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The Emerging Role of Sperm-Associated Antigen 6 Gene in the Microtubule Function of Cells and Cancer. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2019; 15:101-107. [PMID: 31660426 PMCID: PMC6807308 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated evidence shows that sperm-associated antigen 6 (SPAG6) gene has multiple biological functions. It maintains the normal function of a variety of cells including ciliary/flagellar biogenesis and polarization, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration. Moreover, SPAG6 is found to be critically involved in auditory transduction and the fibroblast life cycle. Furthermore, SPAG6 plays an essential role in immuno-regulation. Notably, SPAG6 has been demonstrated to participate in the occurrence and progression of a variety of human cancers. New evidence shows that SPAG6 gene regulates tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. Therefore, in this review, we describe the physiological function and mechanism of SPAG6 in human normal cells and cancer cells. We also highlight that SPAG6 gene may be an effective biomarker for the diagnosis of human cancer. Taken together, targeting SPAG6 could be a novel strategy for the treatment of human diseases including cancer.
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Luo X, Xia Y, Li XD, Wang JY. The effect of AP-2δ on transcription of the Prestin gene in HEI-OC1 cells upon oxidative stress. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2019; 24:45. [PMID: 31297132 PMCID: PMC6595603 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-019-0170-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study aimed to investigate the effect of oxidative stress on Prestin expression, and explore the transcription factors (TFs) that are involved in regulating the expression of Prestin in House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells upon oxidative stress. Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the expression level of Prestin. Reverse chromatin immunoprecipitation (reverse ChIP) assay was performed to identify proteins that could bind to the Prestin gene. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) experiments were used to further verify the results. HEI-OC1 cells were incubated with four different concentrations of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) for 24 h or 48 h to construct the oxidative stress model. Results Oxidative stress induced Prestin increase at the mRNA level but with a concomitant decrease at the protein level. TF activating enhancer binding protein-2δ (AP-2δ) screened by reverse ChIP assay was demonstrated to bind to transcriptional start site 1441 of the Prestin promoter region and negatively regulate the expression of Prestin by siRNA and ChIP experiments. Furthermore, AP-2δ was down-regulated under oxidative stress. Conclusions In conclusion, oxidative stress inhibits the expression of Prestin protein, and the transcription mechanism is triggered to compensate for the loss of Prestin protein. AP-2δ is one of the important TFs that suppresses transcription of the Prestin gene, and AP-2δ suppression further boosted Prestin mRNA activation under oxidative stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s11658-019-0170-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- 1Department of Labor Health and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510310 China
| | - Yun Xia
- 2Department of Labor Health and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510310 China
| | - Xu-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory, Occupational Disease Prevention and Control of Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510300 China
| | - Jun-Yi Wang
- 1Department of Labor Health and Environmental Hygiene, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510310 China
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Specific Influences of Early Acoustic Environments on Cochlear Hair Cells in Postnatal Mice. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:5616930. [PMID: 29849558 PMCID: PMC5926484 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5616930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The auditory function develops and matures after birth in many mammalian species. After hearing onset, environmental sounds exert profound and long-term effects on auditory functions. However, the effects of the acoustic environment on the functional development of the peripheral auditory system, especially the cochlear sensory hair cells, are still unclear. In the present study, we exposed mouse pups to frequency-enriched acoustic environments in postnatal days 0–14. The results indicated that the acoustic environment significantly decreased the threshold of the auditory brainstem response in a frequency-specific manner. Compared with controls, no difference was found in the number and alignment of inner and outer hair cells or in the length of hair bundles after acoustic overstimulation. The expression and function of prestin, the motor protein of outer hair cells (OHCs), were specifically increased in OHCs activated by acoustic stimulation at postnatal days 7–11. We analyzed the postnatal maturation of ribbon synapses in the hair cell areas. After acoustic stimulation, the number of ribbon synapses was closer to the mature stage than to the controls. Taken together, these data indicate that early acoustic exposure could promote the functional maturation of cochlear hair cells and the development of hearing.
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Toward Biological Subtyping of Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma With Clinical Implications Through Histologic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Analysis. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 41:1618-1629. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mateo Sánchez S, Freeman SD, Delacroix L, Malgrange B. The role of post-translational modifications in hearing and deafness. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3521-33. [PMID: 27147466 PMCID: PMC11108544 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key molecular events that modify proteins after their synthesis and modulate their ultimate functional properties by affecting their stability, localisation, interaction potential or activity. These chemical changes expand the size of the proteome adding diversity to the molecular pathways governing the biological outcome of cells. PTMs are, thus, crucial in regulating a variety of cellular processes such as apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation and have been shown to be instrumental during embryonic development. In addition, alterations in protein PTMs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including deafness. In this review, we summarize the recent progress made in understanding the roles of PTMs during cochlear development, with particular emphasis on the enzymes driving protein phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, glycosylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. We also discuss how these enzymes may contribute to hearing impairment and deafness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Mateo Sánchez
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stephen D Freeman
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Laurence Delacroix
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Malgrange
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital (CHU), Avenue Hippocrate 15, Tour 4, 1er étage, Bât. B36, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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Basch ML, Brown RM, Jen H, Groves AK. Where hearing starts: the development of the mammalian cochlea. J Anat 2016; 228:233-54. [PMID: 26052920 PMCID: PMC4718162 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian cochlea is a remarkable sensory organ, capable of perceiving sound over a range of 10(12) in pressure, and discriminating both infrasonic and ultrasonic frequencies in different species. The sensory hair cells of the mammalian cochlea are exquisitely sensitive, responding to atomic-level deflections at speeds on the order of tens of microseconds. The number and placement of hair cells are precisely determined during inner ear development, and a large number of developmental processes sculpt the shape, size and morphology of these cells along the length of the cochlear duct to make them optimally responsive to different sound frequencies. In this review, we briefly discuss the evolutionary origins of the mammalian cochlea, and then describe the successive developmental processes that lead to its induction, cell cycle exit, cellular patterning and the establishment of topologically distinct frequency responses along its length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L. Basch
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Rogers M. Brown
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Hsin‐I Jen
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
| | - Andrew K. Groves
- Department of NeuroscienceBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Program in Developmental BiologyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Molecular and Human GeneticsBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA
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Wang J, Li X, Zhang Z, Wang H, Li J. Expression of prestin in OHCs is reduced in Spag6 gene knockout mice. Neurosci Lett 2015; 592:42-7. [PMID: 25748314 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sperm-associated antigen 6 (Spag6) gene, which encodes an axonemal protein (SPAG6), ubiquitously expresses in tissue and organs containing ciliated cells. The present work was to investigate whether SPAG6 expressed in cochlear hair cells and, if so, to explore the presumable correlations between prestin and SPAG6. The distribution of SPAG6 in organ of Corti and the morphological features of hair cells in basilar membrane were investigated by immunofluorescent staining. The amount of prestin in Spag6 mutant mice was measured by Western blotting and real-time PCR, respectively. Additionally, co-immunoprecipitation tests were performed to confirm the presumed interaction between prestin and SPAG6. We observed that SPAG6 expressed in the cuticular plate in outer hair cells (OHCs) and prestin in the lateral wall of OHCs that located along with SPAG6 at this site. In comparison to Spag6 +/+ mice, Spag6 -/- mice showed apparent morphological abnormity of OHCs and lower intensity of prestin fluorescence. The expression of prestin in Spag6 -/- mice reduced significantly at both protein and mRNA levels. Moreover, co-immunoprecipitation tests demonstrated the interaction between prestin and SPAG6. Taken together, these data indicate that SPAG6 is indispensible for the stability of OHCs by maintaining the normal expression of prestin, which implies that Spag6 gene is essential for mechanosensory function of OHCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan 250021, PR China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan 250021, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Ji'nan 250021, PR China
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji'nan 250021, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Ji'nan 250021, PR China.
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, PR China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Otology, Ji'nan 250021, PR China.
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Xia A, Song Y, Wang R, Gao SS, Clifton W, Raphael P, Chao SI, Pereira FA, Groves AK, Oghalai JS. Prestin regulation and function in residual outer hair cells after noise-induced hearing loss. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82602. [PMID: 24376553 PMCID: PMC3869702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The outer hair cell (OHC) motor protein prestin is necessary for electromotility, which drives cochlear amplification and produces exquisitely sharp frequency tuning. TectaC1509G transgenic mice have hearing loss, and surprisingly have increased OHC prestin levels. We hypothesized, therefore, that prestin up-regulation may represent a generalized response to compensate for a state of hearing loss. In the present study, we sought to determine the effects of noise-induced hearing loss on prestin expression. After noise exposure, we performed cytocochleograms and observed OHC loss only in the basal region of the cochlea. Next, we patch clamped OHCs from the apical turn (9–12 kHz region), where no OHCs were lost, in noise-exposed and age-matched control mice. The non-linear capacitance was significantly higher in noise-exposed mice, consistent with higher functional prestin levels. We then measured prestin protein and mRNA levels in whole-cochlea specimens. Both Western blot and qPCR studies demonstrated increased prestin expression after noise exposure. Finally, we examined the effect of the prestin increase in vivo following noise damage. Immediately after noise exposure, ABR and DPOAE thresholds were elevated by 30–40 dB. While most of the temporary threshold shifts recovered within 3 days, there were additional improvements over the next month. However, DPOAE magnitudes, basilar membrane vibration, and CAP tuning curve measurements from the 9–12 kHz cochlear region demonstrated no differences between noise-exposed mice and control mice. Taken together, these data indicate that prestin is up-regulated by 32–58% in residual OHCs after noise exposure and that the prestin is functional. These findings are consistent with the notion that prestin increases in an attempt to partially compensate for reduced force production because of missing OHCs. However, in regions where there is no OHC loss, the cochlea is able to compensate for the excess prestin in order to maintain stable auditory thresholds and frequency discrimination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cochlear Microphonic Potentials
- Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/metabolism
- Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer/pathology
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/metabolism
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/pathology
- Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced/physiopathology
- Mice
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Motor Proteins/genetics
- Molecular Motor Proteins/metabolism
- Noise
- Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Xia
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yohan Song
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rosalie Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Simon S. Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Will Clifton
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patrick Raphael
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sung-il Chao
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Fred A. Pereira
- Bobby R. Alford Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew K. Groves
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John S. Oghalai
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gross J, Angerstein M, Fuchs J, Stute K, Mazurek B. Expression analysis of prestin and selected transcription factors in newborn rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 31:1089-101. [PMID: 21614551 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) have a central role to play in regulating gene expression. To analyze the co-expression patterns of selected TFs with the motor protein prestin of the outer hair cells, we applied an real-time PCR approach combining several kinds of information: (i) expression changes during postnatal development, (ii) expression changes by exposure of organotypic cultures of the organ of Corti to factors which significantly affect prestin expression [thyroid hormone (T4), retinoic acid (RA), butyric acid (BA), increased KCl concentration] and (iii) changes along the apical-basal gradient. We found that the mRNA levels of the TF Brn-3c (Pou4f3), a member of the POU family, are significantly associated with the regulation of prestin during postnatal development and in cultures supplemented with T4 (0.5 μM), BA (0.5-2.0 mM), and high KCl (50 mM) concentration. The mRNA level of the constitutively active TF C/ebpb (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta) correlates positively with the prestin expression during postnatal development and in cultures exposed to T4 and RA (50-100 μM). The mRNA levels of the calcium-dependent TF CaRF correlates significantly with the prestin expression in cultures exposed to T4 and high KCl concentration. The observed coexpression patterns may suggest that the TFs Brn-3c, C/ebpb, and Carf contribute to regulating the expression of prestin under the investigated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Gross
- Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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