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Sumi MP, Mahajan B, Sattar RSA, Nimisha, Apurva, Kumar A, Sharma AK, Ahmad E, Ali A, Saluja SS. Elucidation of Epigenetic Landscape in Coronary Artery Disease: A Review on Basic Concept to Personalized Medicine. Epigenet Insights 2021; 14:2516865720988567. [PMID: 33598635 PMCID: PMC7863167 DOI: 10.1177/2516865720988567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive clinical research and management protocols applied in the field of coronary artery diseases (CAD), it still holds the number 1 position in mortality worldwide. This indicates that we need to work on precision medicine to discover the diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic targets to improve the outcome of CAD. In precision medicine, epigenetic changes play a vital role in disease onset and progression. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes that do not affect the alterations of DNA sequence in the genome. It comprises various covalent modifications that occur in DNA or histone proteins affecting the spatial arrangement of the DNA and histones. These multiple modifications include DNA/histone methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and SUMOylation. Besides these covalent modifications, non-coding RNAs-viz. miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA are also involved in epigenetics. Smoking, alcohol, diet, environmental pollutants, obesity, and lifestyle are some of the prime factors affecting epigenetic alterations. Novel molecular techniques such as next-generation sequencing, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and mass spectrometry have been developed to identify important cross points in the epigenetic web in relation to various diseases. The studies regarding exploration of epigenetics, have led researchers to identify multiple diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets that are being used in different disease diagnosis and management. Here in this review, we will discuss various ground-breaking contributions of past and recent studies in the epigenetic field in concert with coronary artery diseases. Future prospects of epigenetics and its implication in CAD personalized medicine will also be discussed in brief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta P Sumi
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhawna Mahajan
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Real Sumayya Abdul Sattar
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Nimisha
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Apurva
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhay Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Ejaz Ahmad
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Asgar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Science, Patna, Bihar, India
| | - Sundeep Singh Saluja
- Central Molecular Laboratory, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research (GIPMER), University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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Phillips NLH, Roth TL. Animal Models and Their Contribution to Our Understanding of the Relationship Between Environments, Epigenetic Modifications, and Behavior. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10010047. [PMID: 30650619 PMCID: PMC6357183 DOI: 10.3390/genes10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of non-human animals in research is a longstanding practice to help us understand and improve human biology and health. Animal models allow researchers, for example, to carefully manipulate environmental factors in order to understand how they contribute to development, behavior, and health. In the field of behavioral epigenetics such approaches have contributed novel findings of how the environment physically interacts with our genes, leading to changes in behavior and health. This review highlights some of this research, focused on prenatal immune challenges, environmental toxicants, diet, and early-life stress. In conjunction, we also discuss why animal models were integral to these discoveries and the translational relevance of these discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ledo Husby Phillips
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Tania L Roth
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 108 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Young JT, Shi Y, Niethammer M, Grauer M, Coe CL, Lubach GR, Davis B, Budin F, Knickmeyer RC, Alexander AL, Styner MA. The UNC-Wisconsin Rhesus Macaque Neurodevelopment Database: A Structural MRI and DTI Database of Early Postnatal Development. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:29. [PMID: 28210206 PMCID: PMC5288388 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques are commonly used as a translational animal model in neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental research. In this report, we present longitudinal data from both structural and diffusion MRI images generated on a cohort of 34 typically developing monkeys from 2 weeks to 36 months of age. All images have been manually skull stripped and are being made freely available via an online repository for use by the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yundi Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marc Niethammer
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Christopher L. Coe
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Gabriele R. Lubach
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca C. Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Martin A. Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
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Zheng H, Rathouz PJ. Fitting Procedures for Novel Gene-by-Measured Environment Interaction Models in Behavior Genetic Designs. Behav Genet 2015; 45:467-79. [PMID: 25732055 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-015-9707-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For quantitative behavior genetic (e.g., twin) studies, Purcell proposed a novel model for testing gene-by-measured environment (GxM) interactions while accounting for gene-by-environment correlation. Rathouz et al. expanded this model into a broader class of non-linear biometric models for quantifying and testing such interactions. In this work, we propose a novel factorization of the likelihood for this class of models, and adopt numerical integration techniques to achieve model estimation, especially for those without close-form likelihood. The validity of our procedures is established through numerical simulation studies. The new procedures are illustrated in a twin study analysis of the moderating effect of birth weight on the genetic influences on childhood anxiety. A second example is given in an online appendix. Both the extant GxM models and the new non-linear models critically assume normality of all structural components, which implies continuous, but not normal, manifest response variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zheng
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
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Lendvai ÁZ, Ouyang JQ, Schoenle LA, Fasanello V, Haussmann MF, Bonier F, Moore IT. Experimental food restriction reveals individual differences in corticosterone reaction norms with no oxidative costs. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110564. [PMID: 25386675 PMCID: PMC4227652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly plastic endocrine traits are thought to play a central role in allowing organisms to respond rapidly to environmental change. Yet, not all individuals display the same degree of plasticity in these traits, and the costs of this individual variation in plasticity are unknown. We studied individual differences in corticosterone levels under varying conditions to test whether there are consistent individual differences in (1) baseline corticosterone levels; (2) plasticity in the hormonal response to an ecologically relevant stressor (food restriction); and (3) whether individual differences in plasticity are related to fitness costs, as estimated by oxidative stress levels. We took 25 wild-caught house sparrows into captivity and assigned them to repeated food restricted and control treatments (60% and 110% of their daily food intake), such that each individual experienced both food restricted and control diets twice. We found significant individual variation in baseline corticosterone levels and stress responsiveness, even after controlling for changes in body mass. However, these individual differences in hormonal responsiveness were not related to measures of oxidative stress. These results have implications for how corticosterone levels may evolve in natural populations and raise questions about what we can conclude from phenotypic correlations between hormone levels and fitness measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Z. Lendvai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jenny Q. Ouyang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- The Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura A. Schoenle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Vincent Fasanello
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark F. Haussmann
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Frances Bonier
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ignacio T. Moore
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
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Litwak KN, Levin S. Study examining effects of poor nutrition during pregnancy and lactation in a primate lacks translatability. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:210-1. [PMID: 24363258 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.075507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Litwak
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine 5100 Wisconsin Avenue NW Suite 400 Washington, DC 20016 E-mail: ;
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Shi Y, Short SJ, Knickmeyer RC, Wang J, Coe CL, Niethammer M, Gilmore JH, Zhu H, Styner MA. Diffusion tensor imaging-based characterization of brain neurodevelopment in primates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:36-48. [PMID: 22275483 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Primate neuroimaging provides a critical opportunity for understanding neurodevelopment. Yet the lack of a normative description has limited the direct comparison with changes in humans. This paper presents for the first time a cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) study characterizing primate brain neurodevelopment between 1 and 6 years of age on 25 healthy undisturbed rhesus monkeys (14 male, 11 female). A comprehensive analysis including region-of-interest, voxel-wise, and fiber tract-based approach demonstrated significant changes of DTI properties over time. Changes in fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) exhibited a heterogeneous pattern across different regions as well as along fiber tracts. Most of these patterns are similar to those from human studies yet a few followed unique patterns. Overall, we observed substantial increase in FA and AD and a decrease in RD for white matter (WM) along with similar yet smaller changes in gray matter (GM). We further observed an overall posterior-to-anterior trend in DTI property changes over time and strong correlations between WM and GM development. These DTI trends provide crucial insights into underlying age-related biological maturation, including myelination, axonal density changes, fiber tract reorganization, and synaptic pruning processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundi Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7160, USA.
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Davydov DM, Stewart R, Ritchie K, Chaudieu I. Resilience and mental health. Clin Psychol Rev 2010; 30:479-95. [PMID: 20395025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 516] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between disease and good health has received relatively little attention in mental health. Resilience can be viewed as a defence mechanism, which enables people to thrive in the face of adversity and improving resilience may be an important target for treatment and prophylaxis. Though resilience is a widely-used concept, studies vary substantially in their definition, and measurement. Above all, there is no common underlying theoretical construct to this very heterogeneous research which makes the evaluation and comparison of findings extremely difficult. Furthermore, the varying multi-disciplinary approaches preclude meta-analysis, so that clarification of research in this area must proceed firstly by conceptual unification. We attempt to collate and classify the available research around a multi-level biopsychosocial model, theoretically and semiotically comparable to that used in describing the complex chain of events related to host resistance in infectious disease. Using this underlying construct we attempt to reorganize current knowledge around a unitary concept in order to clarify and indicate potential intervention points for increasing resilience and positive mental health.
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Pauli-Pott U, Friedl S, Hinney A, Hebebrand J. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), environmental conditions, and developing negative emotionality and fear in early childhood. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2009; 116:503-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-008-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Individualized preventive psychiatry: syndrome and vulnerability diagnostics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 258 Suppl 5:92-7. [PMID: 18985303 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-008-5020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of prevention and treatment strategies of psychiatric disorders will depend on a more profound knowledge of the complex relationships between gene-environment interactions, particularly the interplay of vulnerability and resilience factors within a person's biography. In this article, the advantages and limitations of the current psychiatric classification systems will be discussed. New directions for a future multiaxial system including biological, psychological, social, life span, gender and cultural factors based on the DSM-V- and ICD-11-research agenda are going to be outlined. Psychiatry without psychopathology is impossible. However, in the future, psychopathology will be closer linked to the biological and psychological nature of the disease process and more function-based. Future diagnostic classification manuals should include dimensional and categorical aspects as well as vulnerability and resilience diagnostic elements. There is a need for a personalized integrative diagnosis and care.
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