1
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Koralewska N, Corradi E, Milewski MC, Masante L, Szczepanska A, Kierzek R, Figlerowicz M, Baudet ML, Kurzynska-Kokorniak A. Short 2'-O-methyl/LNA oligomers as highly-selective inhibitors of miRNA production in vitro and in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5804-5824. [PMID: 38676942 PMCID: PMC11162791 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that share identical or near-identical sequences constitute miRNA families and are predicted to act redundantly. Yet recent evidence suggests that members of the same miRNA family with high sequence similarity might have different roles and that this functional divergence might be rooted in their precursors' sequence. Current knock-down strategies such as antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) or miRNA sponges cannot distinguish between identical or near identical miRNAs originating from different precursors to allow exploring unique functions of these miRNAs. We here develop a novel strategy based on short 2'-OMe/LNA-modified oligonucleotides to selectively target specific precursor molecules and ablate the production of individual members of miRNA families in vitro and in vivo. Leveraging the highly conserved Xenopus miR-181a family as proof-of-concept, we demonstrate that 2'-OMe/LNA-ASOs targeting the apical region of pre-miRNAs achieve precursor-selective inhibition of mature miRNA-5p production. Furthermore, we extend the applicability of our approach to the human miR-16 family, illustrating its universality in targeting precursors generating identical miRNAs. Overall, our strategy enables efficient manipulation of miRNA expression, offering a powerful tool to dissect the functions of identical or highly similar miRNAs derived from different precursors within miRNA families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Koralewska
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Eloina Corradi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Marek C Milewski
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Linda Masante
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Szczepanska
- Department of Ribonucleoprotein Biochemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Ryszard Kierzek
- Department of Structural Chemistry and Biology of Nucleic Acids, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
| | - Marie-Laure Baudet
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology – CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Anna Kurzynska-Kokorniak
- Department of Ribonucleoprotein Biochemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan 61-704, Poland
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2
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Zhang H, Zhuang P, Welchko RM, Dai M, Meng F, Turner DL. Regulation of retinal amacrine cell generation by miR-216b and Foxn3. Development 2022; 149:273765. [PMID: 34919141 PMCID: PMC8917416 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian retina contains a complex mixture of different types of neurons. We find that microRNA miR-216b is preferentially expressed in postmitotic retinal amacrine cells in the mouse retina, and expression of miR-216a/b and miR-217 in retina depend in part on Ptf1a, a transcription factor required for amacrine cell differentiation. Surprisingly, ectopic expression of miR-216b directed the formation of additional amacrine cells and reduced bipolar neurons in the developing retina. We identify the Foxn3 mRNA as a retinal target of miR-216b by Argonaute PAR-CLIP and reporter analysis. Inhibition of Foxn3, a transcription factor, in the postnatal developing retina by RNAi increased the formation of amacrine cells and reduced bipolar cell formation. Foxn3 disruption by CRISPR in embryonic retinal explants also increased amacrine cell formation, whereas Foxn3 overexpression inhibited amacrine cell formation prior to Ptf1a expression. Co-expression of Foxn3 partially reversed the effects of ectopic miR-216b on retinal cell formation. Our results identify Foxn3 as a novel regulator of interneuron formation in the developing retina and suggest that miR-216b likely regulates Foxn3 and other genes in amacrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqing Zhang
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Pei Zhuang
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ryan M. Welchko
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Manhong Dai
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Fan Meng
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David L. Turner
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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3
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Rajool Dezfuly A, Safaee A, Salehi H. Therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles' miRNAs on retinal regeneration: a review. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:530. [PMID: 34620234 PMCID: PMC8499475 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02588-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which consist of microvesicles and exosomes, are secreted from all cells to transform vital information in the form of lipids, proteins, mRNAs and small RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Many studies demonstrated that EVs' miRNAs have effects on target cells. Numerous people suffer from the blindness caused by retinal degenerations. The death of retinal neurons is irreversible and creates permanent damage to the retina. In the absence of acceptable cures for retinal degenerative diseases, stem cells and their paracrine agents including EVs have become a promising therapeutic approach. Several studies showed that the therapeutic effects of stem cells are due to the miRNAs of their EVs. Considering the effects of microRNAs in retinal cells development and function and studies which provide the possible roles of mesenchymal stem cells-derived EVs miRNA content on retinal diseases, we focused on the similarities between these two groups of miRNAs that could be helpful for promoting new therapeutic techniques for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rajool Dezfuly
- Department of Anatomical and Molecular Biology Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Azadeh Safaee
- Department of Anatomical and Molecular Biology Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Salehi
- Department of Anatomical and Molecular Biology Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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4
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Pawlick JS, Zuzic M, Pasquini G, Swiersy A, Busskamp V. MiRNA Regulatory Functions in Photoreceptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:620249. [PMID: 33553155 PMCID: PMC7858257 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.620249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression. These small, non-coding RNAs post-transcriptionally silence messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in a sequence-specific manner. In this way, miRNAs control important regulatory functions, also in the retina. If dysregulated, these molecules are involved in several retinal pathologies. For example, several miRNAs have been linked to essential photoreceptor functions, including light sensitivity, synaptic transmission, and modulation of inflammatory responses. Mechanistic miRNA knockout and knockdown studies further linked their functions to degenerative retinal diseases. Of note, the type and timing of genetic manipulation before, during, or after retinal development, is important when studying specific miRNA knockout effects. Within this review, we focus on miR-124 and the miR-183/96/182 cluster, which have assigned functions in photoreceptors in health and disease. As a single miRNA can regulate hundreds of mRNAs, we will also discuss the experimental validation and manipulation approaches to study complex miRNA/mRNA regulatory networks. Revealing these networks is essential to understand retinal pathologies and to harness miRNAs as precise therapeutic and diagnostic tools to stabilize the photoreceptors’ transcriptomes and, thereby, function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sophie Pawlick
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marta Zuzic
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Giovanni Pasquini
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anka Swiersy
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Volker Busskamp
- Universitäts-Augenklinik Bonn, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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5
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Brain Dicer1 Is Down-Regulated in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease Via Aβ42-Induced Repression of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:4417-4437. [PMID: 32737764 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dicer1 is a microRNA-processing enzyme which plays critical roles in neuronal survival and neuritogenesis. Dicer1 deletion induces neurodegeneration or degeneration in retinal pigment epithelium, which is associated with oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is thought to be central in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, we hypothesize that Dicer1 may play roles in AD. Using immunoblotting and quantitative real-time PCR, Dicer1 protein and mRNA were reduced in the hippocampi of the AD mouse model APPswe/PSEN1dE9 compared with littermate controls. SiRNA-mediated Dicer1 knockdown induced oxidative stress and apoptosis and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential in cultured neurons. Chronic Aβ42 exposure decreased Dicer1 and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which were reversed by N-acetyl-cystein. Nrf2 overexpression increased Dicer1 mRNA and protein and reverted the Aβ42-induced Dicer1 reduction. We further cloned Dicer1 promoter variants harboring the Nrf2-binding site, the antioxidant response elements (ARE), into a luciferase reporter and found that simultaneous transfection of Nrf2-expressing plasmid increased luciferase expression from these promoter constructs. ChIP assays indicated that Nrf2 directly interacted with the ARE motifs in the Dicer1 promoter. Furthermore, Dicer1 overexpression in cultured neurons reverted Aβ42-induced neurite deficits. Notably, injection of Dicer1-expressing adenovirus into the hippocampus of the mice significantly improved spatial learning. Altogether, we found novel roles of Dicer1 in AD and a novel regulatory pathway for Dicer1. These results suggest that Dicer1 is a target in AD therapy, especially at the early stage of this disorder. In this study, we found that Dicer1 was reduced in the brain of AD mice which is the first report to examine Dicer1 in AD. We further found (i) that Aβ42 exposure decreased Dicer1 via attenuating Nrf2-ARE signaling and (ii) injection of Dicer1-expressing adenovirus into the hippocampus of the AD mice significantly improved spatial learning. Altogether, we found novel roles of Dicer1 in AD and a novel regulatory pathway for Dicer1. This study may open new avenues for investigating potential pathognomonics and pathogenesis in AD.
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6
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Sun L, Chen X, Jin Z. Emerging roles of non‐coding RNAs in retinal diseases: A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 48:1085-1101. [PMID: 32519377 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lan‐Fang Sun
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Retinal Regeneration, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Xue‐Jiao Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Retinal Regeneration, Division of Ophthalmic Genetics, The Eye Hospital Wenzhou Medical University Wenzhou China
| | - Zi‐Bing Jin
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Beijing China
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7
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Indrieri A, Carrella S, Carotenuto P, Banfi S, Franco B. The Pervasive Role of the miR-181 Family in Development, Neurodegeneration, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062092. [PMID: 32197476 PMCID: PMC7139714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs playing a fundamental role in the regulation of gene expression. Evidence accumulating in the past decades indicate that they are capable of simultaneously modulating diverse signaling pathways involved in a variety of pathophysiological processes. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the function of a highly conserved group of miRNAs, the miR-181 family, both in physiological as well as in pathological conditions. We summarize a large body of studies highlighting a role for this miRNA family in the regulation of key biological processes such as embryonic development, cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, mitochondrial function, and immune response. Importantly, members of this family have been involved in many pathological processes underlying the most common neurodegenerative disorders as well as different solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The relevance of this miRNA family in the pathogenesis of these disorders and their possible influence on the severity of their manifestations will be discussed. A better understanding of the miR-181 family in pathological conditions may open new therapeutic avenues for devasting disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Indrieri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), 20090 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (S.B.); (B.F.); Tel.: +39-081-19230655 (A.I.); +39-081-19230606 (S.B.); +39-081-19230615 (B.F.)
| | - Sabrina Carrella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Medical Genetics, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro Carotenuto
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (P.C.)
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Therapeutics Unit 15 Cotswold Road, Sutton, London SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Medical Genetics, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (S.B.); (B.F.); Tel.: +39-081-19230655 (A.I.); +39-081-19230606 (S.B.); +39-081-19230615 (B.F.)
| | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (P.C.)
- Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.I.); (S.B.); (B.F.); Tel.: +39-081-19230655 (A.I.); +39-081-19230606 (S.B.); +39-081-19230615 (B.F.)
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8
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Combined microRNA and mRNA detection in mammalian retinas by in situ hybridization chain reaction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:351. [PMID: 31942002 PMCID: PMC6962165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57194-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved in situ hybridization methods for mRNA detection in tissues have been developed based on the hybridization chain reaction (HCR). We show that in situ HCR methods can be used for the detection of microRNAs in tissue sections from mouse retinas. In situ HCR can be used for the detection of two microRNAs simultaneously or for the combined detection of microRNA and mRNA. In addition, miRNA in situ HCR can be combined with immunodetection of proteins. We use these methods to characterize cells expressing specific microRNAs in the mouse retina. We find that miR-181a is expressed in amacrine cells during development and in adult retinas, and it is present in both GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells. The detection of microRNAs with in situ HCR should facilitate studies of microRNA function and gene regulation in the retina and other tissues.
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9
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Protective effect inhibiting the expression of miR-181a on the diabetic corneal nerve in a mouse model. Exp Eye Res 2020; 192:107925. [PMID: 31926967 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.107925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the protective effect of inhibiting miR-181a on diabetic corneal nerve in mice, we chose male C57BL/6 mice with streptozotocin (STZ) -induced diabetes as animal models. The expression of miR-181a in trigeminal ganglion tissue (TG) of diabetic mice was detected by real-time PCR. In vitro, we cultured mouse trigeminal ganglion neurons and measured the neuronal axon growth when treated under miR-181a antagomir and negative conditions (NTC). Immunofluorescence showed a significant increase in neuronal axon length in trigeminal ganglion cells treated with miR-181a antagomir. In animal models, we performed epithelial scraping and subconjunctival injection of the miR-181a antagomir and miRNA antagomir NTC to observe the corneal nerve repair by corneal nerve staining. miR-181a antagomir subconjunctival injection significantly increased the corneal epithelium healing of diabetic mice compared with that of the NTC group. Meanwhile, corneal nerve staining showed that the repair of corneal nerve endings was significantly promoted. As the targets of the 181a, ATG5 and BCL-2 were previously identified. The results of Western blot showed that the expression of autophagy associated protein ATG5 and LC3B-II and the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were decreased in the high-glucose cell culture environment and the diabetic TG tissue. The expression of ATG5, LC3B-II and Bcl-2 were significantly increased after miR-181a antagomir treatment compared with negative control group. This study showed that inhibition of miR-181a expression in diabetic mice could increase ATG5-mediated autophagic activation, BCL-2-mediated inhibition of apoptosis, and promote the growth of trigeminal sensory neurons and the regeneration of corneal nerve fibers. It has a protective effect on diabetic corneal neuropathy.
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10
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Indrieri A, Carrella S, Romano A, Spaziano A, Marrocco E, Fernandez‐Vizarra E, Barbato S, Pizzo M, Ezhova Y, Golia FM, Ciampi L, Tammaro R, Henao‐Mejia J, Williams A, Flavell RA, De Leonibus E, Zeviani M, Surace EM, Banfi S, Franco B. miR-181a/b downregulation exerts a protective action on mitochondrial disease models. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 11:emmm.201708734. [PMID: 30979712 PMCID: PMC6505685 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201708734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial diseases (MDs) are a heterogeneous group of devastating and often fatal disorders due to defective oxidative phosphorylation. Despite the recent advances in mitochondrial medicine, effective therapies are still not available for these conditions. Here, we demonstrate that the microRNAs miR-181a and miR-181b (miR-181a/b) regulate key genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and function and that downregulation of these miRNAs enhances mitochondrial turnover in the retina through the coordinated activation of mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy. We thus tested the effect of miR-181a/b inactivation in different animal models of MDs, such as microphthalmia with linear skin lesions and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy. We found that miR-181a/b downregulation strongly protects retinal neurons from cell death and significantly ameliorates the disease phenotype in all tested models. Altogether, our results demonstrate that miR-181a/b regulate mitochondrial homeostasis and that these miRNAs may be effective gene-independent therapeutic targets for MDs characterized by neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Indrieri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly,Medical GeneticsDepartment of Translational Medical ScienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Sabrina Carrella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly,Medical GeneticsDepartment of Precision MedicineUniversity of Campania “L. Vanvitelli”Caserta CEItaly
| | - Alessia Romano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | | | - Elena Marrocco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | | | - Sara Barbato
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | | | - Yulia Ezhova
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | | | - Ludovica Ciampi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Roberta Tammaro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Jorge Henao‐Mejia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA,Institute for ImmunologyPerelman School of MedicineUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPAUSA
| | - Adam Williams
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic MedicineFarmingtonCTUSA,Department of Genetics and Genomic SciencesUniversity of Connecticut Health CenterFarmingtonCTUSA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of ImmunobiologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCTUSA,Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseMDUSA
| | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly,Institute of Cellular Biology and Neurobiology “ABT”CNRRomaItaly
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Enrico M Surace
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly,Medical GeneticsDepartment of Translational Medical ScienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly,Present address:
Medical GeneticsDepartment of Translational Medical ScienceUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy .,Medical Genetics, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta CE, Italy
| | - Brunella Franco
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy .,Medical Genetics, Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Ma Y, Zang L, Wang D, Jiang J, Wang C, Wang X, Fang F, Wang H. Effects of miR-181a-5p abnormal expression on zebrafish (Danio rerio) vascular development following triclosan exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 223:523-535. [PMID: 30784759 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), one of the important bactericides, is widely used in personal care products, and its chronic exposure leads to severe toxic effects on the growth and development of blood vessels in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Herein, we screened out three differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-181a-5p, miR-132-3p and miR-128-3p) by sequencing and qRT-PCR analyses of 4-96-hpf TCS-exposed zebrafish, among which miR-181a-5p was found to regulate many signaling pathways involved in fatty acid biosynthesis and phosphatidylimositol signaling systems. By O-dianisidine staining, TCS-exposure resulted in decreased distribution of red blood cells and induced blood hypercoagulable state and thrombotic effects. Defective subintestinal veins (SIVs), and decreased branching and curvature of blood vessels were observed with increasing TCS-exposure concentrations. After microinjection of miR-181a-5p mimic and inhibitor, zebrafish malformation type and percentage were prominently increased such as distorted SIV vessels along with reduced venation and abnormal branches by ALP staining. Overexpressed miR-181a-5p had a greater effect on development and branching patterns of arteries and veins than its knockdown. By laser confocal microscopy observation, the 72-hpf Tg (flk1: mCherry) zebrafish obviously displayed vascular proliferation and ablation in the miR-181a-5p mimic group. Microinjection of miR-181a-5p mimics and inhibitors led to abnormal expressions (20-50%) of two key target genes (pax2a and vash2) by WISH, and increased malformation percentages (18-45%) by IOD analysis. Overexpression of vash2 led to the inhibitory or promoting effects on the expression of PI3K signaling pathway-related genes, proving that the effect of vash2 on development of blood vessels could be realized by inhibiting PI3K signaling pathway. These observations lay theoretical foundation for deep insight into the molecular mechanisms on TCS-induced cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Luxiu Zang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Danting Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jiahui Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Caihong Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Municipal Sewage Resource Utilization Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
| | - Fang Fang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| | - Huili Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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Xu EG, Magnuson JT, Diamante G, Mager E, Pasparakis C, Grosell M, Roberts AP, Schlenk D. Changes in microRNA-mRNA Signatures Agree with Morphological, Physiological, and Behavioral Changes in Larval Mahi-Mahi Treated with Deepwater Horizon Oil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13501-13510. [PMID: 30376307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we performed a systematic evaluation of global microRNA-mRNA interactions associated with the developmental toxicity of Deepwater Horizon oil using a combination of integrated mRNA and microRNA deep sequencing, expression profiling, gene ontology enrichment, and functional predictions by a series of advanced bioinformatic tools. After exposure to water accommodated fraction (WAF) of both weathered slick oil (0.5%, 1%, and 2%) and source oil (0.125%, 0.25%, and 0.5%) from the Deep Water Horizon oil spill, four dose-dependent miRNAs were identified, including three up-regulated (miR-23b, miR-34b, and miR-181b) and one down-regulated miRNAs (miR-203a) in mahi-mahi hatchings exposed from 6 h postfertilization (hpf) to 48 hpf. Consistent with morphological, physiological, and behavioral changes, the target genes of these miRNAs were largely involved in the development of the cardiovascular, visual, nervous system and associated toxicity pathways, suggesting that miRNAs play an essential role in regulating the responses to oil exposure. The results obtained from this study improve our understanding of the role of miRNAs and their target genes in relation to dose-dependent oil toxicity and provide the potential of using miRNAs as novel biomarkers in future oil studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute , University of North Texas in Denton , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
| | - Graciel Diamante
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
| | - Edward Mager
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute , University of North Texas in Denton , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
| | - Christina Pasparakis
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, RSMAS , University of Miami , Miami , Florida 33149 , United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, RSMAS , University of Miami , Miami , Florida 33149 , United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences & Advanced Environmental Research Institute , University of North Texas in Denton , Denton , Texas 76203 , United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences , University of California , Riverside , California 92521 , United States
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13
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Non-coding RNAs in retinal development and function. Hum Genet 2018; 138:957-971. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Hapak SM, Rothlin CV, Ghosh S. PAR3-PAR6-atypical PKC polarity complex proteins in neuronal polarization. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2735-2761. [PMID: 29696344 PMCID: PMC11105418 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polarity is a fundamental feature of cells. Protein complexes, including the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex, have conserved roles in establishing polarity across a number of eukaryotic cell types. In neurons, polarity is evident as distinct axonal versus dendritic domains. The PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins also play important roles in neuronal polarization. During this process, either aPKC kinase activity, the assembly of the PAR3-PAR6-aPKC complex or the localization of these proteins is regulated downstream of a number of signaling pathways. In turn, the PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC proteins control various effector molecules to establish neuronal polarity. Herein, we discuss the many signaling mechanisms and effector functions that have been linked to PAR3, PAR6, and aPKC during the establishment of neuronal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M Hapak
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 401 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Carla V Rothlin
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Sourav Ghosh
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 300 George Street, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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15
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Li W, Jiang Y, Wang Y, Yang S, Bi X, Pan X, Ma A, Li W. MiR-181b regulates autophagy in a model of Parkinson's disease by targeting the PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2018; 675:83-88. [PMID: 29608948 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Recent studies have shown that dysregulation of microRNA plays an important role in PD, and defects in autophagy are also critically associated with mechanisms underlying PD. We aim to investigate the effect of miR-181b on autophagy, particularly the involvement of miR-181b in the regulation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway and neuronal autophagy in a 1-methyl-4- phenylpyridinium iodide(MPP+)-induced cellular model of Parkinson's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used MPP+ as a tool to construct the PD cell model, using miR-181b mimics or inhibitors to regulate the expression of miR-181b. PC12 cell viability was detected by MTT. The expression of miR-181b was determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The expression of autophagy protein markers (LC3II) and PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling proteins (PTEN, p-AKT,p-mTOR and p-p70S6K) were determined by Western blotting analysis. RESULTS The expression of miR-181b and autophagy-related proteins was gradually decreased with increasing MPP+ content. Overexpression of miR-181b significantly decreased the LC3II/GAPDH ratio and increased cell viability compared to the MPP+ treated group, whereas inhibition of miR-181b attenuated these effects. In addition, we observed that PTEN expression was reduced by miR-181b mimics and induced by its inhibitors in MPP+-treated PC12 cells. Additionally, the indicators of AKT/mTOR signaling, phosphorylated (active) AKT, mTOR and p70S6K were both increased by miR-181b mimics and decreased by its inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that miR-181b regulates autophagy by targeting the PTEN/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby affecting cell viability in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China
| | - Yongmei Jiang
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China.
| | - Shaonan Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China.
| | - Xinran Bi
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China.
| | - Xudong Pan
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China.
| | - Aijun Ma
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of the Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266100, China.
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16
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Deng B, Bai F, Zhou H, Zhou D, Ma Z, Xiong L, Wang Q. Electroacupuncture enhances rehabilitation through miR-181b targeting PirB after ischemic stroke. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38997. [PMID: 27966582 PMCID: PMC5155251 DOI: 10.1038/srep38997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins are beneficial to axon regeneration, which may be involved in Electroacupuncture (EA) therapy against stroke. In this study, we aimed to determine the pivotal role of PirB in EA-produced rehabilitation against ischemic stroke; and to screen and investigate the potential miRNAs directly regulating PirB expression. The results showed EA treatment enhanced axon regeneration and new projections from the corticospinal tract at 28 d after cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury of rats. Then, we found EA decreased pirb mRNA and PirB protein expression in the penumbra within 28 days after reperfusion. The reduction of PirB expression facilitated neurite outgrowth after oxygen-glucose deprivation injury. The miRNA microarray showed the level of twenty kinds of miRNAs changed in the penumbra after EA administration. The bioinformatics study and luciferase assay verified miR-181b directly regulated pirb mRNA expression. EA increased miR-181b levels in the penumbras, and improved neurobehavioral function rehabilitation through miR-181b direct targeting of pirb mRNA to regulate the expression of PirB, RhoA and GAP43. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that EA enhances rehabilitation against stroke by regulating epigenetic changes to directly act on its targets, such as the miR-181b/PirB/RhoA/GAP43 axis, which is a novel mechanism of EA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Anesthesiology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Fuhai Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Zhi Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China
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17
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Carrella S, Barbato S, D’Agostino Y, Salierno FG, Manfredi A, Banfi S, Conte I. TGF-β Controls miR-181/ERK Regulatory Network during Retinal Axon Specification and Growth. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144129. [PMID: 26641497 PMCID: PMC4671616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal axon specification and growth are critically sensitive to the dosage of numerous signaling molecules and transcription factors. Subtle variations in the expression levels of key molecules may result in a variety of axonal growth anomalies. miR-181a and miR-181b are two eye-enriched microRNAs whose inactivation in medaka fish leads to alterations of the proper establishment of connectivity and function in the visual system. miR-181a/b are fundamental regulators of MAPK signaling and their role in retinal axon growth and specification is just beginning to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate that miR-181a/b are key nodes in the interplay between TGF-β and MAPK/ERK within the functional pathways that control retinal axon specification and growth. Using a variety of in vivo and in vitro approaches in medaka fish, we demonstrate that TGF-β signaling controls the miR-181/ERK regulatory network, which in turn strengthens the TGF-β-mediated regulation of RhoA degradation. Significantly, these data uncover the role of TGF-β signaling in vivo, for the first time, in defining the correct wiring and assembly of functional retina neural circuits and further highlight miR-181a/b as key factors in axon specification and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Carrella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Sara Barbato
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Ylenia D’Agostino
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | | | - Anna Manfredi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Sandro Banfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
- Medical Genetics, Dipartimento di Biochimica, Biofisica e Patologia Generale, Second University of Naples, via Luigi De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail: (SB); (IC)
| | - Ivan Conte
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
- * E-mail: (SB); (IC)
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18
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Rodríguez-de la Rosa L, Sánchez-Calderón H, Contreras J, Murillo-Cuesta S, Falagan S, Avendaño C, Dopazo J, Varela-Nieto I, Milo M. Comparative gene expression study of the vestibular organ of the Igf1 deficient mouse using whole-transcript arrays. Hear Res 2015; 330:62-77. [PMID: 26341476 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The auditory and vestibular organs form the inner ear and have a common developmental origin. Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has a central role in the development of the cochlea and maintenance of hearing. Its deficiency causes sensorineural hearing loss in man and mice. During chicken early development, IGF-1 modulates neurogenesis of the cochleovestibular ganglion but no further studies have been conducted to explore the potential role of IGF-1 in the vestibular system. In this study we have compared the whole transcriptome of the vestibular organ from wild type and Igf1(-/-) mice at different developmental and postnatal times. RNA was prepared from E18.5, P15 and P90 vestibular organs of Igf1(-/-) and Igf1(+/+) mice and the transcriptome analysed in triplicates using Affymetrix(®) Mouse Gene 1.1 ST Array Plates. These plates are whole-transcript arrays that include probes to measure both messenger (mRNA) and long intergenic non-coding RNA transcripts (lincRNA), with a coverage of over 28 thousand coding transcripts and over 7 thousands non-coding transcripts. Given the complexity of the data we used two different methods VSN-RMA and mmBGX to analyse and compare the data. This is to better evaluate the number of false positives and to quantify uncertainty of low signals. We identified a number of differentially expressed genes that we described using functional analysis and validated using RT-qPCR. The morphology of the vestibular organ did not show differences between genotypes and no evident alterations were observed in the vestibular sensory areas of the null mice. However, well-defined cellular alterations were found in the vestibular neurons with respect their number and size. Although these mice did not show a dramatic vestibular phenotype, we conducted a functional analysis on differentially expressed genes between genotypes and across time. This was with the aim to identify new pathways that are involved in the development of the vestibular organ as well as pathways that maybe affected by the lack of IGF-1 and be associated to the morphological changes of the vestibular neurons that we observed in the Igf1(-/-) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Rodríguez-de la Rosa
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hortensia Sánchez-Calderón
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Contreras
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Murillo-Cuesta
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Falagan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Avendaño
- IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Dopazo
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; Department of Computational Genomics, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Isabel Varela-Nieto
- Neurobiology of Hearing, Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Alberto Sols Biomedical Research Institute (IIBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain; IdiPAZ Institute for Health Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Milo
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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