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Patel VJ, Joharapurkar A, Kshirsagar SG, Patel MS, Savsani HH, Dodiya HS, Rakhasiya MH, Kajavadara C, Valani D, Jain MR. HIF-PHD inhibitor desidustat ameliorates iron deficiency anemia. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2024; 483:116832. [PMID: 38266872 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2024.116832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia is caused by many pathological conditions like chronic kidney disease (CKD), inflammation, malnutrition and gastrointestinal abnormality. Current treatments that are erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) and iron supplementation are inadequate and often lead to tolerance and/or toxicity. Desidustat, a prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor, is clinically used for the treatment of anemia with CKD. In this study, we investigated the effect of desidustat on iron deficiency anemia (IDA). IDA was induced in C57BL6/J mice by iron deficient diet feeding. These mice were then treated with desidustat (15 mg/kg, PO) and FeSO4 (20 mg/kg) for five weeks and effect of the treatment on hematology, iron homeostasis, and bone marrow histology was observed. Effect of desidustat on iron metabolism in inflammation (LPS)-induced iron deficiency was also assessed. Both, Desidustat and FeSO4, increased MCV (mean corpuscular volume), MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin), hemoglobin, and HCT (hematocrit) in blood and increased iron in serum, liver, and spleen. Desidustat increased MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) while FeSO4 treatment did not alter it. FeSO4 treatment significantly increased iron deposition in liver, and spleen, while desidustat increased iron in circulation and demonstrated efficient iron utilization. Desidustat increased iron absorption, serum iron and decreased hepcidin without altering tissue iron, while FeSO4 increased serum and tissue iron by increasing hepcidin in LPS-induced iron deficiency. Desidustat increased erythroid population, especially iron-dependent polychromatic normoblasts and orthochromatic normoblasts, while FeSO4 did not improve cell architecture. PHD inhibition by desidustat improved iron utilization in iron deficiency anemia, by efficient erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal J Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Amit Joharapurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India.
| | - Samadhan G Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Maulik S Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Hardikkumar H Savsani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Harshad S Dodiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Milan H Rakhasiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Chetan Kajavadara
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Darshan Valani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Zydus Lifesciences Limited, Sarkhej Bavla NH 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India
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Joharapurkar AA, Patel VJ, Kshirsagar SG, Patel MS, Savsani HH, Kajavadara C, Valani D, Jain MR. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor desidustat improves anemia in erythropoietin hyporesponsive state. Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery 2022; 3:100102. [PMID: 35570856 PMCID: PMC9096675 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphar.2022.100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many anemic chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are refractory to erythropoietin (EPO) effects due to inflammation, deranged iron utilization, and generation of EPO antibodies. This work assessed the effect of desidustat, an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylase (PHD), on EPO-refractory renal anemia. Sprague Dawley rats were made anemic by cisplatin (5 mg/kg, IP, single dose) and turpentine oil (5 mL/kg, SC, once a week). These rats were given recombinant human EPO (rhEPO, 1 μg/kg) and desidustat (15 or 30 mg/kg) for eight weeks. Separately, rhEPO (1–5 μg/kg) was given to anemic rats to sustain the normal hemoglobin levels and desidustat (15 mg/kg) for eight weeks. In another experiment, the anemic rats were treated rhEPO (5 μg/kg) for two weeks and then desidustat (15 mg/kg) for the next two weeks. Dosing of rhEPO was thrice a week, and for desidustat, it was on alternate days. Desidustat inhibited EPO-resistance caused by rhEPO treatment, decreased hepcidin, IL-6, IL-1β, and increased iron and liver ferroportin. Desidustat reduced EPO requirement and anti-EPO antibodies. Desidustat also maintained normal hemoglobin levels after cessation of rhEPO treatment. Thus, novel prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor desidustat can treat EPO resistance via improved iron utilization and decreased inflammation. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor desidustat reduces rhEPO requirement in anemia. Desidustat maintains normal haemoglobin after discontinuation of rhEPO treatment. The drug increases erythropoiesis by increasing endogenous EPO and reducing EPO-resistance. It also enhances erythroid maturation by suppressing hepcidin-ferroportin axis. Desidustat improves EPO-sensitivity by decreasing IL-6, IL-1β, and anti-EPO antibodies.
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Joharapurkar AA, Patel VJ, Kshirsagar SG, Patel MS, Savsani HH, Jain MR. Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor desidustat protects against acute and chronic kidney injury by reducing inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:852-860. [PMID: 33480036 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with activated inflammatory responses. Desidustat, a prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitor is useful for treatment of anemia associated with CKD, but its effect on the inflammatory and fibrotic changes in CKD is not evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effect of desidustat on the inflammatory and fibrotic changes in preclinical models of acute and chronic kidney injury. Acute kidney injury was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by ischemia-reperfusion, in which effect of desidustat (15 mg/kg, PO) was estimated. In a separate experiment, male C57 mice were treated with adenine for 14 days to induce CKD. These mice were treated with desidustat (15 mg/kg, PO, alternate day) treatment for 14 days, with adenine continued. Desidustat prevented elevation of serum creatinine, urea, IL-1β, IL-6, and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and elevated the erythropoietin levels in rats that were subjected to acute kidney injury. Mice treated with adenine developed CKD and anemia, and desidustat treatment caused improvement in serum creatinine, urea, and also improved hemoglobin and reduced hepatic and serum hepcidin. A significant reduction in IL-1β, IL-6, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and oxidative stress was observed by desidustat treatment. Desidustat treatment also reduced renal fibrosis as observed by histological analysis and hydroxyproline content. Desidustat treatment reduced the renal fibrosis and inflammation along with a reduction in anemia in preclinical models of kidney injury, which may translate to protective effects in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit A Joharapurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vishal J Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Samadhan G Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Maulik S Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Hardikkumar H Savsani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
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Patel VJ, Joharapurkar AA, Kshirsagar SG, Sutariya BK, Patel MS, Bahekar RH, Jain MR. Activation of GLP-1 and Glucagon Receptors Regulates Bile Homeostasis Independent of Thyroid Hormone. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2019; 12:139-146. [PMID: 30747091 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666190212112402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balanced coagonists of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon receptors are emerging therapies for the treatment of obesity and diabetes. Such coagonists also regulate lipid metabolism, independent of their body weight lowering effects. Many actions of the coagonists are partly mediated by fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling, with the major exception of bile homeostasis. Since thyroid hormone is an important regulator of bile homeostasis, we studied the involvement of thyroid hormone in coagonist-induced changes in lipid and bile metabolism. METHODS We evaluated the effect of a single dose of coagonist Aib2 C24 chimera2 at 150 to 10000 µg/kg on tetraiodothyronine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in high-fat diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and chow-fed mice. Repeated dose treatment of coagonist (150 µg/kg, subcutaneously) was assessed in four mice models namely, on lipid and bile homeostasis in DIO mice, propylthiouracil (PTU)-treated DIO mice, methimazole (MTM)-treated DIO mice and choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, highfat diet (CDAHFD)-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). RESULTS Single dose treatment of coagonist did not alter serum T3 and T4 in chow-fed mice and DIO mice. Coagonist treatment improved lipid metabolism and biliary cholesterol excretion. Chronic treatment of GLP-1 and glucagon coagonist did not alter serum T3 in hypothyroid DIO mice and CDAHFDinduced NASH. Coagonist increased serum T4 in DIO mice after 4 and 40 weeks of treatment, though no change in T4 levels was observed in hypothyroid mice or mice with NASH. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that coagonist of GLP-1 and glucagon receptors does not modulate bile homeostasis via thyroid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal J Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Amit A Joharapurkar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Samadhan G Kshirsagar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Brijesh K Sutariya
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Maulik S Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Rajesh H Bahekar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Sarkhej-Bavla N.H.No.8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad, 382210, India
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Patel VJ, Joharapurkar AA, Kshirsagar SG, Sutariya BK, Patel MS, Patel HM, Pandey DK, Bahekar RH, Jain MR. Coagonist of glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptors ameliorates kidney injury in murine models of obesity and diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2018; 9:80-91. [PMID: 29988851 PMCID: PMC6033704 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v9.i6.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)/glucagon receptors coagonist on renal dysfunction associated with diabetes and obesity.
METHODS Chronic high-fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice, streptozotocin-treated high-fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice and diabetic C57BLKS/J db/db mice were used as models of diabetes-induced renal dysfunction. The streptozotocin-treated high-fat diet fed mice and db/db mice were treated with the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors coagonist (Aib2 C24 Chimera2, 150 μg/kg, sc) for twelve weeks, while in chronic high-fat diet fed mice, coagonist (Aib2 C24 Chimera2, 150 μg/kg, sc) treatment was continued for forty weeks. Kidney function, histology, fibrosis, inflammation, and plasma biochemistry were assessed at the end of the treatment.
RESULTS Coagonist treatment decreased body weight, plasma lipids, insulin resistance, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, urinary albumin excretion rate and renal lipids. In kidney, expression of lipogenic genes (SREBP-1C, FAS, and SCD-1) was decreased, and expression of genes involved in β-oxidation (CPT-1 and PPAR-α) was increased due to coagonist treatment. In plasma, coagonist treatment increased adiponectin and FGF21 and decreased IL-6 and TNF-α. Coagonist treatment reduced expression of inflammatory (TNF-α, MCP-1, and MMP-9) and pro-fibrotic (TGF-β, COL1A1, and α-SMA) genes and also improved histological derangement in renal tissue.
CONCLUSION Coagonist of GLP-1 and glucagon receptors alleviated diabetes and obesity-induced renal dysfunction by reducing glucose intolerance, obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal J Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Amit A Joharapurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Samadhan G Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Brijesh K Sutariya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Maulik S Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Hiren M Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Dheerendra K Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Rajesh H Bahekar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382210, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad 382210, India
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Jain MR, Joharapurkar AA, Kshirsagar SG, Patel VJ, Bahekar RH, Patel HV, Jadav PA, Patel PR, Desai RC. ZY15557, a novel, long acting inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-4, for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2346-2357. [PMID: 28452143 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors increase levels of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and provide clinical benefit in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. As longer acting inhibitors have therapeutic advantages, we developed a novel DPP-4 inhibitor, ZY15557, that has a sustained action and long half-life. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We studied the potency, selectivity, efficacy and duration of action of ZY15557, in vitro, with assays of DPP-4 activity. In vivo, the pharmacodymamics and pharmacokinetics of ZY15557 were studied, using db/db mice and Zucker fatty rats, along with normal mice, rats, dogs and non-human primates. KEY RESULTS ZY15557 is a potent, competitive and long acting inhibitor of DPP-4 (Ki 5.53 nM; Koff 3.2 × 10-4 ·s-1 , half-life 35.8 min). ZY15557 treatment inhibited DPP-4 activity, and enhanced active GLP-1 and insulin in mice and rats, providing dose-dependent anti-hyperglycaemic effects. Anti-hyperglycaemic effects were also observed in db/db mice and Zucker fatty rats. Following oral dosing, ZY15557 significantly inhibited plasma DPP-4 activity, determined ex vivo, in mice and rats for more than 48 h, and for up to 168 h in dogs and non-human primates. Allometric scaling predicts a half-life for ZY15557 in humans of up to 60 h. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ZY15557 is a potent, competitive and long acting DPP-4 inhibitor. ZY15557 showed similar DPP-4 inhibition across different species. ZY15557 showed excellent oral bioavailability in preclinical species. It showed a low plasma clearance (CL) and large volume of distribution (Vss ) across species, resulting in an extended half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul R Jain
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | | | - Vishal J Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajesh H Bahekar
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Harilal V Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pradip A Jadav
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pankaj R Patel
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ranjit C Desai
- Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
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Patel H, Joharapurkar AA, Bahekar R, Patel P, Kshirsagar SG, Modi N, Ghoghari A, Patel VJ, Jain MR, Srinivas NR, Patel PR, Desai RC. Is the Inhibition of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DDP-4) Enzyme Route Dependent and/or Driven by High Peak Concentration?- Seeking Answers with ZYDPLA1, a Novel Long Acting DPP-4 Inhibitor, in a Rodent Model. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2017; 67:223-227. [PMID: 28158894 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-122776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
ZYDPLA1 is a long acting enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor. The comparative effect of DPP-4 inhibition after intravenous (IV) and oral administration of ZYDPLA1 in a rat model was evaluated to answer the question of route dependency and/or the need of high plasma levels of ZYDPLA1. The study was conducted using parallel design in male Wistar rats for IV/oral route (n=9 and 6, for IV and oral respectively). A single 30 mg/kg dose of ZYDPLA1 was administered. Plasma samples were analysed for ZYDPLA1 concentration and DPP-4 inhibition. Pharmacokinetic analysis was carried out to assess peak concentration, area under the concentration-time curve, total body clearance, elimination half-life, and mean residence time. The PK/PD correlation was performed using standard sigmoidal Emax modelling to derive; maximum effect (Emax) and concentration to exert 50% Emax effect (EC50). ZYDPLA1 showed rapid absorption, high volume of distribution, low clearance, and complete oral bioavailability. The Emax derived after both routes and corresponding PK/PD profile showed comparable DDP-4 inhibition. The EC50 for IV (0.021 µg/mL) was comparable to the oral route (0.019 µg/mL). ZYDPLA1 showed full DPP-4 inhibition without regard to the route of administration. Higher systemic peak levels showed no bearing on the DDP-4 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harilal Patel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Amit A Joharapurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajesh Bahekar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Prakash Patel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Samadhan G Kshirsagar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nirav Modi
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ashok Ghoghari
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vishal J Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nuggehally R Srinivas
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pankaj R Patel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ranjit C Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zydus Research Centre, Cadila Healthcare Limited, Ahmedabad, India
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Patel VJ, Joharapurkar AA, Kshirsagar SG, Patel KN, Shah GB, Jain MR. Therapeutic potential of coagonists of glucagon and GLP-1. Cardiovasc Hematol Agents Med Chem 2015; 12:126-33. [PMID: 25330114 DOI: 10.2174/1871525712666141019194025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dual agonism of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptors reduces body weight without inducing hyperglycemia. In addition, coagonists have demonstrated lipid lowering property, which was independent of their anorectic effect. Similarly, GLP-1 modulates cardiovascular function which is favorable for treatment of myocardial injury, cardiac dysfunction, cardiac arrhythmias, endothelial dysfunction, and blood pressure, while glucagon has a positive impact on heart rate, cardiac output, ventricular contraction and enhances cardiac performance in animals and humans. Hence, researchers focused on combining these attributes of GLP-1 and glucagon in a single molecule, which was termed as a coagonist. Oxyntomodulin is the naturally occurring coagonist of GLP-1 and glucagon. This review focusses on the coagonists under clinical development discussing activities affecting cardiovascular functions, lipid modulation, direct effect on cardiac functions or other related functions. A comparative analysis of the in vitro and in vivo properties of GLP-1, glucagon and the coagonists is also carried out. This review discusses potential of GLP-1 and glucagon coagonists in treatment of cardiovascular and hemodynamic diseases with attention to GLP-1 or glucagon receptor specific properties as well as the interaction between other therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Sarkhej Bavla NH No. 8A, Moraiya, Ahmedabad 382210, India.
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Jain MR, Joharapurkar AA, Bahekar RH, Patel H, Jadav P, Kshirsagar SG, Patel VJ, Patel KN, Ramanathan VK, Patel PR, Desai RC. Pharmacological characterization of ZYDPLA1, a novel long-acting dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. J Diabetes 2015; 7:708-17. [PMID: 25327540 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is responsible for degradation of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), the endogenous incretins that stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion. The objective was to evaluate preclinical profile of a novel DPP-4 inhibitor ZYDPLA1. METHODS In vitro inhibition potency and selectivity were assessed using recombinant enzymes and/or plasma. In vivo efficacy was determined in oral glucose tolerance test or mixed meal tolerance test in C57BL/6J mice, db/db mice and Zucker fatty rats. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics was studied in mice, rats, dogs, and non-human primates. RESULTS ZYDPLA1 is a potent, competitive and long acting inhibitor of DPP-4 (Ki 0.0027 μM; Koff 2.3 × 10(-4 ) s(-1) ). ZYDPLA1 was more than 7000-fold selective for recombinant DPP-4 relative to DPP-8 and DPP-9, and more than 60 000-fold selective relative to fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in vitro. DPP-4 inhibition was comparable across species. In vivo, oral ZYDPLA1 elevated circulating GLP-1 and insulin levels in mice and rats and showed dose-dependent anti-hyperglycemic effect. Anti-hyperglycemic effect was also observed in db/db mice and Zucker fatty rats. ZYDPLA1 showed low clearance, large volume of distribution, and a long half-life with excellent oral bioavailability in all species. It significantly inhibited plasma DPP-4 activity in mice and rats for more than 48 h, and for up to 168 h in dogs and non-human primates. Allometric scaling predicted a half-life in humans of 53 to 166 h. CONCLUSION ZYDPLA1 is a potent, selective, long-acting oral DPP-4 inhibitor with potential to become once-a-week therapy for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul R Jain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Amit A Joharapurkar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Rajesh H Bahekar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Harilal Patel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pradip Jadav
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Vishal J Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Kartikkumar N Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vikram K Ramanathan
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Pankaj R Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Ranjit C Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Zydus Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India
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Kshirsagar SG, Patole MS, Shouche YS. Characterization of insect cell lines: heteroduplex analysis employing a mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragment. Anal Biochem 1997; 253:65-9. [PMID: 9356143 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Routine cell line characterization procedures are not adequate for characterizing the cell lines of insect origin. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences and their comparisons have been used successfully for delineating species and phylogenetic analysis. Using similar principles, we have standardized a protocol for the confirmation of species identity of insect cell lines. The procedure includes PCR amplification of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene fragment from the cell line and larvae of known insect species and heteroduplex analysis to detect the sequence variation in the PCR-amplified rRNA gene fragments. If the PCR fragment of the cell lines yields a homoduplex with the larvae of known species, then the cell line is conspecific with the larvae. If the larvae and cell line are of two different species, then the analysis exhibits multiple bands of heteroduplexes. The technique also allows detection of cross-contamination of culture having two insect cell lines belonging to two different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kshirsagar
- National Center for Cell Science, University of Pune Campus, Pune, Ganeshkhind, 411007, India
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Kshirsagar SG. The metabolism of radium-226 during pregnancy in the rat. Radiat Res 1990; 122:294-300. [PMID: 2356283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism of radium including the transfer to the fetus through the placenta was studied during three successive pregnancies 92, 155, and 213 days after injection of 226Ra in young female rats. The cumulative fecal and urinary excretions of 226Ra in a 213-day period following injection were about 30 and 15% injected dose (%ID), respectively, most of them occurring during the first 42 days. The excretions were similar in both the pregnant and control (unmated) rats. The whole-body burden of radium (mostly in the skeleton) determined by actual analysis of the entire body was similar in the two groups and was about 53, 48, and 44 %ID at the first, second, and third pregnancy, respectively. Pregnancy alone, therefore, did not significantly affect metabolism of radium. At 20 days of gestation the mean placental content of radium was 0.005, 0.0045, and 0.0036 %ID in the first, second, and third litter, respectively; the corresponding mean fetal content was 0.01, 0.008, and 0.005 %ID. The radium burden of the full-term neonate (21-22 days) was 0.014 and 0.011 %ID for the first and second delivery, respectively. The total amount calculated of radium transferred from the mother to the 8-10 fetuses in a litter did not exceed about 0.3% of the maternal content per each pregnancy. Comparison of the ratio of radium and calcium in the fetus and maternal skeleton shows that there is a Ra-Ca discrimination during their passage from the mother to the fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kshirsagar
- Biochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Bombay, India
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Kshirsagar SG. Effect of age on strontium-calcium discrimination by rat tissues. Indian J Exp Biol 1985; 23:366-9. [PMID: 4077134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
Some aspects of possible interference in the assay of 228Ra in biological samples were investigated. 228Ra is determined, after coprecipitation with BaSO4, by counting its daughter 228Ac carried on LaF3, due corrections being made for Ba and La recoveries. Tracer studies with 133Ba, 45Ca, 89Sr, 91Y and 234Th, under assay conditions, showed that (i) the small amount (5 mg) of Ba carrier is recovered nearly quantitatively after complete separation from large amounts of Ca (30-480 mg) which if precipitated with Ba would distort the results by falsely high Ba recoveries, (ii) fall-out Sr and Y, as well as natural Th, would not interfere in the assay and (iii) LaF3, in the amounts involved in the assay, produces negligible self-absorption but would enhance the 228Ac activity by as much as about 18% due to scattering.
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Kshirsagar SG. Radiostrontium distribution measured in vitro between bound and free forms in the soft tissues of rat. Int J Radiat Biol Relat Stud Phys Chem Med 1977; 32:561-9. [PMID: 22505 DOI: 10.1080/09553007714551341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of 89Sr (carrier-free) in the bound (non-diffusible) and free (diffusible) forms was studied in vitro in the soft tissues of the albino rat by the ultrafiltration method. The influence of factors such as time and temperature of incubation with 89Sr, concentration and medium of the homogenate, pH and age of the animal on the binding of 89Sr was investigated. The binding increased with rise in pH, being maximum in the pH range 7.0--9.0. The distribution pattern varied with the tissues, the bound form (at pH 7.4) being as high as 84 per cent in the small intestine and as low as 20 per cent in the skin, whereas it was about 40--45 per cent in kidney, liver, lung, skeletal muscle and blood serum. The bound form in most of the tissues of the weanling rats was in general lower than that in 6-month or 1-year-old rats. In the serum, 89Sr was mostly bound to globulins. The bound form of 89Sr was also determined by the method of equilibrium dialysis for comparison.
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Kshirsagar SG. Effects of compounds used for radiostrontium removal on 85Sr distribution in diffusible & non-diffusible forms in rat tissues. Indian J Exp Biol 1977; 15:447-51. [PMID: 202563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
The effect of feeding stable strontium (Sr) on the tissue alkaline and acid phosphatase activities was studied in young rats. These activities were reduced in liver and small intestine by 10% to 15% at 2 weeks, 20% to 30% at 4 weeks and in kidney by 20% at 6 weeks only in rats fed 2% Sr diet; bone alkaliine phosphatase activity was, however, increased by 80% to 100% (2-6 weeks) in these rats. Gross lesions like paralysis, hemorrhage, rickets and high mortality were observed after 4 to 6 weeks. Although no such lesions were seen, appreciable changes in enzyme activities as mentioned above were discernible in rats fed 1% Sr diet for 6 weeks. Feeding of a 0.5% Sr diet for a period up to 6 weeks had no deleterious effect. Recovery following consumption of a normal diet for 2 weeks was almost complete in liver and small intestine but not in kidney. The elevated tissue Sr levels do not explain the pronounced losses seen in this investigation as compared to those in the earlier in vitro experiments. This study depicts the possible damage due to prolonged therapeutic use of large amounts of stable Sr for the removal of radiostrontium.
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Kshirsagar SG. Effect of dietary strontium on the calcium and phosphorus content of liver, intestine and kidney of rat. Indian J Exp Biol 1976; 14:424-7. [PMID: 992801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kshirsagar SG. Effect of high dietary calcium level on the tissue alkaline and acid phosphatase activities of rat. Indian J Exp Biol 1976; 14:190-1. [PMID: 992746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Tadpatrikar NS, Kshirsagar SG. Blood group studies in cattle. Indian Vet J 1969; 46:394-8. [PMID: 5814436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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