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Izzy S, Yahya T, Albastaki O, Cao T, Schwerdtfeger LA, Abou-El-Hassan H, Chopra K, Ekwudo MN, Kurdeikaite U, Verissimo IM, LeServe DS, Lanser TB, Aronchik M, Oliveira MG, Moreira T, Rezende RM, El Khoury J, Cox LM, Weiner HL, Zafonte R, Whalen MJ. High-salt diet induces microbiome dysregulation, neuroinflammation and anxiety in the chronic period after mild repetitive closed head injury in adolescent mice. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae147. [PMID: 39045090 PMCID: PMC11264151 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The associations between human concussions and subsequent sequelae of chronic neuropsychiatric and cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension have been reported; however, little is known about the underlying biological processes. We hypothesized that dietary changes, including a high-salt diet, disrupt the bidirectional gut-brain axis, resulting in worsening neuroinflammation and emergence of cardiovascular and behavioural phenotypes in the chronic period after repetitive closed head injury in adolescent mice. Adolescent mice were subjected to three daily closed head injuries, recovered for 12 weeks and then maintained on a high-salt diet or a normal diet for an additional 12 weeks. Experimental endpoints were haemodynamics, behaviour, microglial gene expression (bulk RNA sequencing), brain inflammation (brain tissue quantitative PCR) and microbiome diversity (16S RNA sequencing). High-salt diet did not affect systemic blood pressure or heart rate in sham or injured mice. High-salt diet increased anxiety-like behaviour in injured mice compared to sham mice fed with high-salt diet and injured mice fed with normal diet. Increased anxiety in injured mice that received a high-salt diet was associated with microgliosis and a proinflammatory microglial transcriptomic signature, including upregulation in interferon-gamma, interferon-beta and oxidative stress-related pathways. Accordingly, we found upregulation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma mRNA in the brain tissue of high salt diet-fed injured mice. High-salt diet had a larger effect on the gut microbiome composition than repetitive closed head injury. Increases in gut microbes in the families Lachnospiraceae, Erysipelotrichaceae and Clostridiaceae were positively correlated with anxiety-like behaviours. In contrast, Muribaculaceae, Acholeplasmataceae and Lactobacillaceae were negatively correlated with anxiety in injured mice that received a high-salt diet, a time-dependent effect. The findings suggest that high-salt diet, administered after a recovery period, may affect neurologic outcomes following mild repetitive head injury, including the development of anxiety. This effect was linked to microbiome dysregulation and an exacerbation of microglial inflammation, which may be physiological targets to prevent behavioural sequelae in the chronic period after mild repetitive head injury. The data suggest an important contribution of diet in determining long-term outcomes after mild repetitive head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saef Izzy
- Divisions of Stroke, Cerebrovascular, and Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Football Players Health Study at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02138, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Taha Yahya
- Divisions of Stroke, Cerebrovascular, and Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Omar Albastaki
- Divisions of Stroke, Cerebrovascular, and Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tian Cao
- Divisions of Stroke, Cerebrovascular, and Critical Care Neurology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luke A Schwerdtfeger
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hadi Abou-El-Hassan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kusha Chopra
- Cancer Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Millicent N Ekwudo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ugne Kurdeikaite
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Isabelly M Verissimo
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Danielle S LeServe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Toby B Lanser
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Aronchik
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marilia G Oliveira
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Thais Moreira
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rafael Machado Rezende
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph El Khoury
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Laura M Cox
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Howard L Weiner
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ross Zafonte
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Football Players Health Study at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Whalen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Football Players Health Study at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Wang C, Tan W, Liu X, He M, Zeng S, Sun M, Yan L, Li M, Zhan K, Wang K, Li Q. Habitual salt preference worsens blood pressure in hospitalized hypertensive patients with omicron infection under epidemic-related stress. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:134. [PMID: 38195459 PMCID: PMC10777613 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the synergistic effect of stress and habitual salt preference (SP) on blood pressure (BP) in the hospitalized Omicron-infected patients. METHODS From 15,185 hospitalized Omicron-infected patients who reported having high BP or hypertension, we recruited 662 patients. All patients completed an electronic questionnaire on diet and stress, and were required to complete morning BP monitoring at least three times. RESULTS The hypertensive group (n = 309) had higher habitual SP (P = 0.015) and COVID-19 related stress (P < 0.001), and had longer hospital stays (7.4 ± 1.5 days vs. 7.2 ± 0.5 days, P = 0.019) compared with controls (n = 353). After adjusting for a wide range of covariates including Omicron epidemic-related stress, habitual SP was found to increase both systolic (4.9 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.3-7.4] mmHg, P < 0.001) and diastolic (2.1 [95%CI, 0.6-3.6] mmHg, P = 0.006) BP in hypertensive patients, and increase diastolic BP (2.0 [95%CI, 0.2-3.7] mmHg, P = 0.026) in the control group. 31 (8.8%) patients without a history of hypertension were discovered to have elevated BP during hospitalization, and stress was shown to be different in those patients (P < 0.001). In contrast, habitual SP was more common in hypertensive patients with uncontrolled BP, compared with patients with controlled BP (P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Habitual SP and psychosocial stress were associated with higher BP in Omicron-infected patients both with and without hypertension. Nonpharmaceutical intervention including dietary guidance and psychiatric therapy are crucial for BP control during the long COVID-19 period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanhong Tan
- Chongqing Yuzhong District Daping Street Community Health Service Center, 400042, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, PR China
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease Research, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, 100853, Beijing, China
| | - Miao He
- Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Shi Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, People's Hospital of Chongqing Banan District, 401320, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Maojie Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh People's Hospital of Chongqing, 400054, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Lijuan Yan
- Department of Urology Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Urology Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Kun Zhan
- Department of Urology Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaifa Wang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Southwest University, 400715, Chongqing, PR China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Center for Hypertension and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Hypertension and Endocrinology, Daping Hospital, Chongqing Institute of Hypertension, Army Medical University, 400042, Chongqing, PR China.
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Leal PEDPT, da Silva AA, Rocha-Gomes A, Riul TR, Cunha RA, Reichetzeder C, Villela DC. High-Salt Diet in the Pre- and Postweaning Periods Leads to Amygdala Oxidative Stress and Changes in Locomotion and Anxiety-Like Behaviors of Male Wistar Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:779080. [PMID: 35058757 PMCID: PMC8763963 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.779080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-salt (HS) diets have recently been linked to oxidative stress in the brain, a fact that may be a precursor to behavioral changes, such as those involving anxiety-like behavior. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study has evaluated the amygdala redox status after consuming a HS diet in the pre- or postweaning periods. This study aimed to evaluate the amygdala redox status and anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood, after inclusion of HS diet in two periods: preconception, gestation, and lactation (preweaning); and only after weaning (postweaning). Initially, 18 females and 9 male Wistar rats received a standard (n = 9 females and 4 males) or a HS diet (n = 9 females and 5 males) for 120 days. After mating, females continued to receive the aforementioned diets during gestation and lactation. Weaning occurred at 21-day-old Wistar rats and the male offspring were subdivided: control-control (C-C)—offspring of standard diet fed dams who received a standard diet after weaning (n = 9–11), control-HS (C-HS)—offspring of standard diet fed dams who received a HS diet after weaning (n = 9–11), HS-C—offspring of HS diet fed dams who received a standard diet after weaning (n = 9–11), and HS-HS—offspring of HS diet fed dams who received a HS diet after weaning (n = 9–11). At adulthood, the male offspring performed the elevated plus maze and open field tests. At 152-day-old Wistar rats, the offspring were euthanized and the amygdala was removed for redox state analysis. The HS-HS group showed higher locomotion and rearing frequency in the open field test. These results indicate that this group developed hyperactivity. The C-HS group had a higher ratio of entries and time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze test in addition to a higher head-dipping frequency. These results suggest less anxiety-like behaviors. In the analysis of the redox state, less activity of antioxidant enzymes and higher levels of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the amygdala were shown in the amygdala of animals that received a high-salt diet regardless of the period (pre- or postweaning). In conclusion, the high-salt diet promoted hyperactivity when administered in the pre- and postweaning periods. In animals that received only in the postweaning period, the addition of salt induced a reduction in anxiety-like behaviors. Also, regardless of the period, salt provided amygdala oxidative stress, which may be linked to the observed behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ernesto de Pinho Tavares Leal
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental – LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Alves da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental – LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Arthur Rocha-Gomes
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental – LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Tania Regina Riul
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental – LabNutrex, Departamento de Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Rennan Augusto Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Christoph Reichetzeder
- Department of Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Christoph Reichetzeder,
| | - Daniel Campos Villela
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Daniel Campos Villela,
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Beaver JN, Gilman TL. Salt as a non-caloric behavioral modifier: A review of evidence from pre-clinical studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 135:104385. [PMID: 34634356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Though excess salt intake is well-accepted as a dietary risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, relatively little has been explored about how it impacts behavior, despite the ubiquity of salt in modern diets. Given the challenges of manipulating salt intake in humans, non-human animals provide a more tractable means for evaluating behavioral sequelae of high salt. By describing what is known about the impact of elevated salt on behavior, this review highlights how underexplored salt's behavioral effects are. Increased salt consumption in adulthood does not affect spontaneous anxiety-related behaviors or locomotor activity, nor acquisition of maze or fear tasks, but does impede expression of spatial/navigational and fear memory. Nest building is reduced by heightened salt in adults, and stress responsivity is augmented. When excess salt exposure occurs during development, and/or to parents, offspring locomotion is increased, and both spatial memory expression and social investigation are attenuated. The largely consistent findings reviewed here indicate expanded study of salt's effects will likely uncover broader behavioral implications, particularly in the scarcely studied female sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin N Beaver
- Department of Psychological Sciences & Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
| | - T Lee Gilman
- Department of Psychological Sciences & Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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Vasistha NA, Khodosevich K. The impact of (ab)normal maternal environment on cortical development. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 202:102054. [PMID: 33905709 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cortex in the mammalian brain is the most complex brain region that integrates sensory information and coordinates motor and cognitive processes. To perform such functions, the cortex contains multiple subtypes of neurons that are generated during embryogenesis. Newly born neurons migrate to their proper location in the cortex, grow axons and dendrites, and form neuronal circuits. These developmental processes in the fetal brain are regulated to a large extent by a great variety of factors derived from the mother - starting from simple nutrients as building blocks and ending with hormones. Thus, when the normal maternal environment is disturbed due to maternal infection, stress, malnutrition, or toxic substances, it might have a profound impact on cortical development and the offspring can develop a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here we first describe the major developmental processes which generate neuronal diversity in the cortex. We then review our knowledge of how most common maternal insults affect cortical development, perturb neuronal circuits, and lead to neurodevelopmental disorders. We further present a concept of selective vulnerability of cortical neuronal subtypes to maternal-derived insults, where the vulnerability of cortical neurons and their progenitors to an insult depends on the time (developmental period), place (location in the developing brain), and type (unique features of a cell type and an insult). Finally, we provide evidence for the existence of selective vulnerability during cortical development and identify the most vulnerable neuronal types, stages of differentiation, and developmental time for major maternal-derived insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet A Vasistha
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mechanisms Underlying the Cognitive and Behavioural Effects of Maternal Obesity. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010240. [PMID: 33467657 PMCID: PMC7829712 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The widespread consumption of 'western'-style diets along with sedentary lifestyles has led to a global epidemic of obesity. Epidemiological, clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that maternal obesity, overnutrition and unhealthy dietary patterns programs have lasting adverse effects on the physical and mental health of offspring. We review currently available preclinical and clinical evidence and summarise possible underlying neurobiological mechanisms by which maternal overnutrition may perturb offspring cognitive function, affective state and psychosocial behaviour, with a focus on (1) neuroinflammation; (2) disrupted neuronal circuities and connectivity; and (3) dysregulated brain hormones. We briefly summarise research implicating the gut microbiota in maternal obesity-induced changes to offspring behaviour. In animal models, maternal obesogenic diet consumption disrupts CNS homeostasis in offspring, which is critical for healthy neurodevelopment, by altering hypothalamic and hippocampal development and recruitment of glial cells, which subsequently dysregulates dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. The adverse effects of maternal obesogenic diets are also conferred through changes to hormones including leptin, insulin and oxytocin which interact with these brain regions and neuronal circuits. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome may directly and indirectly contribute to these maternal diet effects in both human and animal studies. As the specific pathways shaping abnormal behaviour in offspring in the context of maternal obesogenic diet exposure remain unknown, further investigations are needed to address this knowledge gap. Use of animal models permits investigation of changes in neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter activity and hormones across global brain network and sex differences, which could be directly and indirectly modulated by the gut microbiome.
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Kim YB, Jung WW, Lee SW, Jin X, Kang HK, Hong EH, Min SS, Kim YS, Han HC, Colwell CS, Kim YI. Excessive maternal salt intake gives rise to vasopressin-dependent salt sensitivity of blood pressure in male offspring. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2021; 150:12-22. [PMID: 33011158 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Salt sensitivity of blood pressure (SSBP) is a trait carrying strong prognostic implications for various cardiovascular diseases. To test the hypothesis that excessive maternal salt intake causes SSBP in offspring through a mechanism dependent upon arginine-vasopressin (AVP), we performed a series of experiments using offspring of the rat dams salt-loaded during pregnancy and lactation with 1.5% saline drink ("experimental offspring") and those with normal perinatal salt exposure ("control offspring"). Salt challenge, given at 7-8 weeks of age with either 2% saline drink (3 days) or 8% NaCl-containing chow (4 weeks), had little or no effect on systolic blood pressure (SBP) in female offspring, whereas the salt challenge significantly raised SBP in male offspring, with the magnitude of increase being greater in experimental, than control, rats. Furthermore, the salt challenge not only raised plasma AVP level more and caused greater depressor responses to V1a and V2 AVP receptor antagonists to occur in experimental, than control, males, but it also made GABA excitatory in a significant proportion of magnocellular AVP neurons of experimental males by depolarizing GABA equilibrium potential. The effect of the maternal salt loading on the salt challenge-elicited SBP response in male offspring was precluded by maternal conivaptan treatment (non-selective AVP receptor antagonist) during the salt-loading period, whereas it was mimicked by neonatal AVP treatment. These results suggest that the excessive maternal salt intake brings about SSBP in male offspring, both the programming and the expression of which depend on increased AVP secretion that may partly result from excitatory GABAergic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Beom Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Woo Jung
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiangyan Jin
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Kyung Kang
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hwa Hong
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Seek Min
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 34824, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sik Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Chul Han
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
| | - Yang In Kim
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Institute, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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