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Porcù E, Sipos A, Basso G, Hamel E, Bai R, Stempfer V, Udvardy A, Bényei AC, Schmidhammer H, Antus S, Viola G. Novel 9'-substituted-noscapines: synthesis with Suzuki cross-coupling, structure elucidation and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:476-90. [PMID: 25050880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin is a major molecular target for anticancer drugs. The dynamic process of microtubule assembly and disassembly can be blocked by various agents that bind to distinct sites on tubulin, usually its β-subunit. Among the antimitotic agents that perturb microtubule dynamics, noscapinoids represent an emerging class of agents. In particular, 9'-bromonoscapine (EM011) has been identified as a potent noscapine analog. Here we present high yielding, efficient synthetic methods based on Suzuki coupling of 9'-alkyl and 9'-arylnoscapines and an evaluation of their antiproliferative properties. Our results showed that 9'-alkyl and 9'-aryl derivatives inhibit proliferation of human cancer cells. The most active compounds were the 9'-methyl and the 9'-phenyl derivatives, which showed similar cytotoxic potency in comparison to the 9'-brominated derivative. Interestingly these newly synthesized derivatives did not induce cell death in normal human lymphocytes, suggesting that the compounds may be selective against cancer cells. All of these derivatives, except 9'-(2-methoxyphenyl)-noscapine, efficiently induced a cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle in HeLa and Jurkat cells. Furthermore, we showed that the most active compounds in HeLa cells induced apoptosis following the mitochondrial pathway with the activation of both caspase-9 and caspase-3. In addition, these compounds significantly reduced the expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Porcù
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Laboratory of Oncohematology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Attila Sipos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Laboratory of Oncohematology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Verena Stempfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antal Udvardy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Cs Bényei
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Helmut Schmidhammer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sándor Antus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Department of Woman's and Child's Health, Laboratory of Oncohematology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padova 35128, Italy.
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Edler MC, Yang G, Katherine Jung M, Bai R, Bornmann WG, Hamel E. Demonstration of microtubule-like structures formed with (-)-rhazinilam from purified tubulin outside of cells and a simple tubulin-based assay for evaluation of analog activity. Arch Biochem Biophys 2009; 487:98-104. [PMID: 19497297 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Rhazinilam was spontaneously generated from a natural product during isolation. In cultured cells, it causes microtubule bundle formation, like those caused by paclitaxel. With tubulin, (-)-rhazinilam causes formation of an aberrant spiral polymer. Using glutamate and GTP, we developed an assay for spiral formation and applied it to 17 new (+/-)-rhazinilam analogs with either a modified side chain or a different size D ring. There was reasonable correlation between spiral formation and inhibition of human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cell growth. Only one side chain analog was as active as (+/-)-rhazinilam. During these studies, we observed that omitting GTP from the reaction mixture caused a major change in the morphology of the (-)-rhazinilam-induced polymer, with half the observed polymer being microtubule-like and half being spirals. This mixed polymer slowly disassembled at 0 degrees C, but there was no apparent difference in the lability of the microtubules versus the spirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Edler
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Morgan RE, Werbovetz KA. Selective lead compounds against kinetoplastid tubulin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 625:33-47. [PMID: 18365657 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77570-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites are responsible for the potentially fatal diseases leishmaniasis, African sleeping sickness and Chagas disease. The current treatments for these diseases are far from ideal and new compounds are needed as antiparasitic drug candidates. Tubulin is the accepted target for treatments against cancer and helminths, suggesting that kinetoplastid tubulin is also a suitable target for antiprotozoal compounds. Selective lead compounds against kinetoplastid tubulin have been identified that could represent a starting point for the development of new drug candidates against these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Morgan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Structure-activity relationship studies on a novel class of antiproliferative agents derived from Lavendustin A. Part I: Ring A modifications. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7552-60. [PMID: 18678497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The potent antiproliferative agent SDZ LAP 977, which has shown efficacy in a clinical proof of concept study in actinic keratosis patients, has been previously demonstrated to block the cell cycle in mitosis. In the present study, we further explored the mode of action: SDZ LAP 977 binds to the "colchicine binding site" on tubulin and, thus, inhibits tubulin polymerization in vitro. Moreover, we established structure-activity relationships for the effect of modifications in the 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl moiety ("ring A") of the molecule on in vitro antiproliferative activity.
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Abstract
Despite a large amount of drugs available to treat cancer, none is totally satisfactory with respect to its tolerance or side effects. It is very important to discover new compounds that exhibit specific features such as binding to proteic targets. Given the clinical successes of the poisons of the mitotic spindle chemotherapeutic agent class, it is often considered that tubulin represents one of the best cancer targets identified so far, and it seems likely that discovering new drugs of this class will significantly improve the range of active chemotherapeutic agents. The aim of this work is to present the new screening test that has been developed in our laboratory in order to study the binding of compounds to tubulin. We have developed a screening protocol involving three sampling strategies before the MALDI-TOFMS analysis. The three strategies give very accurate and reproducible results and could therefore possibly be used in screening campaigns. We have also proved that no unspecific binding can provide a loss of specificity of the test. Our protocol presents all the requirements for being a useful tool to screen the binding of compounds to tubulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hannewald
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse et de Chimie Laser, 1, Boulevard Arago, F-57078 METZ Technopôle 2000 Cedex 03, France
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Gerwick WH, Tan LT, Sitachitta N. Nitrogen-containing metabolites from marine cyanobacteria. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2002; 57:75-184. [PMID: 11705123 DOI: 10.1016/s0099-9598(01)57003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W H Gerwick
- College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
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Pettit GR, Lippert JW, Herald DL, Hamel E, Pettit RK. Antineoplastic agents 440. Asymmetric synthesis and evaluation of the combretastatin A-1 SAR probes (1S,2S)- and (1R,2R)-1, 2-dihydroxy- 1-(2',3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyphenyl)-2-(3' ',4' ',5' '-trimethoxyphenyl)-ethane. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2000; 63:969-974. [PMID: 10924176 DOI: 10.1021/np0000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The synthetic (E)-isomer (3b) of natural combretastatin A-1 (1a) isolated from the African bushwillow Combretum caffrum was the focus of chiral hydroxylation (Sharpless) reactions as part of a structure-activity relationship study. The resulting (R,R)- and (S,S, )-diols (6 and 7) and synthetic intermediates were evaluated against a series of cancer cell lines, microorganisms, and tubulin. Chiral diols 6 and 7 showed increased activity against the P-388 murine lymphocytic leukemia cell line with ED(50) values of 3.9 and 2.9 microg/mL, respectively, when compared to the precursor (E)-stilbene 3b. In contrast, (E)-stilbene 3b exhibited more potent antibiotic activity than the chiral diols (6 and 7). Both diols, (R,R)-6 and (S, S)-7, displayed less cancer cell growth inhibition and less antibiotic activity than did natural combretastatin A-1 (1a) (P-388 ED(50) 0.25 microg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2404, USA
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Verdier-Pinard P, Wang Z, Mohanakrishnan AK, Cushman M, Hamel E. A steroid derivative with paclitaxel-like effects on tubulin polymerization. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 57:568-75. [PMID: 10692498 DOI: 10.1124/mol.57.3.568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous estrogen metabolite 2-methoxyestradiol has modest antimitotic activity that may result from a weak interaction at the colchicine binding site of tubulin, but it nevertheless has in vivo antitumor activity. Synthetic efforts to improve activity led to compounds that increased inhibitory effects on cell growth, tubulin polymerization, and binding of colchicine to tubulin. This earlier work was directed at modifications in the steroid A ring, which is probably analogous to the colchicine tropolonic C ring. One of the most active analogs prepared was 2-ethoxyestradiol (2EE). We report here that different modifications in the steroid B ring of 2EE yield compounds with two apparently distinct modes of action. Simple expansion of the B ring to seven members resulted in a compound comparable to 2EE in its ability to inhibit tubulin polymerization and colchicine binding to tubulin. Acetylation of the hydroxyl groups in this analog and in 2EE essentially abolished these inhibitory properties. The introduction of a ketone functionality at C6, together with acetylation of the hydroxyls at positions 3 and 17, produced a compound with activity similar to that of paclitaxel, in that the agent enhanced tubulin polymerization into polymers that were partially stable at 0 degrees C. The acetyl group at C17, but not that at C3, was essential for this paclitaxel-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Verdier-Pinard
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery Research, Division of Cancer Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Yokokawa F, Fujiwara H, Shioiri T. Total Synthesis and Revision of Absolute Stereochemistry of Antillatoxin, an Ichthyotoxic Cyclic Lipopeptide from Marine Cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Verdier-Pinard P, Sitachitta N, Rossi JV, Sackett DL, Gerwick WH, Hamel E. Biosynthesis of radiolabeled curacin A and its rapid and apparently irreversible binding to the colchicine site of tubulin. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 370:51-8. [PMID: 10496976 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Curacin A is a potent competitive inhibitor of colchicine binding to tubulin, and it inhibits the growth of tumor cells. We prepared [(14)C]curacin A biosynthetically to investigate its interaction with tubulin. Binding was rapid, even at 0 degrees C, with a minimum k(f) of 4.4 x 10(3) M(-1) s(-1). We were unable to demonstrate any dissociation of the [(14)C]curacin A from tubulin. Consistent with these observations, the K(a) value was so high that an accurate determination by Scatchard analysis was not possible. The [(14)C]curacin A was released from tubulin following urea treatment, indicating that covalent bond formation does not occur. We concluded that curacin A binds more tightly to tubulin than does colchicine. Besides high-affinity binding to the colchicine site, we observed significant superstoichiometric amounts of the [(14)C]curacin A bound to tubulin, and Scatchard analysis confirmed the presence of two binding sites of relatively low affinity with a K(a) of 3.2 x 10(-5) M(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- P Verdier-Pinard
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, 21702, USA
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Pinney KG, Bounds AD, Dingeman KM, Mocharla VP, Pettit GR, Bai R, Hamel E. A new anti-tubulin agent containing the benzo[b]thiophene ring system. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999; 9:1081-6. [PMID: 10328289 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(99)00143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A new type of inhibitor of tubulin polymerization was discovered based on the 3-aroyl-2-arylbenzo[b]thiophene molecular skeleton. The lead compound in this series, 2-(4'-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3',4',5'-trimethoxybenzoyl)-6-methoxybe nzo[b]thiophene 1, inhibited tubulin polymerization, caused an increase in the mitotic index of CA46 Burkitt lymphoma cells, and inhibited the growth of several human cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Pinney
- Department of Chemistry, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7348, USA
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Verdier-Pinard P, Lai JY, Yoo HD, Yu J, Marquez B, Nagle DG, Nambu M, White JD, Falck JR, Gerwick WH, Day BW, Hamel E. Structure-activity analysis of the interaction of curacin A, the potent colchicine site antimitotic agent, with tubulin and effects of analogs on the growth of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 53:62-76. [PMID: 9443933 DOI: 10.1124/mol.53.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally purified as a major lipid component of a strain of the cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula isolated in Curaçao, curacin A is a potent inhibitor of cell growth and mitosis, binding rapidly and tightly at the colchicine site of tubulin. Because its molecular structure differs so greatly from that of colchicine and other colchicine site inhibitors, we prepared a series of curacin A analogs to determine the important structural features of the molecule. These modifications include reduction and E-to-Z transitions of the olefinic bonds in the 14-carbon side chain of the molecule; disruption of and configurational changes in the cyclopropyl moiety; disruption, oxidation, and configurational reversal in the thiazoline moiety; configurational reversal and substituent modifications at C13; and demethylation at C10. Inhibitory effects on tubulin assembly, the binding of colchicine to tubulin, and the growth of MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells were examined. The most important portions of curacin A required for its interaction with tubulin seem to be the thiazoline ring and the side chain at least through C4, the portion of the side chain including the C9-C10 olefinic bond, and the C10 methyl group. Only two modifications totally eliminated the tubulin-drug interaction. The inactive compounds were a segment containing most of the side chain, including its two substituents, and analogs in which the methyl group at the C13 oxygen atom was replaced by a benzoate residue. Antiproliferative activity comparable with that observed with curacin A was only reproduced in compounds that were potent inhibitors of the binding of colchicine to tubulin. Molecular modeling and quantitative structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated that most active analogs overlapped extensively with curacin A but failed to provide an explanation for the apparent structural analogy between curacin A and colchicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Verdier-Pinard
- Laboratory of Drug Discovery Research and Development, National Cancer Institute, Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702, USA
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Goldbrunner M, Loidl G, Polossek T, Mannschreck A, von Angerer E. Inhibition of tubulin polymerization by 5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-alpha]isoquinoline derivatives. J Med Chem 1997; 40:3524-33. [PMID: 9357519 DOI: 10.1021/jm970177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
6-Alkyl-12-formyl-5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-alpha]isoquinolines have been shown to inhibit the growth of human mammary carcinoma cells by an unknown mode of action. One of the possible molecular targets is the tubulin system which is involved in cell division. A number of 5,6-dihydroindolo[2,1-alpha]isoquinolines with methoxy or hydroxy groups in positions 3, 9, and/or 10 and various functional groups such as formyl, acetyl, cyano, alkylimino, and alkylamino in position 12 were synthesized and evaluated for both inhibition of tubulin polymerization and cytostatic activity in MDA-MB 231 and MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. In the tubulin polymerization assay, only hydroxy derivatives were active, whereas both the hydroxy derivatives and some of the methoxy compounds inhibited cell growth. In order to establish a correlation between the inhibition of tubulin polymerization and cytostatic activity in the hydroxy series, two of the most active racemates were separated into the enantiomers. In both assays, the relative potencies of the hydroxy derivatives were in a similar order. Highest activity was found for the (+)-isomers of 6-propyl- (6b) and 6-butyl-12-formyl-5,6-hydro-3,9-dihydroxyindolo[2,1-alpha]isoquino line (6c) with IC50 values of 11 +/- 0.4 and 3.1 +/- 0.4 microM, respectively, for the polymerization of tubulin at 37 degrees C (colchicine: 2.1 +/- 0.1 microM). The active hydroxy derivatives displaced 40-70% of [3H]colchicine from its binding site in the tubulin at concentrations 10-fold higher than that of colchicine. The data suggest that hydroxy-substituted indolo[2,1-alpha]isoquinolines bind to the colchicine-binding site and inhibit the polymerization of tubulin. This action can be assumed to be responsible for the cytostatic activity of the hydroxy derivatives and might also contribute to the antitumor effect of the corresponding methyl ethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Goldbrunner
- Institut für Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Germany
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