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Lorestanifar M, Mosayebi Molasaraei M, Jashaninejad R, Khoshmanesh S, Doosti-Irani A. The prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in patients with type 2 diabetes: a multicenter cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2023; 22:787-792. [PMID: 37255779 PMCID: PMC10225438 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01201-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide. Studies have shown that poor blood sugar control is associated with the complications of diabetes, we aimed to determine the prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (UDM) and its related factors. Methods This multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 on type 2 diabetic patients in three cities; Rasht (in Gillan province), Borujerd (in Lorestan province), and Khodabandeh (in Zanjan province). A predesigned checklist was used to extract the basic characteristics of participants, their hemoglobin A1C, and other required data from their medical records. The prevalence of uncontrolled diabetes was reported with a 95% Confidence Interval. Results In this study, the medical records of 460 patients with type 2 diabetes were included. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the age of participants was 59.17 (11.59), and 73.2% (337) of participants were female. The prevalence of UDM in Rasht, Borujerd, and Khodabandeh was 58.27%, 69.38%, and 45.65% respectively. The prevalence of UDM in obese patients was 64.78% (57.03, 71.82). Based on the results of the adjusted model, an increase in diastolic blood pressure was significantly associated with UDM, meaning each unit increase in diastolic blood pressure was associated with a 3% increase in UDM (95% CI: 1.01, 1.06), adjusted for age, gender and education. Conclusion According to these results, the prevalence of UDM among patients with diabetes is high. Diastolic blood pressure and low level of education were associated with UDM in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monir Lorestanifar
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Mosayebi Molasaraei
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Reyhaneh Jashaninejad
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saman Khoshmanesh
- Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Amin Doosti-Irani
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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de Abreu Sesconetto L, da Silva RBR, Galletti RP, Agareno GA, Colonno BB, de Sousa JHB, Tustumi F. Scores for Predicting Diabetes Remission in Bariatric Surgery: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obes Surg 2023; 33:600-610. [PMID: 36456846 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-022-06382-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to compare the accuracy of pre-existent scores predicting diabetes remission after bariatric and metabolic surgery. Among the scores, DiaBetter presented the largest area under the curve (AUC) (0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.9). Ad-DiaRem had the lowest AUC (0.79; 95% CI, 0.76-0.83). Ad-DiaRem showed the highest sensitivity (91%; 95% CI, 86-96%), with a specificity of 71.23% (95% CI 50.43 to 92.06%). IMS showed a sensitivity of 59% (95% CI, 20-90%), with the highest specificity (86%; 95% CI, 69-94%). Clinicians should associate the findings of the present review with patients' individual characteristics to help predict diabetes remission and evaluate the probability of the patient benefit from surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Francisco Tustumi
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Gastroenterology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Alkhaldi G, Aljohani N, Hussain SD, Alfawaz HA, Hameidi A, Saadawy GM, Elsaid MA, Alharbi M, Sabico S, Al-Daghri NM. General Public's Knowledge of Diabetes and Physical Activity in Saudi Arabia over Time: The Need to Refresh Awareness Campaigns. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11030286. [PMID: 36766861 PMCID: PMC9913913 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major health issue in Saudi Arabia. Prevention of DM and its complications requires an understanding of the disease and modifiable behaviors (e.g., physical activity-PA). The purpose of this study was to examine the trends in knowledge of the general population regarding DM to better understand the shortcomings in the current awareness programs. This article presents a cross-sectional series study where a survey was distributed to a total of 3493 participants over four years, from 2017 till 2020, to assess general knowledge about DM, including information about PA. The mean percentage of correct responses of DM general knowledge was 63.8 ± 19.0 in 2017, which decreased to 61.3 ± 18.7 in 2020 with a significant beta coefficient of -0.8 ± 0.2 (p < 0.001). Participants' awareness about PA remained constantly high for four years: the mean percentage of correct responses was 82.1 ± 23.6 in 2017 and 82.0 ± 23.1 in 2020, and the beta coefficient was -0.5 ± 0.3 (p = 0.147). Furthermore, stratification by demographics showed that the majority of the subgroups (age, sex, educational status, marital status, having relative with DM, nationality) reported a significant declining trend in general DM knowledge. In addition, some of the subgroups also showed a declining trend in PA awareness. Future prevention efforts should assess the community's DM knowledge regularly to tailor awareness efforts to the population segments that need heightened educational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadah Alkhaldi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naji Aljohani
- Obesity Endocrine and Metabolism Center, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Danish Hussain
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan A. Alfawaz
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Gamal M. Saadawy
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Elsaid
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alharbi
- Diabetes Centres and Units Administration, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaun Sabico
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M. Al-Daghri
- Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-114675939; Fax: +966-114675931
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Simaiya S, Kaur R, Sandhu JK, Alsafyani M, Alroobaea R, alsekait DM, Margala M, Chakrabarti P. A novel multistage ensemble approach for prediction and classification of diabetes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1085240. [PMID: 36601350 PMCID: PMC9807241 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1085240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome affecting millions of people worldwide. Every year, the rate of occurrence rises drastically. Diabetes-related problems across several vital organs of the body can be fatal if left untreated. Diabetes must be detected early to receive proper treatment, preventing the condition from escalating to severe problems. Tremendous health sciences and biotechnology advancements have resulted in massive data that generated massive Electronic Health Records and clinical information. The exponential increase of electronically gathered information has resulted in more complicated, accurate prediction models that can be updated continuously using machine learning techniques. This research mainly emphasizes discovering the best ensemble model for predicting diabetes. A new multistage ensemble model is proposed for diabetes prediction. In this model, accuracy is predicated on the Pima Indian Diabetes dataset. The accuracy of the proposed ensemble model is compared with the existing machine learning model, and the experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed model in terms of higher Precision, f-measure, Recall, and area under the curve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Simaiya
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India,School of Computing and Informatics, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, United States,*Correspondence: Sarita Simaiya, ; Martin Margala,
| | - Rajwinder Kaur
- Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Jasminder Kaur Sandhu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Majed Alsafyani
- Department Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roobaea Alroobaea
- Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Deema mohammed alsekait
- Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Applied College, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Margala
- School of Computing and Informatics, University of Louisiana, Lafayette, LA, United States,*Correspondence: Sarita Simaiya, ; Martin Margala,
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Alhagawy AJ, Yafei S, Hummadi A, Abutaleb R, Hakamy M, Alzughbi T, Gharawi N, Moafa M, Mokali A, Alhiqwy I, Altherwi M. Barriers and Attitudes of Primary Healthcare Physicians to Insulin Initiation and Intensification in Saudi Arabia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16794. [PMID: 36554673 PMCID: PMC9779059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Saudi Arabia is a country with high prevalence of diabetes, uncontrolled diabetes, and diabetes-related complications. Poor glycemic control is multifactorial and could be explained in part by physician and patient reluctance toward insulin or insulin inertia. This study aimed to address physician barriers toward insulin therapy in primary care settings. It included 288 physicians from 168 primary healthcare centers (PHC) in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia. Participants responded to questionnaire investigating physicians' attitude and barriers to insulin initiation and intensification in PHCs. In physician opinion, the most common barriers among their patients were fear of injection, lack of patient education, fear of hypoglycemia, and difficult administration. Physicians were reluctant to initiate insulin for T2D patients mostly due to patient non-adherence to blood sugar measurement, non-adherence to appointment or treatment, elderly patients, or due to patient refusal. Physicians' fear of hypoglycemia, lack of staff for patient education, and lack of updated knowledge were the primary clinician-related barriers. Exaggerated fears of insulin side effects, patient non-adherence, limited staff for patient's education, patient refusal, and inadequate consultation time were the main barriers to insulin acceptance and prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jaber Alhagawy
- Jazan Endocrinology & Diabetes Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Yafei
- Jazan Endocrinology & Diabetes Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz P.O. Box 6803, Yemen
| | - Abdulrahman Hummadi
- Jazan Endocrinology & Diabetes Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Abutaleb
- Jazan Endocrinology & Diabetes Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Hakamy
- Family Medicine, Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki Alzughbi
- Jazan Endocrinology & Diabetes Center, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nabeel Gharawi
- Family Medicine, Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manal Moafa
- Family Medicine, Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Mokali
- Family Medicine, Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Alhiqwy
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mousa Altherwi
- Nursing Department, Ministry of Health, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
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Alsaif F, Al-hamoudi W, Alotaiby M, Alsadoon A, Almayouf M, Almadany H, Abuhaimed J, Ghufran N, Merajuddin A, Ali Khan I. Molecular Screening via Sanger Sequencing of the Genetic Variants in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Subjects in the Saudi Population: A Hospital-Based Study. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121240. [PMID: 36557278 PMCID: PMC9784496 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases, along with steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and is associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Candidate gene and genome-wide association studies have validated the relationships between NAFLD, NASH, PNPLA3, TM6SF2, and HFE. The present study utilized five polymorphisms in three genes: PNPLA3 (I148M and K434E) TM6SF2 (E167K), and HFE (H63D and C282Y), based on undocumented case−control studies in the Saudi Arabian population. A total of 95 patients with NAFLD and 78 non-NAFLD subjects were recruited. Genomic DNA was isolated, and polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing were performed using specific primers for the I148M, K434E, E167K, H63D, and C282Y. NAFLD subjects were older when compared to controls and showed the significant association (p = 0.0001). Non-significant association was found between gender (p = 0.26). However, both weight and BMI were found to be associated. Hardy−Weinberg equilibrium analysis confirmed that H63D, I148M, and K434E polymorphisms were associated. Genotype analysis showed only K434E variant was associated with NAFLD and non-NAFLD (OR-2.16; 95% CI: 1.08−4.31; p = 0.02). However, other polymorphisms performed with NAFLD and NASH were not associated (p > 0.05), and similar analysis was found when ANOVA was performed (p > 0.05). In conclusion, we confirmed that K434E polymorphism showed a positive association in the Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Alsaif
- Surgery Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Genetic Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Al-hamoudi
- Molecular Genetic Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
- Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maram Alotaiby
- Molecular Genetic Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratories and Blood Bank Services Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Amani Alsadoon
- Liver Disease Research Center, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almayouf
- Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Almadany
- Surgery Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawahir Abuhaimed
- College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh P.O. Box 400, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noman Ghufran
- Molecular Genetic Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Merajuddin
- Molecular Genetic Pathology Unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
- Research and Development Unit, Adela Inc. 610, University of Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2R5, Canada
| | - Imran Ali Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.A.); (I.A.K.)
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Alanazi M, Alatawi AM. Adherence to Diabetes Mellitus Treatment Regimen Among Patients With Diabetes in the Tabuk Region of Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2022; 14:e30688. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Gaffar B, Farooqi FA, Nazir MA, Bakhurji E, Al-Khalifa KS, Alhareky M, Virtanen JI. Oral health-related interdisciplinary practices among healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia: Does integrated care exist? BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:75. [PMID: 35300658 PMCID: PMC8928017 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02113-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a bidirectional relation between oral and general health, therefore collaboration between healthcare providers is needed. This study investigated current interdisciplinary practices (IDP) and the associated factors among healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Eastern Saudi Arabia recruiting four groups of health professionals (nurses, physicians, pediatricians and Ear-Nose and Throat (ENT) specialists). A validated, self-administered questionnaire was distributed online and shared through social media platforms. The questionnaire explored predisposing factors (demographics) and facilitating factors (knowledge, attitudes, attendance of oral health training and source of knowledge) associated with IDP. Results A total of 1398 health professionals were recruited. Participants showed fair oral health knowledge (7.1 ± 2.1) and attitudes (22.2 ± 3). Three-fourths (74.6%) reported always providing oral health education (OHE) to their patients, more than half (59.6%) reported always conducting an oral health screening (OHS), two-thirds (66.7%) reported responding to patients’ questions about oral health or conditions and 58.7% reported referring patients to dentists. Pediatricians and physicians had greater odds of IDP compared to other health professionals. Source of oral health knowledge (Ministry of Health (MOH) and formal education) was significantly associated with increased odds of IDP. Participants with good oral health knowledge had greater odds of responding to patients’ oral health question as well as have more referral practices. Conclusion The results reveal a discrepancy between participants' IDP, knowledge, and attitudes. Incorporating dental component to medical curricula, continuous education and training programs targeting health professionals through Ministry of Health should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balgis Gaffar
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam Costal Street, B.O Box 1982, Dammam, Costal Code 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Faraz Ahmed Farooqi
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ashraf Nazir
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam Costal Street, B.O Box 1982, Dammam, Costal Code 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Bakhurji
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam Costal Street, B.O Box 1982, Dammam, Costal Code 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalifa S Al-Khalifa
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam Costal Street, B.O Box 1982, Dammam, Costal Code 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhanad Alhareky
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam Costal Street, B.O Box 1982, Dammam, Costal Code 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jorma I Virtanen
- Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Al-Maweri SA, Altayyar MO, AlQahtani KW, Bamasud MS, AlGhamdi OY, Ashraf S, Eshky R, Ba-Hattab R, Kassim S. Xerostomia, Salivary Flow, and Oral Health Status Among Saudi Diabetic Patients: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2021; 13:451-458. [PMID: 34764700 PMCID: PMC8577274 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s337581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with numerous oral complications, including frequent oral infections, periodontal diseases, hyposalivation, and xerostomia. The present study aimed to investigate salivary flow rate, xerostomia, and oral health status among a group of Saudi diabetic patients as compared to healthy controls. Patients and Methods This comparative cross-sectional study involved 50 diabetic patients (aged between 15 and 70 years) and 53 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Data collection was carried out using a structured questionnaire and clinical examination of oral health status, which included salivary flow rates, saliva pH, tooth loss, plaque accumulation, and gingival health. Independent t-tests, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and chi-square tests were performed to compare between groups. Results The results revealed a statistically significant lower salivary flow (0.33 ± 0.16 vs 0.59 ± 0.54; p = 0.002) and lower saliva pH (6.36 ± 0.49 vs 6.58 ± 0.39; p = 0.014) in diabetic patients than in the control group. A higher proportion of diabetic subjects (60%) self-reported having xerostomia compared to controls (52%), but the findings were statistically non-significant. Additionally, the results revealed slightly poorer oral health and greater tooth loss among DM patients, although the results did not attain a significant difference (P > 0.05). Conclusion The findings of the present study demonstrate poor oral health and a high prevalence of xerostomia among Saudi diabetic patients. Oral health education should therefore be promoted in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadeq A Al-Maweri
- College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Maryam Saleh Bamasud
- Department of Dentistry, Saudi Ministry of Health, Sakaka city, Jouf Region, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ohud Yanalah AlGhamdi
- Department of Dentistry, Saudi Ministry of Health, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajna Ashraf
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawah Eshky
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raidan Ba-Hattab
- College of Dental Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Saba Kassim
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia
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Investigating Health-Related Features and Their Impact on the Prediction of Diabetes Using Machine Learning. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11031173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases leading to severe health complications that may cause death. The disease influences individuals, community, and the government due to the continuous monitoring, lifelong commitment, and the cost of treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers Saudi Arabia as one of the top 10 countries in diabetes prevalence across the world. Since most of its medical services are provided by the government, the cost of the treatment in terms of hospitals and clinical visits and lab tests represents a real burden due to the large scale of the disease. The ability to predict the diabetic status of a patient with only a handful of features can allow cost-effective, rapid, and widely-available screening of diabetes, thereby lessening the health and economic burden caused by diabetes alone. The goal of this paper is to investigate the prediction of diabetic patients and compare the role of HbA1c and FPG as input features. By using five different machine learning classifiers, and using feature elimination through feature permutation and hierarchical clustering, we established good performance for accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score of the models on the dataset implying that our data or features are not bound to specific models. In addition, the consistent performance across all the evaluation metrics indicate that there was no trade-off or penalty among the evaluation metrics. Further analysis was performed on the data to identify the risk factors and their indirect impact on diabetes classification. Our analysis presented great agreement with the risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes stated by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and other health institutions worldwide. We conclude that by performing analysis of the disease using selected features, important factors specific to the Saudi population can be identified, whose management can result in controlling the disease. We also provide some recommendations learned from this research.
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