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Joshua Ashaolu T, Joshua Olatunji O, Can Karaca A, Lee CC, Mahdi Jafari S. Anti-obesity and anti-diabetic bioactive peptides: A comprehensive review of their sources, properties, and techno-functional challenges. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114427. [PMID: 38763677 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The scourge of obesity arising from obesogens and poor dieting still ravages our planet as half of the global population may be overweight and obese by 2035. This metabolic disorder is intertwined with type 2 diabetes (T2D), both of which warrant alternative therapeutic options other than clinically approved drugs like orlistat with their tendency of abuse and side effects. In this review, we comprehensively describe the global obesity problem and its connection to T2D. Obesity, overconsumption of fats, the mechanism of fat digestion, obesogenic gut microbiota, inhibition of fat digestion, and natural anti-obesity compounds are discussed. Similar discussions are made for diabetes with regard to glucose regulation, the diabetic gut microbiota, and insulinotropic compounds. The sources and production of anti-obesity bioactive peptides (AOBPs) and anti-diabetic bioactive peptides (ADBPs) are also described while explaining their structure-function relationships, gastrointestinal behaviors, and action mechanisms. Finally, the techno-functional applications of AOBPs and ADBPs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam; Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam.
| | | | - Asli Can Karaca
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Chi-Ching Lee
- Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Department of Food Engineering, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran; Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
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Sztanek F, Tóth LI, Pető A, Hernyák M, Diószegi Á, Harangi M. New Developments in Pharmacological Treatment of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes-Beyond and within GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1320. [PMID: 38927527 PMCID: PMC11201978 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Guidelines for the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) emphasize the importance of lifestyle changes, including a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity. However, for many people, these changes can be difficult to maintain over the long term. Medication options are already available to treat obesity, which can help reduce appetite and/or reduce caloric intake. Incretin-based peptides exert their effect through G-protein-coupled receptors, the receptors for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and glucagon peptide hormones are important regulators of insulin secretion and energy metabolism. Understanding the role of intercellular signaling pathways and inflammatory processes is essential for the development of effective pharmacological agents in obesity. GLP-1 receptor agonists have been successfully used, but it is assumed that their effectiveness may be limited by desensitization and downregulation of the target receptor. A growing number of new agents acting on incretin hormones are becoming available for everyday clinical practice, including oral GLP-1 receptor agonists, the dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist tirzepatide, and other dual and triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonists, which may show further significant therapeutic potential. This narrative review summarizes the therapeutic effects of different incretin hormones and presents future prospects in the treatment of T2DM and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Sztanek
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Imre Tóth
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Pető
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis Hospital of Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen County Central Hospital and University Teaching Hospital, H-3529 Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Marcell Hernyák
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Diószegi
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mariann Harangi
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-UD Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group 11003, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Shen Z, Chen M, Li Q, Ma J. Decreased glucagon in diabetic peripheral neuropathy patients with long duration type 2 diabetes. Postgrad Med J 2024:qgae056. [PMID: 38646729 DOI: 10.1093/postmj/qgae056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association of fasting C-peptide and glucagon with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS A comprehensive evaluation was conducted on 797 patients with T2DM to assess the various risk factors affecting DPN. The subjects were categorized into short duration and long duration group according to the duration of diabetes with a threshold of 10 years. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the association between DPN and islet function, as well as other parameters. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive capability of glucagon. RESULTS The fasting C-peptide levels were significantly lower in the DPN patients with short duration of diabetes, but lost significance in the long duration group. Conversely, a decreased level of glucagon was only observed in DPN patients with long duration of diabetes. For the group with long duration of diabetes, glucagon was the sole risk factor associated with DPN. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that glucagon in the long duration group exhibited a moderate area under the curve of 0.706. CONCLUSIONS The serum glucagon levels in T2DM patients with DPN exhibited bidirectional changes based on the duration of diabetes. Decreased glucagon was associated with DPN in T2DM patients with long duration of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Mengxing Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Jianhua Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
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Miao JX, Xu JP, Wang R, Xu YX, Xu F, Wang CH, Yu C, Zhang DM, Su JB. Connections between body composition and dysregulation of islet α- and β-cells in type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2024; 16:11. [PMID: 38191505 PMCID: PMC10775650 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01250-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accompanying islet α- and β-cell dysregulation in type 2 diabetes (T2D) at the microscopic scale, alterations in body composition at the macroscopic scale may affect the pathogenesis of T2D. However, the connections between body composition and islet α-cell and β-cell functions in T2D have not been thoroughly explored. METHODS For this cross-sectional study, we recruited a total of 729 Chinese Han patients with T2D in a consecutive manner. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure body composition, which included total bone-free mass, total fat and lean mass, trunk fat and lean mass and limb fat and lean mass. Every patient underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to simultaneously detect glucose, C-peptide and glucagon. The indices of islet α-cell function included fasting glucagon levels and the area under the curve of glucagon after a challenge (AUCglucagon), while the indices of β-cell function included the insulin sensitivity index derived from C-peptide (ISIC-peptide) and the area under the curve of C-peptide after a challenge (AUCC-peptide). RESULTS Among all patients, fat mass, especially trunk fat mass, was significantly correlated with ISIC-peptide and AUCC-peptide levels (r = - 0.330 and 0.317, respectively, p < 0.001), while lean mass, especially limb lean mass, was significantly correlated with fasting glucagon and AUCglucagon levels (r = - 0.196 and - 0.214, respectively, p < 0.001). Moreover, after adjusting for other relevant variables via multivariate linear regression analysis, increased trunk fat mass was independently associated with decreased ISIC-peptide (β = - 0.247, t = - 3.628, p < 0.001, partial R2 = 10.9%) and increased AUCC-peptide (β = 0.229, t = 3.581, p < 0.001, partial R2 = 8.2%), while decreased limb lean mass was independently associated with increased fasting glucagon (β = - 0.226, t = - 2.127, p = 0.034, partial R2 = 3.8%) and increased AUCglucagon (β = - 0.218, t = - 2.050, p = 0.041, partial R2 = 2.3%). Additionally, when separate analyses were performed with the same concept for both sexes, we found that increased trunk fat mass was still independently associated with decreased ISIC-peptide and increased AUCC-peptide, while decreased limb lean mass was still independently associated with increased fasting glucagon and AUCglucagon. CONCLUSIONS Increased trunk fat mass may partly account for decreased insulin sensitivity and increased insulin secretion, while decreased limb lean mass may be connected to increased fasting glucagon and postprandial glucagon secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xi Miao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Yu-Xian Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Jian-Bin Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong, No.666 Shengli Road, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Tschöp M, Nogueiras R, Ahrén B. Gut hormone-based pharmacology: novel formulations and future possibilities for metabolic disease therapy. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1796-1808. [PMID: 37209227 PMCID: PMC10474213 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05929-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are established pharmaceutical therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. They mimic the action of GLP-1 to reduce glucose levels through stimulation of insulin secretion and inhibition of glucagon secretion. They also reduce body weight by inducing satiety through central actions. The GLP-1 receptor agonists used clinically are based on exendin-4 and native GLP-1 and are available as formulations for daily or weekly s.c. or oral administration. GLP-1 receptor agonism is also achieved by inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4), which prevent the inactivation of GLP-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), thereby prolonging their raised levels after meal ingestion. Other developments in GLP-1 receptor agonism include the formation of small orally available agonists and compounds with the potential to pharmaceutically stimulate GLP-1 secretion from the gut. In addition, GLP-1/glucagon and GLP-1/GIP dual receptor agonists and GLP-1/GIP/glucagon triple receptor agonists have shown the potential to reduce blood glucose levels and body weight through their effects on islets and peripheral tissues, improving beta cell function and stimulating energy expenditure. This review summarises developments in gut hormone-based therapies and presents the future outlook for their use in type 2 diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Tschöp
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum, München, Germany
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Bo Ahrén
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Sabnis RW. Novel 2,5-Diazabicyclo[4.2.0]octanes as GLP-1 Receptor Modulators for Treating Type 2 Diabetes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:709-710. [PMID: 37312848 PMCID: PMC10258909 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Provided herein are 2,5-diazabicyclo[4.2.0]octanes as GLP-1 receptor modulators, pharmaceutical compositions, use of such compounds in treating type 2 diabetes, and processes for preparing such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram W. Sabnis
- Smith, Gambrell & Russell
LLP, 1105 W. Peachtree Street NE, Suite 1000, Atlanta, Georgia 30309, United States
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Pan Y, Qiu D, Chen S, Han X, Li R. High glucose inhibits neural differentiation by excessive autophagy <em>via</em> peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Eur J Histochem 2023; 67. [PMID: 37170914 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes globally has led to the widespread occurrence of severe complications, such as diabetic neuropathy, which is a result of chronic hyperglycemia. Studies have demonstrated that maternal diabetes can lead to neural tube defects by suppressing neurogenesis during neuroepithelium development. While aberrant autophagy has been associated with abnormal neuronal differentiation, the mechanism by which high glucose suppresses neural differentiation in stem cells remains unclear. Therefore, we developed a neuronal cell differentiation model of retinoic acid induced P19 cells to investigate the impact of high glucose on neuronal differentiation in vitro. Our findings indicate that high glucose (HG) hinders neuronal differentiation and triggers excessive. Furthermore, HG treatment significantly reduces the expression of markers for neurons (Tuj1) and glia (GFAP), while enhancing autophagic activity mediated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). By manipulating PPARγ activity through pharmacological approaches and genetically knocking it down using shRNA, we discovered that altering PPARγ activity affects the differentiation of neural stem cells exposed to HG. Our study reveals that PPARγ acts as a downstream mediator in high glucose-suppressed neural stem cell differentiation and that refining autophagic activity via PPARγ at an appropriate level could improve neuronal differentiation efficiency. Our data provide novel insights and potential therapeutic targets for the clinical management of gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan, Guangzhou.
| | - Di Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan, Guangzhou.
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan, Guangzhou.
| | - Xiaoxue Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan, Guangzhou.
| | - Ruiman Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan, Guangzhou.
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