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Liu X, Cao Y, Wang S, Liu J, Hao H. Extracellular vesicles: powerful candidates in nano-drug delivery systems. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:295-311. [PMID: 37581742 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are nanoparticles that are actively released by cells, contain a variety of biologically active substances, serve as significant mediators of intercellular communication, and participate in many processes, in health and pathologically. Compared with traditional nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs), EVs have unique advantages due to their natural physiological properties, such as their biocompatibility, stability, ability to cross barriers, and inherent homing properties. A growing number of studies have reported that EVs deliver therapeutic proteins, small-molecule drugs, siRNAs, miRNAs, therapeutic proteins, and nanomaterials for targeted therapy in various diseases. However, due to the lack of standardized techniques for isolating, quantifying, and characterizing EVs; lower-than-anticipated drug loading efficiency; insufficient clinical production; and potential safety concerns, the practical application of EVs still faces many challenges. Here, we systematically review the current commonly used methods for isolating EVs, summarize the types and methods of loading therapeutic drugs into EVs, and discuss the latest progress in applying EVs as NDDs. Finally, we present the challenges that hinder the clinical application of EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinfang Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, No. 17 Zhaowuda Road, Saihan District, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University Research Center for Glycochemistry of Characteristic Medicinal Resources, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China.
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Nikolaev B, Yakovleva L, Fedorov V, Li H, Gao H, Shevtsov M. Nano- and Microemulsions in Biomedicine: From Theory to Practice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1989. [PMID: 37514175 PMCID: PMC10383468 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nano- and microemulsions are colloidal systems that are widely used in various fields of biomedicine, including wound and burn healing, cosmetology, the development of antibacterial and antiviral drugs, oncology, etc. The stability of these systems is governed by the balance of molecular interactions between nanodomains. Microemulsions as a colloidal form play a special important role in stability. The microemulsion is the thermodynamically stable phase from oil, water, surfactant and co-surfactant which forms the surface of drops with very small surface energy. The last phenomena determines the shortage time of all fluid dispersions including nanoemulsions and emulgels. This review examines the theory and main methods of obtaining nano- and microemulsions, particularly focusing on the structure of microemulsions and methods for emulsion analysis. Additionally, we have analyzed the main preclinical and clinical studies in the field of wound healing and the use of emulsions in cancer therapy, emphasizing the prospects for further developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Nikolaev
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ludmila Yakovleva
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Viacheslav Fedorov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova Str. 2, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Biophysics, Saint-Petersburg State University of Veterinary Medicine, Chernigovskaya Str. 5, 196084 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hanmei Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Maxim Shevtsov
- Laboratory of Biomedical Nanotechnologies, Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Tikhoretsky Ave. 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Personalized Medicine Centre, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Akkuratova Str. 2, 197341 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Laboratory of Biomedical Cell Technologies, Far Eastern Federal University, 690091 Vladivostok, Russia
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Zabihi S, Bakhshpour M, Çalışır M, Topçu AA, Denizli A. Preparation of molecular imprinted injectable polymeric micro cryogels for control release of mitomycin C. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Qi L, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Duan H, Zhao H, Xin X, Chen L, Jin M, Guan Y, Gao Z, Huang W. Development of Mitomycin C-Loaded Nanoparticles Prepared Using the Micellar Assembly Driven by the Combined Effect of Hydrogen Bonding and π-π Stacking and Its Therapeutic Application in Bladder Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1776. [PMID: 34834192 PMCID: PMC8624376 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Micelle is mainly used for drug delivery and is prepared from amphiphilic block copolymers. It can be formed into an obvious core-shell structure that can incorporate liposoluble drugs. However, micelles are not suitable for the encapsulation of water-soluble drugs, and it is also difficult to maintain stability in the systemic circulation. To solve these problems, a type of polymer material, Fmoc-Lys-PEG and Fmoc-Lys-PEG-RGD, was designed and synthesized. These copolymers could self-assemble into micelles driven by π-π stacking and the hydrophobic interaction of 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbony (Fmoc) and, at the same time, form a framework for a hydrogen-bonding environment in the core. Mitomycin C (MMC), as a water-soluble drug, can be encapsulated into micelles by hydrogen-bonding interactions. The interaction force between MMC and the polymers was analyzed by molecular docking simulation and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). It was concluded that the optimal binding conformation can be obtained, and that the main force between the MMC and polymers is hydrogen bonding. Different types of MMC nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared and the physicochemical properties of them were systematically evaluated. The pharmacodynamics of the MMC NPs in vitro and in vivo were also studied. The results show that MMC NPs had a high uptake efficiency, could promote cell apoptosis, and had a strong inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. More importantly, the as-prepared NPs could effectively induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth and metastasis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Yingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Zheao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Hongxia Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Heming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Xin Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Liqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Mingji Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Youyan Guan
- Department of Urology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Zhonggao Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; (L.Q.); (C.L.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.D.); (H.Z.); (X.X.); (L.C.); (M.J.)
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Yang H, Wang M, Huang Y, Qiao Q, Zhao C, Zhao M. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a novel mitomycin nanomicelle delivery system. RSC Adv 2019; 9:14708-14717. [PMID: 35516345 PMCID: PMC9064152 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02660f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitomycin C (MMC), naturally synthesized by Streptomyces caespitosus, is a potent antineoplastic antibiotic for the treatment of various solid tumors. However, the defects of conventional MMC injections have greatly limited its clinical application due to its toxic side effects and non-specific interactions. To solve this problem, the PEG2k-Fmoc-Ibuprofen (PEG-FIbu) micellar nanocarrier was synthesized and the MMC-loaded micelles (PEG-FIbu/MMC) were prepared by thin film hydration method and characterized. Ibuprofen was used as a hydrophobic domain of PEG-FIbu nanocarrier, and we expect it to synergize with codelivered MMC in the overall antitumor activity. The in vitro release of PEG-FIbu/MMC was examined by dialysis method using MMC injection as a control. Our data suggested that PEG-FIbu/MMC micelles presented appropriate particle size, low CMC value, good stability, high drug loading efficiency and sustained release properties. In vitro cytotoxicity studies with several tumor cell lines showed that the carrier was effective in mediating intracellular delivery of MMC to tumor cells. In vivo pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and therapeutic study proved that PEG-FIbu/MMC micelles prolonged blood circulation, significantly improved the tumor accumulation and therapeutic efficacy, and reduced undesirable side effect on normal tissues compared to MMC injection. In general, PEG-FIbu/MMC micelles represented an effective strategy to improve the performance for the delivery of MMC and safety of medication. The introduction of a micellar delivery system of MMC increase efficiency, reduce toxicity and enhance specific interactions in tumor.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Yang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Yihe Huang
- College of Chemistry
- Liaoning University
- Shenyang 110036
- China
- Shenyang Medical College
| | - Qiaoyu Qiao
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Chunjie Zhao
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang 110016
- China
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Kaur G, Mehta S. Developments of Polysorbate (Tween) based microemulsions: Preclinical drug delivery, toxicity and antimicrobial applications. Int J Pharm 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cespi M, Quassinti L, Perinelli DR, Bramucci M, Iannarelli R, Papa F, Ricciutelli M, Bonacucina G, Palmieri GF, Maggi F. Microemulsions enhance the shelf‐life and processability of
Smyrnium olusatrum
L. essential oil. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Cespi
- School of Pharmacy University of Camerino Camerino (MC) Italy
| | - Luana Quassinti
- School of Pharmacy University of Camerino Camerino (MC) Italy
| | | | | | | | - Fabrizio Papa
- School of Pharmacy University of Camerino Camerino (MC) Italy
| | | | | | | | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy University of Camerino Camerino (MC) Italy
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Noguera-Ortega E, Blanco-Cabra N, Rabanal RM, Sánchez-Chardi A, Roldán M, Guallar-Garrido S, Torrents E, Luquin M, Julián E. Mycobacteria emulsified in olive oil-in-water trigger a robust immune response in bladder cancer treatment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27232. [PMID: 27265565 PMCID: PMC4893706 DOI: 10.1038/srep27232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydrophobic composition of mycobacterial cell walls leads to the formation of clumps when attempting to resuspend mycobacteria in aqueous solutions. Such aggregation may interfere in the mycobacteria-host cells interaction and, consequently, influence their antitumor effect. To improve the immunotherapeutic activity of Mycobacterium brumae, we designed different emulsions and demonstrated their efficacy. The best formulation was initially selected based on homogeneity and stability. Both olive oil (OO)- and mineral oil-in-water emulsions better preserved the mycobacteria viability and provided higher disaggregation rates compared to the others. But, among both emulsions, the OO emulsion increased the mycobacteria capacity to induce cytokines’ production in bladder tumor cell cultures. The OO-mycobacteria emulsion properties: less hydrophobic, lower pH, more neutralized zeta potential, and increased affinity to fibronectin than non-emulsified mycobacteria, indicated favorable conditions for reaching the bladder epithelium in vivo. Finally, intravesical OO-M. brumae-treated mice showed a significantly higher systemic immune response, together with a trend toward increased tumor-bearing mouse survival rates compared to the rest of the treated mice. The physicochemical characteristics and the induction of a robust immune response in vitro and in vivo highlight the potential of the OO emulsion as a good delivery vehicle for the mycobacterial treatment of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Noguera-Ortega
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Blanco-Cabra
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Rabanal
- Unitat de Patologia Murina i Comparada, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mónica Roldán
- Servei de Microscopia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Guallar-Garrido
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Torrents
- Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Therapy group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Spain
| | - Marina Luquin
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Julián
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Development and characterization of nanostructured mists with potential for actively targeting poorly water-soluble compounds into the lungs. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2625-39. [PMID: 23722411 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To formulate nanoemulsions (NE) with potential for delivering poorly water-soluble drugs to the lungs. METHOD A self nanoemulsifying composition consisting of cremophor RH 40, PEG 400 and labrafil M 2125 CS was selected after screening potential excipients. The solubility of carbamazepine, a poorly water-soluble drug, was tested in the formulation components. Oil-in-water (o/w) NEs were characterized using dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and differential scanning calorimetry. NEs were nebulized into a mist using a commercial nebulizer and characterized using laser diffraction and TEM. An aseptic method was developed for preparing sterile NEs. Biocompatibility of the formulation was evaluated on NIH3T3 cells using MTT assay. In vitro permeability of the formulation was tested in zebra fish eggs, HeLa cells, and porcine lung tissue. RESULTS NEs had neutrally charged droplets of less than 20 nm size. Nebulized NEs demonstrated an o/w nanostructure. The mist droplets were of size less than 5 μm. Sterility testing and cytotoxicity results validated that the NE was biocompatible and sterile. In vitro tests indicated oil nanodroplets penetrating intracellularly through biological membranes. CONCLUSION The nanoemulsion mist has the potential for use as a pulmonary delivery system for poorly water-soluble drugs.
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Kotmakçı M, Kantarcı G, Aşıkoğlu M, Ozkılıç H, Ertan G. Determination of in vivo behavior of mitomycin C-loaded o/w soybean oil microemulsion and mitomycin C solution via gamma camera imaging. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2013; 28:530-3. [PMID: 23659461 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a microemulsion system was evaluated for delivery of mitomycin C (MMC). To track the distribution of the formulated drug after intravenous administration, radiochemical labeling and gamma scintigraphy imaging were used. The aim was to evaluate a microemulsion system for intravenous delivery of MMC and to compare its in vivo behavior with that of the MMC solution. For microemulsion formulation, soybean oil was used as the oil phase. Lecithin and Tween 80 were surfactants and ethanol was the cosurfactant. To understand the whole body localization of MMC-loaded microemulsion, MMC was labeled with radioactive technetium and gamma scintigraphy was applied for visualization of drug distribution. Radioactivity in the bladder 30 minutes after injection of the MMC solution was observed, according to static gamma camera images. This shows that urinary excretion of the latter starts very soon. On the other hand, no radioactivity appeared in the urinary bladder during the 90 minutes following the administration of MMC-loaded microemulsion. The unabated radioactivity in the liver during the experiment shows that the localization of microemulsion formulation in the liver is stable. In the light of the foregoing, it is suggested that this microemulsion formulation may be an appropriate carrier system for anticancer agents by intravenous delivery in hepatic cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kotmakçı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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