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Corli G, Tirri M, Bilel S, Arfè R, Coccini T, Roda E, Marchetti B, Vincenzi F, Zauli G, Borea PA, Locatelli CA, Varani K, Marti M. MAM-2201 acute administration impairs motor, sensorimotor, prepulse inhibition, and memory functions in mice: a comparison with its analogue AM-2201. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023:10.1007/s00213-023-06378-8. [PMID: 37233813 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE 1-[(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](4-methyl-1-naphthalenyl) methanone (MAM-2201) is a potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist illegally marketed in "spice" products and as "synthacaine" for its psychoactive effects. It is a naphthoyl-indole derivative which differs from its analogue 1-[(5-Fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](1-naphthylenyl) methanone (AM-2201) by the presence of a methyl substituent on carbon 4 (C-4) of the naphthoyl moiety. Multiple cases of intoxication and impaired driving have been linked to AM-2201 and MAM-2201 consumption. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the in vitro (murine and human cannabinoid receptors) and in vivo (CD-1 male mice) pharmacodynamic activity of MAM-2201 and compare its effects with those induced by its desmethylated analogue, AM-2201. RESULTS In vitro competition binding studies confirmed that MAM-2201 and AM-2201 possess nanomolar affinity for both CD-1 murine and human CB1 and CB2 receptors, with preference for the CB1 receptor. In agreement with the in vitro binding data, in vivo studies showed that MAM-2201 induces visual, acoustic, and tactile impairments that were fully prevented by pretreatment with CB1 receptor antagonist/partial agonist AM-251, indicating a CB1 receptor mediated mechanism of action. Administration of MAM-2201 also altered locomotor activity and PPI responses of mice, pointing out its detrimental effect on motor and sensory gating functions and confirming its potential use liability. MAM-2201 and AM-2201 also caused deficits in short- and long-term working memory. CONCLUSION These findings point to the potential public health burden that these synthetic cannabinoids may pose, with particular emphasis on impaired driving and workplace performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Corli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Micaela Tirri
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabrine Bilel
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raffaella Arfè
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Teresa Coccini
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Roda
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Marchetti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Carlo Alessandro Locatelli
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology, and Poison Control Centre and National Toxicology Information Centre, Toxicology Unit, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Via Maugeri 10, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Translational Medicine, Section of Legal Medicine, LTTA Center and University Center of Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato Di Mortara 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
- Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Ferrara, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Adamowicz
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, Kraków, Poland
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Gaunitz F, Kieliba T, Thevis M, Mercer‐Chalmers‐Bender K. Solid‐phase extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the qualitative analysis of 61 synthetic cannabinoid metabolites in urine. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:27-40. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Gaunitz
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Tobias Kieliba
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Katja Mercer‐Chalmers‐Bender
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
- Health Department Basel‐Stadt Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Basel Switzerland, Basel Switzerland
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Bilel S, Tirri M, Arfè R, Ossato A, Trapella C, Serpelloni G, Neri M, Fattore L, Marti M. Novel halogenated synthetic cannabinoids impair sensorimotor functions in mice. Neurotoxicology 2019; 76:17-32. [PMID: 31610187 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
JWH-018-Cl, JWH-018-Br and AM-2201 (JWH-018 halogenated-derivatives; JWH-018-R compounds) are synthetic cannabinoid agonists illegally marketed as "Spice", "K2", "herbal blend" and research chemicals for their cannabis-like psychoactive effects. In rodents, JWH-018 and its halogenated derivatives reproduce the typical effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), i.e. hypothermia, analgesia, hypolocomotion and akinesia. Yet, the effects of JWH-018-R compounds on sensorimotor functions are still unknown. This study was designed to investigate the effect of an acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of JWH-018-R compounds (0.01-6 mg/kg) on sensorimotor functions in mice and to compare them to those caused by the reference compound JWH-018 and Δ9-THC. A well validated battery of behavioral tests was used to investigate the effects of these synthetic cannabinoids on the visual, auditory and tactile responses in mice, while the pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) test was used to investigate their effect on sensorimotor gating. The effect of the synthetic cannabinoids on spontaneous locomotion was also measured by a video tracking analysis to assess potential cannabinoid-induced motor impairment. Results showed that, similarly to JWH-018, systemic administration of JWH-018-R compounds inhibits sensorimotor and PPI responses at lower doses (0.01-0.1 mg/kg) and reduced spontaneous locomotion at intermediate/high doses (1-6 mg/kg). All effects were prevented by the administration of the selective cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist AM-251 thus confirming a CB1 receptor-mediated action. Finding that lower doses of JWH-018-R compounds selectively impair sensorimotor and PPI responses without affecting locomotion should be carefully considered to better understand the potential danger that halogenated-derivatives of JWH-018 may pose to public health, with particular reference to decreased performance in driving and hazardous works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Bilel
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology (SVeB), University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Micaela Tirri
- Department of Morphology, Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raffaella Arfè
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ossato
- Institute of Public Health, Section of Legal Medicine, Catholic University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Serpelloni
- Drug Policy Institute, Department of Psychiatry in the College of Medicine, University of Florida, USA
| | - Margherita Neri
- Department of Morphology, Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, Italy.
| | - Matteo Marti
- Department of Morphology, Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Center for Neuroscience and National Institute of Neuroscience, Italy; Collaborative Center for the Italian National Early Warning System, Department of Anti-Drug Policies, Presidency of the Council of Ministers, Italy
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Richeval C, Dumestre-Toulet V, Wiart JF, Vanhoye X, Humbert L, Nachon-Phanithavong M, Allorge D, Gaulier JM. New psychoactive substances in oral fluid of drivers around a music festival in south-west France in 2017. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:265-269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Carlier J, Wohlfarth A, Salmeron BD, Scheidweiler KB, Huestis MA, Baumann MH. Pharmacodynamic Effects, Pharmacokinetics, and Metabolism of the Synthetic Cannabinoid AM-2201 in Male Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:543-550. [PMID: 30266766 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.250530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel synthetic cannabinoids are appearing in recreational drug markets worldwide. Pharmacological characterization of these new drugs is needed to inform clinicians, toxicologists, and policy makers who monitor public health. [1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](1-naphthyl)methanone (AM-2201) is an abused synthetic cannabinoid that was initially created as a research tool for investigating the endocannabinoid system. Here we measured the pharmacodynamic effects of AM-2201 in rats, and simultaneously determined plasma pharmacokinetics for the parent drug and its metabolites. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fitted with surgically implanted temperature transponders and indwelling jugular catheters under pentobarbital anesthesia. One week later, rats received subcutaneous injection of AM-2201 (0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) or its vehicle, and serial blood specimens were withdrawn via catheters. Core temperatures and catalepsy were measured just prior to each blood withdrawal, and plasma was assayed for drug and metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We found that AM-2201 produced dose-related hypothermia and catalepsy that peaked at 2 hours and lasted up to 8 hours. AM-2201 plasma concentrations rose linearly with increasing dose and ranged from 0.14 to 67.9 µg/l. Concentrations of three metabolites, AM-2201 N-(4-hydroxypentyl) (≤0.17 µg/l), naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-018) N-(5-hydroxypentyl) (≤1.14 µg/l), and JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid (≤0.88 µg/l) were detectable but much lower. Peak AM-2201, JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl), and JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid concentrations occurred at 1.3, 2.4, and 6.5 hours, respectively. Concentrations of AM-2201, JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl), and JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid were negatively correlated with body temperature, but, given the low concentrations of metabolites detected, AM-2201 is likely the major contributor to pharmacodynamic effects under our experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Carlier
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism (J.C., A.W., K.B.S., M.A.H.) and Designer Drug Research Unit (B.D.S., M.H.B.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ariane Wohlfarth
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism (J.C., A.W., K.B.S., M.A.H.) and Designer Drug Research Unit (B.D.S., M.H.B.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bonita D Salmeron
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism (J.C., A.W., K.B.S., M.A.H.) and Designer Drug Research Unit (B.D.S., M.H.B.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Karl B Scheidweiler
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism (J.C., A.W., K.B.S., M.A.H.) and Designer Drug Research Unit (B.D.S., M.H.B.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism (J.C., A.W., K.B.S., M.A.H.) and Designer Drug Research Unit (B.D.S., M.H.B.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism (J.C., A.W., K.B.S., M.A.H.) and Designer Drug Research Unit (B.D.S., M.H.B.), Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Baltimore, Maryland
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Wille SMR, Richeval C, Nachon-Phanithavong M, Gaulier JM, Di Fazio V, Humbert L, Samyn N, Allorge D. Prevalence of new psychoactive substances and prescription drugs in the Belgian driving under the influence of drugs population. Drug Test Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. R. Wille
- Laboratory of Toxicology; National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology; Brussels Belgium
| | - C. Richeval
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie; Lille France
- University Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine; Lille France
| | | | - J. M. Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie; Lille France
- University Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine; Lille France
| | - V. Di Fazio
- Laboratory of Toxicology; National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology; Brussels Belgium
| | - L. Humbert
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie; Lille France
| | - N. Samyn
- Laboratory of Toxicology; National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology; Brussels Belgium
| | - D. Allorge
- CHU Lille, Unité Fonctionnelle de Toxicologie; Lille France
- University Lille, EA 4483 - IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine; Lille France
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Carlier J, Scheidweiler KB, Wohlfarth A, Salmeron BD, Baumann MH, Huestis MA. Quantification of [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl](naphthalene-1-yl)methanone (AM-2201) and 13 metabolites in human and rat plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1451:97-106. [PMID: 27208987 PMCID: PMC4886661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AM-2201 is a popular synthetic cannabinoid first synthesized in 2000. AM-2201 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data are scarce, requiring further investigation. We developed a sensitive method for quantifying AM-2201 and 13 metabolites in plasma to provide a tool to further metabolic, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies. Analysis was performed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was performed by gradient elution on a biphenyl column with 0.1% formic acid in water/0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile:methanol 50:50 (v/v) mobile phase. Sample preparation (75μL) consisted of an enzymatic hydrolysis and a supported liquid extraction. The method was validated with human plasma with a 0.025 or 0.050-50μg/L working range, and cross-validated for rat plasma. Analytical recovery was 88.8-110.1% of target concentration, and intra- (n=30) and inter-day (n=30) imprecision<11.9% coefficient of variation. Method recoveries and matrix effects ranged from 58.4-84.4% and -62.1 to -15.6%, respectively. AM-2201 and metabolites were stable (±20%) at room temperature for 24h, at 4°C for 72h, and after three freeze-thaw cycles, and for 72h in the autosampler after extraction. The method was developed for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies with controlled administration in rats but is applicable for pre-clinical and clinical research and forensic investigations. Rat plasma specimen analysis following subcutaneous AM-2201 administration demonstrated the suitability of the method. AM-2201, JWH-018 N-(5-hydroxypentyl), and JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid concentrations were 4.8±1.0, 0.15±0.03, and 0.34±0.07μg/L, respectively, 8h after AM-2201 administration at 0.3mg/kg (n=5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Carlier
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Karl B Scheidweiler
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Ariane Wohlfarth
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Bonita D Salmeron
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 333 Cassell Drive Suite 4400, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Michael H Baumann
- Designer Drug Research Unit, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 333 Cassell Drive Suite 4400, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn A Huestis
- Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics Research Branch, Chemistry and Drug Metabolism Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 251 Bayview Boulevard Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Watanabe S, Kuzhiumparambil U, Winiarski Z, Fu S. Biotransformation of synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018, JWH-073 and AM2201 by Cunninghamella elegans. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 261:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nakayama H, Kenjyou N, Ito Y. Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for 3-(1-naphthoyl) Indole Derivatives. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 35:48-51. [PMID: 26871514 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2015.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
3-(1-naphthoyl) indole is one of the raw materials that synthesizes a synthetic cannabinoid such as 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl) indole (JWH-018) and 1-butyl-3-(1-naphthoyl) indole (JWH-073). It is important to detect the 3-(1-naphthoyl) indole derivatives rapidly, sensitively, and comprehensively. We developed two monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against 3-(1-naphthoyl) indole derivatives, named NT1 (IgG1) and NT2 (IgG1), which were possibly effective for detecting 3-(1-naphthoyl) indole derivatives. The cross-reactive ability of these MAbs was evaluated using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the results, we found both of these antibodies recognize 3-(1-naphthoyl) indole and its derivatives. However neither of these antibodies recognize naphtoic acid, 4-methyl-naphtoic acid, and indole. Sixty to 100 nanomole per liter of 3-(1-naphthoyl) indole derivatives, such as 1-methyl-3-(1-naphthoyl) indole, 1-ethyl-3-(1-naphthoyl) indole, and 1-octyl-3-(1-naphthoyl) indole, can be detected using both of the obtained MAbs. Thus, the MAbs produced in this study could be a useful tool for the detection of 3-(1-naphthoyl) indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakayama
- 1 Bioscience Technology Development Office, R&D Division, Panasonic Company , Soraku-gun, Kyoto-fu, Japan .,2 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Noriko Kenjyou
- 1 Bioscience Technology Development Office, R&D Division, Panasonic Company , Soraku-gun, Kyoto-fu, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- 2 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University , Kagoshima, Japan
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Berg T, Kaur L, Risnes A, Havig SM, Karinen R. Determination of a selection of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in urine by UHPSFC-MS/MS and by UHPLC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:708-22. [PMID: 26304456 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two different analytical techniques, ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS/MS) and reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), were used for the determination of two synthetic cannabinoids and eleven metabolites in urine; AM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl, AM-2233, JWH-018 N-5-OH-pentyl, JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid, JWH-073 N-4-OH-butyl, JWH-073 N-butanoic acid, JWH-122 N-5-OH-pentyl, MAM-2201, MAM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl, RCS-4 N-5-OH-pentyl, UR-144 degradant N-pentanoic acid, UR-144 N-4-OH-pentyl, and UR-144 N-pentanoic acid. Sample preparation included a liquid-liquid extraction after deconjugation with ß-glucuronidase. The UHPSFC-MS/MS method used an Acquity UPC(2 TM) BEH column with a mobile phase consisting of CO2 and 0.3% ammonia in methanol, while the UHPLC-MS/MS method used an Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium formate (pH 10.2) and methanol. MS/MS detection was performed with positive electrospray ionization and two multiple reaction monitoring transitions. Deuterated internal standards were used for six of the compounds. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 0.04 and 0.4 µg/L. Between-day relative standard deviations at concentrations ≥ LOQ were ≤20%, with biases within ±19%. Recoveries ranged from 40 to 90%. Corrected matrix effects were within 100 ± 10%, except for MAM-2201 with UHPSFC-MS/MS, and for UR-144 N-pentanoic acid and MAM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl with UHPLC-MS/MS. Elution order obtained by UHPSFC-MS/MS was almost opposite to that obtained by UHPLC-MS/MS, making this instrument setup an interesting combination for screening and confirmation analyses in forensic cases. The UHPLC-MS/MS method has, since August 2014, been successfully used for confirmation of synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples revealing a positive immunoassay screening result. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lakhwinder Kaur
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Risnes
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Marie Havig
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
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Znaleziona J, Ginterová P, Petr J, Ondra P, Válka I, Ševčík J, Chrastina J, Maier V. Determination and identification of synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites in different matrices by modern analytical techniques - a review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 874:11-25. [PMID: 25910441 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids have gained popularity due to their easy accessibility and psychoactive effects. Furthermore, they cannot be detected in urine by routine drug monitoring. The wide range of active ingredients in analyzed matrices hinders the development of a standard analytical method for their determination. Moreover, their possible side effects are not well known which increases the danger. This review is focused on the sample preparation and the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in different matrices (serum, urine, herbal blends, oral fluid, hair) published since 2004. The review includes separation and identification techniques, such as thin layer chromatography, gas and liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, mostly coupled with mass spectrometry. The review also includes results by spectral methods like infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance or direct-injection mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Znaleziona
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Ginterová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Ondra
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law Faculty Hospital, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Válka
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law Faculty Hospital, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Ševčík
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chrastina
- Institute of Special Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Palacký University, Žižkovo náměsti 5, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Maier
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic.
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