Kirbis
- Institute of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Ljubljana; Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - S. André
- Department of Anatomic Pathology; Portuguese Oncology Institute Francisco Gentil, EPE; Lisbon Portugal
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Fischer AH, Schwartz MR, Moriarty AT, Wilbur DC, Souers R, Fatheree L, Booth CN, Clayton AC, Kurtyz DFI, Padmanabhan V, Crothers BA. Immunohistochemistry practices of cytopathology laboratories: a survey of participants in the College of American Pathologists Nongynecologic Cytopathology Education Program. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014; 138:1167-72. [PMID: 24840035 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2013-0259-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is important for cytology but poses special challenges because preanalytic conditions may differ from the conditions of IHC-positive controls. OBJECTIVE To broadly survey cytology laboratories to quantify preanalytic platforms for cytology IHC and identify problems with particular platforms or antigens. To discover how validation guidelines for HER2 testing have affected cytology. DESIGN A voluntary survey of cytology IHC practices was sent to 1899 cytology laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists Nongynecologic Cytopathology Education Program in the fall of 2009. RESULTS A total of 818 laboratories (43%) responded to the survey by April 2010. Three hundred fourty-five of 791 respondents (44%) performed IHC on cytology specimens. Seventeen different fixation and processing platforms prior to antibody reaction were reported. A total of 59.2% of laboratories reported differences between the platforms for cytology specimens and positive controls, but most (155 of 184; 84%) did not alter antibody dilutions or antigen retrieval for cytology IHC. When asked to name 2 antibodies for which staining conditions differed between cytology and surgical samples, there were 18 responses listing 14 antibodies. A total of 30.6% of laboratories performing IHC offered HER2 testing before publication of the 2007 College of American Pathologists/American Society of Clinical Oncologists guidelines, compared with 33.6% afterward, with increased performance of testing by reference laboratories. Three laboratories validated a nonformalin HER2 platform. CONCLUSIONS The platforms for cytology IHC and positive controls differ for most laboratories, yet conditions are uncommonly adjusted for cytology specimens. Except for the unsuitability of air-dried smears for HER2 testing, the survey did not reveal evidence of systematic problems with any antibody or platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Fischer
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care, Worcester (Dr Fischer); the Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas (Dr Schwartz); the Department of Pathology, AmeriPath Indiana, Indianapolis (Dr Moriarty); the Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston (Dr Wilbur); the Departments of Statistics/Biostatistics (Ms Souers) and Cytology Surveys (Ms Fatheree), College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois; the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio (Dr Booth); the Department of Anatomic Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (Dr Clayton); the Department of Cytology, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison (Dr Kurtyz); the Department of Pathology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire (Dr Padmanabhan); and the Department of Pathology and Area Laboratory Services, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia (Dr Crothers)
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Bellevicine C, Bianco A, Malapelle U, De Luca C, Vigliar E, Cacciola NA, Pallante P, Troncone G. Performance of EGFR mutant-specific antibodies in different cytological preparations: a validation study. Cytopathology 2014; 26:99-105. [DOI: 10.1111/cyt.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Bellevicine
- Dipartimento di Salute Pubblica; Universita Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - A. Bianco
- Dipartimento di Salute Pubblica; Universita Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - U. Malapelle
- Dipartimento di Salute Pubblica; Universita Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - C. De Luca
- Dipartimento di Salute Pubblica; Universita Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - E. Vigliar
- Dipartimento di Salute Pubblica; Universita Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - N. A. Cacciola
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Bioteconologie Mediche; Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”; Naples Italy
| | - P. Pallante
- Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale del CNR c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Bioteconologie Mediche; Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”; Naples Italy
| | - G. Troncone
- Dipartimento di Salute Pubblica; Universita Federico II; Naples Italy
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Mount SL, Horton M. Changes in staging and advances in treatment for gynecological malignancies: the impact on cytopathology. Cancer Cytopathol 2014; 122:317-21. [PMID: 24436143 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.21394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon L Mount
- Pathology Department, Fletcher Allen Health Care and University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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Abedi-Ardekani B, Vielh P. Is liquid-based cytology the magic bullet for performing molecular techniques? Acta Cytol 2014; 58:574-81. [PMID: 25277086 DOI: 10.1159/000366260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of pathology has evolved from the first microscopic definitions of diseases by Virchow to the new concept of molecular cytopathology. The management of diseases is now a multidisciplinary approach with the translation of morphological, imagery and molecular findings to therapeutic protocols. Obtaining the most reliable diagnostic material is the essential part of the medical management of patients. STUDY DESIGN Here, we try to gain a concise insight into the available data regarding the role of cytology in the application of molecular techniques, focusing on cancer cytopathology. RESULTS Obtaining cytological material is now feasible by different methods, and in some cases it is the only possible approach to a lesion which is not easily accessible for tissue sampling. The methods of obtaining cytological material have evolved in recent years in parallel with rapid advances in high-throughput molecular techniques, opening new windows for the diagnosis and management of diseases. CONCLUSIONS Different kinds of cytological material are reliable for the application of molecular techniques. Cytological material obtained in a liquid base has advantages such as the better preservation of cytomorphological features and the use of the remaining liquid for nucleic acid extraction even after long storage and the application of molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnoush Abedi-Ardekani
- Translational Research Laboratory, Personalized Medicine, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
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Ramos-Vara JA, Miller MA. When tissue antigens and antibodies get along: revisiting the technical aspects of immunohistochemistry--the red, brown, and blue technique. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:42-87. [PMID: 24129895 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813505879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Once focused mainly on the characterization of neoplasms, immunohistochemistry (IHC) today is used in the investigation of a broad range of disease processes with applications in diagnosis, prognostication, therapeutic decisions to tailor treatment to an individual patient, and investigations into the pathogenesis of disease. This review addresses the technical aspects of immunohistochemistry (and, to a lesser extent, immunocytochemistry) with attention to the antigen-antibody reaction, optimal fixation techniques, tissue processing considerations, antigen retrieval methods, detection systems, selection and use of an autostainer, standardization and validation of IHC tests, preparation of proper tissue and reagent controls, tissue microarrays and other high-throughput systems, quality assurance/quality control measures, interpretation of the IHC reaction, and reporting of results. It is now more important than ever, with these sophisticated applications, to standardize the entire IHC process from tissue collection through interpretation and reporting to minimize variability among laboratories and to facilitate quantification and interlaboratory comparison of IHC results.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Ramos-Vara
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, 406 South University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Cytopathologie moléculaire. Outils et applications. Ann Pathol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2012.09.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Schmitt FC, Vielh P. Molecular biology and cytopathology. Principles and applications. Ann Pathol 2012; 32:e57-63, 444-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2012.09.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Schmitt F, Barroca H. Role of ancillary studies in fine-needle aspiration from selected tumors. Cancer Cytopathol 2011; 120:145-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cncy.20197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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