1
|
Ahmed HA, Shaaban AA, Makled MN, Ibrahim TM. G protein-coupled estrogen receptor selective agonist, G1, improves the molecular and biochemical markers in a cisplatin mouse model of CKD. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 398:111065. [PMID: 38795875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Multiple cycles of cisplatin result in a permanent loss of kidney function with severe and life-limited chronic kidney disease (CKD) after successful cisplatin therapy. Recently, studies have showed that the activation of G-protein coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) could protect against kidney disease. This study aimed to test the potential of the G1 compound, a GPER selective agonist, to prevent CKD development after cisplatin therapy. Male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to 2 cycles of 2.5 mg/kg cisplatin in a regimen miming clinical exposure (1 injection daily for 5 days, followed by a 16-day recovery period between cycles). G1 (50 or 100 μg/kg) was administered daily for 6 weeks. G1 dose-dependently improved kidney function biomarkers (serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, and protein excretion) and histopathological changes compared to the cisplatin-treated group. Collagen 3 expression was dose-dependently decreased in G1-treated groups that was parallel to the reduction of fibrosis in Masson's trichrome-stained sections. G1 administration also increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and reduced the level of malondialdehyde and the proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α. In addition, G1 downregulated the expression of inflammasome NLRP3 and nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, these data suggest that G1 could be a new therapeutic tool for CKD prevention post cisplatin therapy. These effects might be mediated through the activation of Nrf2 and the inhibition of NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cisplatin/pharmacology
- Male
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/chemically induced
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/metabolism
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Kidney/drug effects
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/metabolism
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism
- NF-E2-Related Factor 2/agonists
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hala A Ahmed
- Pharmacology and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Egypt; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A Shaaban
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt; Faculty of Pharmacy, Jerash University, Jerash, 26150, Jordan
| | - Mirhan N Makled
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt.
| | - Tarek M Ibrahim
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Patel VJ, Joharapurkar A, Kshirsagar SG, Patel MS, Savsani HH, Dodiya HS, Rakhasiya MH, Kajavadara C, Valani D, Jain MR. HIF-PHD inhibitor desidustat ameliorates iron deficiency anemia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 483:116832. [PMID: 38266872 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is caused by many pathological conditions like chronic kidney disease (CKD), inflammation, malnutrition and gastrointestinal abnormality. Current treatments that are erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron supplementation are inadequate and often lead to tolerance and/or toxicity. Desidustat, a prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor, is clinically used for the treatment of anemia with CKD. In this study, we investigated the effect of desidustat on iron deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA was induced in C57BL6/J mice by iron deficient diet feeding. These mice were then treated with desidustat (15 mg/kg, PO) and FeSO4 (20 mg/kg) for five weeks and effect of the treatment on hematology, iron homeostasis, and bone marrow histology was observed. Effect of desidustat on iron metabolism in inflammation (LPS)-induced iron deficiency was also assessed. Both, Desidustat and FeSO4, increased MCV (mean corpuscular volume), MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin), hemoglobin, and HCT (hematocrit) in blood and increased iron in serum, liver, and spleen. Desidustat increased MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) while FeSO4 treatment did not alter it. FeSO4 treatment significantly increased iron deposition in liver, and spleen, while desidustat increased iron in circulation and demonstrated efficient iron utilization. Desidustat increased iron absorption, serum iron and decreased hepcidin without altering tissue iron, while FeSO4 increased serum and tissue iron by increasing hepcidin in LPS-induced iron deficiency. Desidustat increased erythroid population, especially iron-dependent polychromatic normoblasts and orthochromatic normoblasts, while FeSO4 did not improve cell architecture. PHD inhibition by desidustat improved iron utilization in iron deficiency anemia, by efficient erythropoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vishal J Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Amit Joharapurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India.
| | - Samadhan G Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Maulik S Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Hardikkumar H Savsani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Harshad S Dodiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Milan H Rakhasiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Chetan Kajavadara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Darshan Valani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yasuoka Y, Izumi Y, Fukuyama T, Oshima T, Yamazaki T, Uematsu T, Kobayashi N, Nanami M, Shimada Y, Nagaba Y, Mukoyama M, Sands JM, Takahashi N, Kawahara K, Nonoguchi H. Tubular Endogenous Erythropoietin Protects Renal Function against Ischemic Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1223. [PMID: 38279224 PMCID: PMC10816907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Many large-scale studies show that exogenous erythropoietin, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, lack any renoprotective effects. We investigated the effects of endogenous erythropoietin on renal function in kidney ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI) using the prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitor, Roxadustat (ROX). Four h of hypoxia (7% O2) and 4 h treatment by ROX prior to IRI did not improve renal function. In contrast, 24-72 h pretreatment by ROX significantly improved the decline of renal function caused by IRI. Hypoxia and 4 h ROX increased interstitial cells-derived Epo production by 75- and 6-fold, respectively, before IRI, and worked similarly to exogenous Epo. ROX treatment for 24-72 h increased Epo production during IRI by 9-fold. Immunohistochemistry revealed that 24 h ROX treatment induced Epo production in proximal and distal tubules and worked similarly to endogenous Epo. Our data show that tubular endogenous Epo production induced by 24-72 h ROX treatment results in renoprotection but peritubular exogenous Epo production by interstitial cells induced by hypoxia and 4 h ROX treatment did not. Stimulation of tubular, but not peritubular, Epo production may link to renoprotection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yasuoka
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
| | - Yuichiro Izumi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Kumamoto, Japan; (Y.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Takashi Fukuyama
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (T.F.); (T.Y.); (T.U.); (N.K.)
| | - Tomomi Oshima
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
| | - Taiga Yamazaki
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (T.F.); (T.Y.); (T.U.); (N.K.)
| | - Takayuki Uematsu
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (T.F.); (T.Y.); (T.U.); (N.K.)
| | - Noritada Kobayashi
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (T.F.); (T.Y.); (T.U.); (N.K.)
| | - Masayoshi Nanami
- Division of Kidney and Dialysis, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya 663-8501, Hyogo, Japan;
| | - Yoshitaka Shimada
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yasushi Nagaba
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Kumamoto, Japan; (Y.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Jeff M. Sands
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, WMB Room 3313, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
| | - Katsumasa Kawahara
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.O.); (K.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Nonoguchi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yasuoka Y, Izumi Y, Sands JM, Kawahara K, Nonoguchi H. Progress in the Detection of Erythropoietin in Blood, Urine, and Tissue. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114446. [PMID: 37298922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection of erythropoietin (Epo) was difficult until a method was developed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). WADA recommended the Western blot technique using isoelectric focusing (IEF)-PAGE to show that natural Epo and injected erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) appear in different pH areas. Next, they used sodium N-lauroylsarcosinate (SAR)-PAGE for better differentiation of pegylated proteins, such as epoetin β pegol. Although WADA has recommended the use of pre-purification of samples, we developed a simple Western blotting method without pre-purification of samples. Instead of pre-purification, we used deglycosylation of samples before SDS-PAGE. The double detection of glycosylated and deglycosylated Epo bands increases the reliability of the detection of Epo protein. All of the endogenous Epo and exogenous ESAs shift to 22 kDa, except for Peg-bound epoetin β pegol. All endogenous Epo and exogenous ESAs were detected as 22 kDa deglycosylated Epo by liquid chromatography/mass spectrum (LC/MS) analysis. The most important factor for the detection of Epo is the selection of the antibody against Epo. WADA recommended clone AE7A5, and we used sc-9620. Both antibodies are useful for the detection of Epo protein by Western blotting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yasuoka
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Izumi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Jeff M Sands
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, WMB Room 3313, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Katsumasa Kawahara
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonoguchi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Joharapurkar AA, Patel VJ, Kshirsagar SG, Patel MS, Savsani HH, Kajavadara C, Valani D, Jain MR. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor desidustat improves anemia in erythropoietin hyporesponsive state. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PHARMACOLOGY AND DRUG DISCOVERY 2022; 3:100102. [PMID: 35570856 PMCID: PMC9096675 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many anemic chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are refractory to erythropoietin (EPO) effects due to inflammation, deranged iron utilization, and generation of EPO antibodies. This work assessed the effect of desidustat, an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase (PHD), on EPO-refractory renal anemia. Sprague Dawley rats were made anemic by cisplatin (5 mg/kg, IP, single dose) and turpentine oil (5 mL/kg, SC, once a week). These rats were given recombinant human EPO (rhEPO, 1 μg/kg) and desidustat (15 or 30 mg/kg) for eight weeks. Separately, rhEPO (1–5 μg/kg) was given to anemic rats to sustain the normal hemoglobin levels and desidustat (15 mg/kg) for eight weeks. In another experiment, the anemic rats were treated rhEPO (5 μg/kg) for two weeks and then desidustat (15 mg/kg) for the next two weeks. Dosing of rhEPO was thrice a week, and for desidustat, it was on alternate days. Desidustat inhibited EPO-resistance caused by rhEPO treatment, decreased hepcidin, IL-6, IL-1β, and increased iron and liver ferroportin. Desidustat reduced EPO requirement and anti-EPO antibodies. Desidustat also maintained normal hemoglobin levels after cessation of rhEPO treatment. Thus, novel prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor desidustat can treat EPO resistance via improved iron utilization and decreased inflammation. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor desidustat reduces rhEPO requirement in anemia. Desidustat maintains normal haemoglobin after discontinuation of rhEPO treatment. The drug increases erythropoiesis by increasing endogenous EPO and reducing EPO-resistance. It also enhances erythroid maturation by suppressing hepcidin-ferroportin axis. Desidustat improves EPO-sensitivity by decreasing IL-6, IL-1β, and anti-EPO antibodies.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yasuoka Y, Izumi Y, Fukuyama T, Omiya H, Pham TD, Inoue H, Oshima T, Yamazaki T, Uematsu T, Kobayashi N, Shimada Y, Nagaba Y, Yamashita T, Mukoyama M, Sato Y, Wall SM, Sands JM, Takahashi N, Kawahara K, Nonoguchi H. Effects of Roxadustat on Erythropoietin Production in the Rat Body. Molecules 2022; 27:1119. [PMID: 35164384 PMCID: PMC8838165 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a major complication of chronic renal failure. To treat this anemia, prolylhydroxylase domain enzyme (PHD) inhibitors as well as erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) have been used. Although PHD inhibitors rapidly stimulate erythropoietin (Epo) production, the precise sites of Epo production following the administration of these drugs have not been identified. We developed a novel method for the detection of the Epo protein that employs deglycosylation-coupled Western blotting. With protein deglycosylation, tissue Epo contents can be quantified over an extremely wide range. Using this method, we examined the effects of the PHD inhibitor, Roxadustat (ROX), and severe hypoxia on Epo production in various tissues in rats. We observed that ROX increased Epo mRNA expression in both the kidneys and liver. However, Epo protein was detected in the kidneys but not in the liver. Epo protein was also detected in the salivary glands, spleen, epididymis and ovaries. However, both PHD inhibitors (ROX) and severe hypoxia increased the Epo protein abundance only in the kidneys. These data show that, while Epo is produced in many tissues, PHD inhibitors as well as severe hypoxia regulate Epo production only in the kidneys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Yasuoka
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.O.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Yuichiro Izumi
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Kumamoto, Japan; (Y.I.); (H.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Takashi Fukuyama
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (T.F.); (T.Y.); (T.U.); (N.K.)
| | - Haruki Omiya
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Iwate, Japan; (H.O.); (T.Y.)
| | - Truyen D. Pham
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, WMB Room 3313, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.D.P.); (S.M.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Hideki Inoue
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Kumamoto, Japan; (Y.I.); (H.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Tomomi Oshima
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.O.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Taiga Yamazaki
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (T.F.); (T.Y.); (T.U.); (N.K.)
| | - Takayuki Uematsu
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (T.F.); (T.Y.); (T.U.); (N.K.)
| | - Noritada Kobayashi
- Division of Biomedical Research, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (T.F.); (T.Y.); (T.U.); (N.K.)
| | - Yoshitaka Shimada
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yasushi Nagaba
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Tetsuro Yamashita
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka 020-8550, Iwate, Japan; (H.O.); (T.Y.)
| | - Masashi Mukoyama
- Department of Nephrology, Kumamoto University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8556, Kumamoto, Japan; (Y.I.); (H.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Yuichi Sato
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Kitasato University School of Allied Health Sciences, Sagamihara 252-0373, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Susan M. Wall
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, WMB Room 3313, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.D.P.); (S.M.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Jeff M. Sands
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, 1639 Pierce Drive, WMB Room 3313, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (T.D.P.); (S.M.W.); (J.M.S.)
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.O.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Katsumasa Kawahara
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0374, Kanagawa, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.O.); (N.T.); (K.K.)
| | - Hiroshi Nonoguchi
- Division of Internal Medicine, Kitasato University Medical Center, 6-100 Arai, Kitamoto 364-8501, Saitama, Japan; (Y.S.); (Y.N.)
| |
Collapse
|