1
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Thangavelu L, Moglad E, Afzal M, Almalki WH, Malathi H, Bansal P, Rani B, Walia C, Sivaprasad GV, Rajput P, Imran M. Non-coding RNAs in Parkinson's disease: Regulating SNCA and alpha-synuclein aggregation. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 261:155511. [PMID: 39094523 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is one of the vital neurodegenerative ailments attributed to a rise in Alpha-synuclein proteins leading to the advancement of motor and cognitive deterioration. Interestingly, in PD lncRNAs, miRNAs and siRNAs are also key regulators of SNCA and alpha-synuclein aggregation. This review will focus on the roles of these three types of small RNAs in trebling the development of PD through regulating SNCA expression or alpha-synuclein protein mediating the RNA from acting. Parkinson's disease is defined by the build-up of alpha-synuclein protein resulting predominantly from the elevated expression level of the SNCA gene. Non-coding RNAs have gained broad appeal as fundamental modulators of gene expression and protein aggregation dynamics, with significant implications on the aetiology of PD. LncRNAs modulate SNCA transcription and edit epigenetic modifications, while miRNA target mRNA is involved in the stability and translation of count alpha-synuclein. Considering all these data, siRNAs can achieve the precise gene silencing effect that directly induces the downregulation of SNCA mRNA. This review also summarizes some recent reports about the interaction between these ncRNAs with the SNCA gene and alpha-synuclein protein, each through its independent in addition to synergistic mechanisms. This review highlights the possibility of therapeutic interventions to perturb SNCA expression to prevent alpha-synuclein aggregation via targeting ncRNAs that might be spun off novel drug development for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Thangavelu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, India
| | - Ehssan Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - H Malathi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan 303012, India
| | - Bindu Rani
- Department of Medicine, National Institute of Medical Sciences, NIMS University Rajasthan, Jaipur, India
| | - Chakshu Walia
- Chandigarh Pharmacy College, Chandigarh Group of Colleges-Jhanjeri, Mohali, Punjab 140307, India
| | - G V Sivaprasad
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, Raghu Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, India
| | - Pranchal Rajput
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Research and Innovation, Uttaranchal University, India
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia; Center for Health Research, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Novichikhina NP, Shestakov AS, Medvedeva SM, Lagutina AM, Krysin MY, Podoplelova NA, Panteleev MA, Ilin IS, Sulimov AV, Tashchilova AS, Sulimov VB, Geronikaki A, Shikhaliev KS. New Hybrid Tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2,1- ij]quinolin-1-ylidene-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-ones as New Inhibitors of Factor Xa and Factor XIa: Design, Synthesis, and In Silico and Experimental Evaluation. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093851. [PMID: 37175261 PMCID: PMC10179972 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research in the field of thrombotic diseases, the prevention of blood clots remains an important area of study. Therefore, the development of new anticoagulant drugs with better therapeutic profiles and fewer side effects to combat thrombus formation is still needed. Herein, we report the synthesis and evaluation of novel pyrroloquinolinedione-based rhodanine derivatives, which were chosen from 24 developed derivatives by docking as potential molecules to inhibit the clotting factors Xa and XIa. For the synthesis of new hybrid derivatives of pyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-one, we used a convenient structural modification of the tetrahydroquinoline fragment by varying the substituents in positions 2, 4, and 6. In addition, the design of target molecules was achieved by alkylating the amino group of the rhodanine fragment with propargyl bromide or by replacing the rhodanine fragment with 2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one. The in vitro testing showed that eight derivatives are capable of inhibiting both coagulation factors, two compounds are selective inhibitors of factor Xa, and two compounds are selective inhibitors of factor XIa. Overall, these data indicate the potential anticoagulant activity of these molecules through the inhibition of the coagulation factors Xa and XIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda P Novichikhina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shestakov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Svetlana M Medvedeva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Anna M Lagutina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Mikhail Yu Krysin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A Podoplelova
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmakology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Panteleev
- Dmitry Rogachev National Medical Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmakology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan S Ilin
- Dimonta, Ltd., 117186 Moscow, Russia
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V Sulimov
- Dimonta, Ltd., 117186 Moscow, Russia
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna S Tashchilova
- Dimonta, Ltd., 117186 Moscow, Russia
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir B Sulimov
- Dimonta, Ltd., 117186 Moscow, Russia
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia
| | - Athina Geronikaki
- School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Khidmet S Shikhaliev
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Voronezh State University, Universitetskaya pl. 1, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
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3
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Dong G, Jiang Y, Zhang F, Zhu F, Liu J, Xu Z. Recent updates on 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-triazine hybrids (2017-present): The anticancer activity, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms of action. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200479. [PMID: 36372519 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death across the world, and the prevalence and mortality rates of cancer will continue to grow. Chemotherapeutics play a critical role in cancer therapy, but drug resistance and side effects are major hurdles to effective treatment, evoking an immediate need for the discovery of new anticancer agents. Triazines including 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-triazine have occupied a propitious place in drug design and development due to their excellent pharmacological profiles. Mechanistically, triazine derivatives could interfere with various signaling pathways to induce cancer cell death. Hence, triazine derivatives possess potential in vitro and in vivo efficacy against diverse cancers. In particular, triazine hybrids are able to overcome drug resistance and reduce side effects. Moreover, several triazine hybrids such as brivanib (indole-containing pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine), gedatolisib (1,3,5-triazine-urea hybrid), and enasidenib (1,3,5-triazine-pyridine hybrid) have already been available in the market. Accordingly, triazine hybrids are useful scaffolds for the discovery of novel anticancer chemotherapeutics. This review focuses on the anticancer activity of 1,2,3-, 1,2,4-, and 1,3,5-triazine hybrids, together with the structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action developed from 2017 to the present. The enriched structure-activity relationships may be useful for further rational drug development of triazine hybrids as potential clinical candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoli Dong
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Yingchun Jiang
- College of Medicine, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Fengyun Zhu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Junna Liu
- Industry Innovation & Research and Development Institute of Zhumadian, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
| | - Zhi Xu
- Industry Innovation & Research and Development Institute of Zhumadian, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian, China
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Skoptsova AA, Shestakov AS, Ledenyova IV, Stolpovskaya NV, Podoplelova NA, Panteleev MA, Paponov BV, Sidorenko OE, Shikhaliev KS, Novichikhina NP. Reaction of 1‐Phenacylidene pyrrolo[3,2,1‐
ij
]quinolin‐2‐ones with Cyclic/Acyclic Enaminones and the Anticoagulant Activity of Synthesized Pyrrole‐Quinoline Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna A. Skoptsova
- Department of Organic Chemistry Voronezh State University 394018 Universitetskaya pl. 1 Voronezh Russia
| | - Alexander S. Shestakov
- Department of Organic Chemistry Voronezh State University 394018 Universitetskaya pl. 1 Voronezh Russia
| | - Irina V. Ledenyova
- Department of Organic Chemistry Voronezh State University 394018 Universitetskaya pl. 1 Voronezh Russia
| | - Nadezhda V. Stolpovskaya
- Department of Organic Chemistry Voronezh State University 394018 Universitetskaya pl. 1 Voronezh Russia
| | - Nadezhda A. Podoplelova
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Hemostasis Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology RAS 109029, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya st., 30 Moscow Russia
| | - Mikhail A. Panteleev
- Laboratory of Molecular Mechanisms of Hemostasis Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology RAS 109029, Srednyaya Kalitnikovskaya st., 30 Moscow Russia
| | - Boris V. Paponov
- Department of General Chemistry Belgorod National Research University 308015, Pobedy st. 85 Belgorod Russia
| | - Oleg E. Sidorenko
- Department of Organic Chemistry Voronezh State University 394018 Universitetskaya pl. 1 Voronezh Russia
| | - Khidmet S. Shikhaliev
- Department of Organic Chemistry Voronezh State University 394018 Universitetskaya pl. 1 Voronezh Russia
| | - Nadezhda P. Novichikhina
- Department of Organic Chemistry Voronezh State University 394018 Universitetskaya pl. 1 Voronezh Russia
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Krivokolysko DS, Dotsenko VV, Bibik EY, Samokish AA, Venidiktova YS, Frolov KA, Krivokolysko SG, Pankov AA, Aksenov NA, Aksenova IV. New Hybrid Molecules Based on Sulfur-Containing Nicotinonitriles: Synthesis, Analgesic Activity in Acetic Acid-Induced Writhing Test, and Molecular Docking Studies. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022030104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Mikolaichuk OV, Sharoyko VV, Popova EA, Protas AV, Fonin AV, Anufrikov YA, Malkova AM, Shmaneva NT, Ostrovskii VA, Molchanov OE, Maistrenko DN, Semenov KN. A new tetrazole-containing 2-amino-4,6-di(aziridin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazine derivative: synthesis, interaction with DNA, and antitumor activity. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Krivokolysko DS, Dotsenko VV, Bibik EY, Myazina AV, Krivokolysko SG, Vasilin VK, Pankov AA, Aksenov NA., Aksenova IV. Synthesis, Structure, and Analgesic Activity of 4-(5-Cyano-{4-(fur-2-yl)-1,4-dihydropyridin-3-yl}carboxamido)benzoic Acids Ethyl Esters. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221120306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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8
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Huang L, Zhao YJ, Dong QR, Hu GC. Immune-mediated membranous nephropathy: Long term fluconazole usage caused podocyte autophagy. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 36:e22935. [PMID: 34726812 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The primary consequences of membranous nephropathy (MN) are the development of nephrotic syndrome including hypogammaglobulinemia, the increased infectious risk, the loss of protein-bound vitamin D, and, above all, an elevated thromboembolic incidence of up to 50% in severe proteinuria patients. Membrane nephropathy may be either idiopathic or primary, not recognized (70%-80%) or secondary (20%-30%) to pathological sicknesses such as hepatitis B, systemic lupus erythematosus, malignancies, and side-effects of medicines. The immunological responses in MN involve multiple components: immunoglobulin G (IgG), long-escaped antigens, and the membrane attachment complex, formed by the supplement to form C5b-9. In general, IgG4 is the most significant IgG subclass deposited in idiopathic membranous nephropathic disease but fluctuating IgG1 levels also are linked with immunological deposits. In contrast, IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 deposition are greater than IgG4 deposition in secondary nephropathy. Fluconazole is a synthetic antifungal triazole that is often used. It is well tolerated in general and has never been identified as a cause of nephropathies. We report on the development of MN caused by fluconazole therapy that could potentiate podocyte autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Huang
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Ya-Juan Zhao
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Qiao-Rong Dong
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
| | - Gui-Cai Hu
- Division of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, Hebei, China
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9
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Hybrid organoruthenium(II) complexes with thiophene-β-diketo-benzazole ligands: Synthesis, optical properties, CT-DNA interactions and anticancer activity. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.121960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Krivokolysko DS, Dotsenko VV, Bibik EY, Samokish AA, Venidiktova YS, Frolov KA, Krivokolysko SG, Vasilin VK, Pankov AA, Aksenov NA, Aksenova IV. New 4-(2-Furyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinonitriles and 1,4,5,6-Tetrahydronicotinonitriles: Synthesis, Structure, and Analgesic Activity. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363221090073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Liang H, Li G, Zhang L, Wang G, Song M, Li H, Yuan B. Scalable Synthetic Strategy for Unsymmetrical Trisubstituted s-Triazines. Org Lett 2021; 23:5821-5825. [PMID: 34259004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A scalable synthetic strategy to produce a large variety of unsymmetrical trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines was developed. This protocol applied in situ formed acyl isocyanate from amide to react with amidine, introducing two substituents to the 1,3,5-triazinone ring with a low production cost and a simple workup procedure. The scalability of this method was demonstrated by translating a small-scale procedure to a multi-kilogram-scale synthesis. Chlorination and a further coupling reaction with various nucleophiles could provide unsymmetrical trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines bearing diverse functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helong Liang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ganzhong Li
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Gefei Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Mingyu Song
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Heng Li
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Bingxin Yuan
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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12
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Prasher P, Sharma M, Singh SP, Rawat DS. Barbiturate derivatives for managing multifaceted oncogenic pathways: A mini review. Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:364-373. [PMID: 33210368 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Development and progression of metastasis comprises synchronized erroneous expressions of several composite pathways, which are difficult to manage simultaneously with the representative anticancer molecules. The emergence of the drug resistance and the complex interplay between these pathways further potentiates cancer related complexities. Barbiturates and their derivatives present a commendable anticancer profile by attenuating the cancer manifesting metabolic and enzymatic pathways including, but not limited to matrix metalloproteinases, xanthine oxidase, amino peptidases, histone deacetylases, and Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase. The derivatization and conjugation of barbiturates with pharmacophores delivers a suitable hybrid profile in containing the anomalous expression of these pathways. The present report presents a succinct collation of the barbiturates and their derivatives in managing the various cancer causing pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.,Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, India
| | - Samarth P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Devendra S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
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13
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Prasher P, Sharma M. "Azole" as privileged heterocycle for targeting the inducible cyclooxygenase enzyme. Drug Dev Res 2020; 82:167-197. [PMID: 33137216 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An over-expression of COX-2 isoenzyme belonging to the Cyclooxygenase Enzyme Family triggers the overproduction of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins that instigate the development of chronic inflammation and related disorders. Hence, the rationally designed drugs for mitigating over-activity of COX-2 isoenzyme play a regulatory role toward the alleviation of the progression of these disorders. However, a selective COX-2 inhibition chemotherapy prompts several side effects that necessitate the identification of novel molecular scaffolds for deliberating state-of-the-art drug designing strategies. The heterocyclic "azole" scaffold, being polar and hydrophilic, possesses remarkable physicochemical advantages for designing physiologically active molecules capable of interacting with a wide range of biological components, including enzymes, peptides, and metabolites. The substituted derivatives of azole nuclei enable a comprehensive SAR analysis for the appraisal of bioactive profile of the deliberated molecules for obtaining the rationally designed compounds with prominent activities. The comprehensive SAR analysis readily prompted the identification of Y-shaped molecules and the eminence of bulkier group for COX-2 selective inhibition. This review presents an epigrammatic collation of the pharmacophore-profile of the chemotherapeutics based on azole motif for a selective targeting of the COX-2 isoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parteek Prasher
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.,Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, India
| | - Mousmee Sharma
- UGC Sponsored Centre for Advanced Studies, Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.,Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Arcadia Grant, Dehradun, India
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