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Marrocco A, Singh D, Christiani DC, Demokritou P. E-cigarette vaping associated acute lung injury (EVALI): state of science and future research needs. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:188-220. [PMID: 35822508 PMCID: PMC9716650 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2082918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
"E-Cigarette (e-cig) Vaping-Associated Acute Lung Injury" (EVALI) has been linked to vitamin-E-acetate (VEA) and Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), due to their presence in patients' e-cigs and biological samples. Lacking standardized methodologies for patients' data collection and comprehensive physicochemical/toxicological studies using real-world-vapor exposures, very little data are available, thus the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of EVALI is still unknown. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and critical appraisal of existing literature on clinical/epidemiological features and physicochemical-toxicological characterization of vaping emissions associated with EVALI. The literature review of 161 medical case reports revealed that the predominant demographic pattern was healthy white male, adolescent, or young adult, vaping illicit/informal THC-containing e-cigs. The main histopathologic pattern consisted of diffuse alveolar damage with bilateral ground-glass-opacities at chest radiograph/CT, and increased number of macrophages or neutrophils and foamy-macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage. The chemical analysis of THC/VEA e-cig vapors showed a chemical difference between THC/VEA and the single THC or VEA. The chemical characterization of vapors from counterfeit THC-based e-cigs or in-house-prepared e-liquids using either cannabidiol (CBD), VEA, or medium-chain triglycerides (MCT), identified many toxicants, such as carbonyls, volatile organic compounds, terpenes, silicon compounds, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, pesticides and various industrial/manufacturing/automotive-related chemicals. There is very scarce published toxicological data on emissions from THC/VEA e-liquids. However, CBD, MCT, and VEA emissions exert varying degrees of cytotoxicity, inflammation, and lung damage, depending on puffing topography and cell line. Major knowledge gaps were identified, including the need for more systematic-standardized epidemiological surveys, comprehensive physicochemical characterization of real-world e-cig emissions, and mechanistic studies linking emission properties to specific toxicological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Marrocco
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David C. Christiani
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Environmental Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, 170 Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The purpose of this review was to describe the state-of-the-literature on research specific to cannabis vaping among youth and young adults. Recent Findings Out of 1801 records identified, a total of 202 articles met eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review. Most of this literature (46.0% of studies) was specific to the health effects of cannabis vaping, particularly EVALI (e-cigarette and vaping associated lung injury). Other research areas identified in the review included the etiology (24.3%) and epidemiology (24.8%) of cannabis vaping, in addition to articles on regulation (8.4%) and marketing (5.5%) of the same. Summary Cannabis vaping is increasingly common among youth and young adults and more prevalent is settings where recreational use for adults has been legalized. The literature documents a number of negative health effects of cannabis vaping for young people, along with risk factors and reasons for the same. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40429-022-00413-y.
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Niu S, Colon GR, Molberg K, Chen H, Carrick K, Yan S, Sarode V, Lucas E. Significance of Oil-Red-O positive macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosing E-cigarettes or vaping product use-associated lung injury: A case series. Diagn Cytopathol 2021; 49:876-884. [PMID: 33900686 DOI: 10.1002/dc.24760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid-laden macrophages detected by Oil-Red-O (ORO) stain in fresh bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) specimens have been proposed as a potential diagnostic marker for E-cigarettes or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI). However, studies are few, and the sensitivity and specificity of the test have not been thoroughly investigated. METHODS We performed ORO stain on fresh BAL specimens from six confirmed EVALI and 36 non-EVALI patients. After semi-quantitative analysis, the sensitivity and specificity of ORO-positive macrophages (OPM) for detection of EVALI were calculated. RESULTS No significant difference in cytomorphology or raw macrophage count was observed between EVALI and non-EVALI groups (49% vs 55% of all nucleated cells). However, with ORO stain, all EVALI specimens (6/6) showed a high percentage (≥50% of all macrophages) of OPM (mean 87%), and large (≥25% of host macrophage nuclear size) lipid droplets (mean 42%), while the majority of non-EVALI specimens showed a low percentage of OPM (32/36, mean 10%), and small lipid droplets (34/36, mean 6%). The differences between the two groups in both high OPM and large lipid droplet rates are statistically significant (P < .0001 for both comparisons). The combined sensitivity and specificity of high OPM and large lipid droplets for diagnosing EVALI were 100% and 94%, respectively. CONCLUSION In BAL specimens obtained from patients with clinically suspected EVALI, a high percentage of OPM with large lipid droplets showed high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of EVALI and may serve as a potentially useful tool in the evaluation of vaping-related lung injury, improving diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Niu
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Glorimar Rivera Colon
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kyle Molberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kelley Carrick
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Shirley Yan
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Venetia Sarode
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Elena Lucas
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pathology, Parkland Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Rice SJ, Hyland V, Behera M, Ramalingam SS, Bunn P, Belani CP. Guidance on the Clinical Management of Electronic Cigarette or Vaping-Associated Lung Injury. J Thorac Oncol 2020; 15:1727-1737. [PMID: 32866653 PMCID: PMC7455516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the summer of 2019, there was a rise in clusters of adolescents and young adults in the United States reporting to emergency departments with acute respiratory distress related to use of e-cigarette (electronic cigarette) or vaping. The number of patients with e-cigarette or vaping-associated lung injury continued to rise through the summer before peaking in September 2019. Through the efforts of state and federal public health agencies, officials were able to define the condition, identify the relationship of the respiratory injury to tetrahydrocannabinol-containing products, and stem the rise in new cases. In this report, we present a comprehensive review of the clinical characteristics and features of patients with e-cigarette or vaping-associated lung injury and guidelines for patient care and management to inform and navigate clinicians who may encounter these patients in their clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn J Rice
- Department of Medicine Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Victoria Hyland
- Department of Medicine Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Madhusmita Behera
- Department of Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suresh S Ramalingam
- Department of Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Paul Bunn
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Chandra P Belani
- Department of Medicine Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, Pennsylvania.
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Hage R, Schuurmans MM. Suggested management of e-cigarette or vaping product use associated lung injury (EVALI). J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:3460-3468. [PMID: 32802422 PMCID: PMC7399386 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2020.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- René Hage
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Macé M Schuurmans
- Division of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich and Medical Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Akkanti BH, Hussain R, Patel MK, Patel JA, Dinh K, Zhao B, Elzamly S, Pelicon K, Petek K, Salas de Armas IA, Akay M, Kar B, Gregoric ID, Buja LM. Deadly combination of Vaping-lnduced lung injury and Influenza: case report. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:83. [PMID: 32646452 PMCID: PMC7346855 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-00998-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND E-cigarette and vaping use-associated acute lung injury (EVALI) has been recently recognized as a complication in individuals who use vaping devices. Another consideration is that EVALI may have an adverse influence on the outcome of intercurrent respiratory infections. We document this deadly combination in the case of a young man who had EVALI and simultaneous 41 Influenza-A infection leading to severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). CASE PRESENTATION A 27-year-old male with a history of tobacco and vaping use was admitted to hospital after two weeks of flu-like symptoms, diarrhea and vomiting. A chest x-ray was consistent with multifocal pneumonia, and microbiological tests were positive for Influenza-A and methicillin-sensitive Staphalacoccus aureus (MSSA). Bronchoscopy provided evidence of acute inhalational injury. After admission, he acutely decompensated with severe hypoxia and hypotension; he required intubation, sedation and vasopressors. He developed sepsis with acute kidney failure, liver failure, biventricular systolic dysfunction and severe rhabdomyolysis. He was placed on veno-venous (VV) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) initially and later changed to Veno-Arterial (VA) ECMO. Nevertheless, the patient continued to deteriorate, and he expired two weeks after admission. CONCLUSION This case documents that EVALI can act as a major factor leading a respiratory infection to progress into severe ARDS with a fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu H Akkanti
- Divisions of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rahat Hussain
- Divisions of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Manish K Patel
- Advanced Cardio-Pulmonary Therapeutics and Transplantation, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jayeshkumar A Patel
- Advanced Cardio-Pulmonary Therapeutics and Transplantation, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kha Dinh
- Divisions of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bihong Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St. MSB 2.276, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shaimaa Elzamly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St. MSB 2.276, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kevin Pelicon
- Advanced Cardio-Pulmonary Therapeutics and Transplantation, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Klemen Petek
- Advanced Cardio-Pulmonary Therapeutics and Transplantation, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ismael A Salas de Armas
- Advanced Cardio-Pulmonary Therapeutics and Transplantation, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mehmet Akay
- Advanced Cardio-Pulmonary Therapeutics and Transplantation, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Biswajit Kar
- Advanced Cardio-Pulmonary Therapeutics and Transplantation, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Igor D Gregoric
- Advanced Cardio-Pulmonary Therapeutics and Transplantation, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - L Maximilian Buja
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St. MSB 2.276, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Tzortzi A, Kapetanstrataki M, Evangelopoulou V, Behrakis P. A Systematic Literature Review of E-Cigarette-Related Illness and Injury: Not Just for the Respirologist. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E2248. [PMID: 32230711 PMCID: PMC7177608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Following the recent electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) illness outbreak, the current review aimed to collect all related clinical cases for study and analysis and provide a critical synopsis of the proposed injury mechanism. Adhering to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis) guidelines, e-cigarette-related clinical cases were identified via Google Scholar and PubMed databases. Additionally, references of published case reports and previous review papers were manually searched, revealing 159 publications presenting e-cigarette-related case reports and 19 reports by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 238 individual cases were identified; 53% traumatic injuries due to e-cigarette explosion or self-combustion, 24% respiratory cases, and 12% poisonings. Additional cases pertained to oral, cardiovascular, immunologic, hematologic, allergic reactions, infant complications, and altered medication levels. Case reports were mainly published between 2016-2019 (78%). The oldest case, a lipoid pneumonia, was published in 2012. The current review showed that e-cigarette-related health effects extend beyond the acute lung injury syndrome, including traumatic, thermal injuries and acute intoxications. Physicians should be aware of the distinct clinical presentations and be trained to respond and treat effectively. Regulators and public health authorities should address the regulatory gap regarding electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and novel tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tzortzi
- George D. Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 17B Ipitou Street, 10557 Athens, Greece; (V.E.); (P.B.)
- Institute of Public Health, The American College of Greece, 17B Ipitou Street, 10557 Athens, Greece
| | - Melpo Kapetanstrataki
- George D. Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 17B Ipitou Street, 10557 Athens, Greece; (V.E.); (P.B.)
| | - Vaso Evangelopoulou
- George D. Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 17B Ipitou Street, 10557 Athens, Greece; (V.E.); (P.B.)
| | - Panagiotis Behrakis
- George D. Behrakis Research Lab, Hellenic Cancer Society, 17B Ipitou Street, 10557 Athens, Greece; (V.E.); (P.B.)
- Institute of Public Health, The American College of Greece, 17B Ipitou Street, 10557 Athens, Greece
- Pulmonary Department, Athens Medical Center, Distomou 5-7, Marousi, 15125 Athens, Greece
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