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Andersen JM, Bogen IL, Karinen R, Brochmann GW, Mørland J, Vindenes V, Boix F. Does the preparation for intravenous administration affect the composition of heroin injections? A controlled laboratory study. Addiction 2021; 116:3104-3112. [PMID: 33739552 DOI: 10.1111/add.15492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study whether the preparation procedure, and its acidic and heating conditions, used by heroin users to prepare heroin for intravenous administration affects the final composition of the fluid to be injected. METHODS Samples from different seizures of illegal heroin provided by the Norwegian police were prepared by adding water and ascorbic acid before heating under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Further, three seizures were prepared with different amounts of ascorbic or citric acid relative to their diacetylmorphine content. Pure diacetylmorphine base or salt was also submitted to the procedure applying two different heating intensities. The seizures and the final product after preparation were analysed for diacetylmorphine, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS). RESULTS After preparation, a decrease of 19.8% (25th and 75th percentiles = -29.2 and -15.3) in the initial diacetylmorphine content was observed. Both the 6-acetylmorphine and morphine content increased but, due to their low content in the initial product, diacetylmorphine still represented 83.9% (25th and 75th percentiles = 77.3 and 88.0) of the sum of these three opioids in the final solution. The loss of water during preparation caused an increase in the concentration of diacetylmorphine, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine, depending on the heating intensity applied. The content of these opioids was affected by the quantity and type of acid added in relation to the heroin purity and the level of diacetylmorphine dissolved being proportional to the amount of ascorbic acid, but not citric acid, in the sample with high heroin purity. CONCLUSIONS Preparation of heroin for intravenous injection appears to change the amount or concentration of diacetylmorphine and its active metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine in the final product, depending on heroin purity, amount and type of acid used or heating conditions. These circumstances can contribute to unintentional variations in the potency of the final injected solution, and therefore affect the outcome after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannike M Andersen
- Section for Drug Abuse Research, Dept. of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Lise Bogen
- Section for Drug Abuse Research, Dept. of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Section for Drug Abuse Research, Dept. of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerd Wenche Brochmann
- Section for Drug Abuse Research, Dept. of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørg Mørland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.,Division of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Section for Drug Abuse Research, Dept. of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Fernando Boix
- Section for Drug Abuse Research, Dept. of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Christophersen AS, Karinen R, Mørland J, Gjerde H. The implementation of per-se limits for driving under the influence of benzodiazepines and related drugs: No increased risk for arrest during therapeutic use in Norway. Traffic Inj Prev 2020; 21:122-126. [PMID: 32119573 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2020.1724977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate whether the use of recommended therapeutic doses of medicinal drugs has led to suspicion of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) after implementation of legislative limits for illicit and medicinal drugs in 2012.Methods: Data from suspected drug-impaired drivers apprehended by the police from 2013 to 2015 were selected from the Norwegian Forensic Toxicology Database. The blood samples had been analyzed for benzodiazepines (BZDs), z-hypnotics, opioids, stimulants, certain hallucinogens, and alcohol. Drivers who tested positive for one BZD or a z-hypnotic only, were included in the study. Drug concentrations measured in their blood samples were compared to the maximal obtainable steady state concentrations if the drug had been used in accordance with the recommendations set by the Norwegian Directorate of Health.Results: BZDs or z-hypnotics were found in 10 248 samples, representing 59.6% of the total number of drivers arrested for suspected DUID (n = 17 201). Only one BZD or z-hypnotic with a blood drug concentration above the legislative limit was detected in 390 (2.3%) of the total number of samples. Clonazepam was the most frequently detected BZD (n = 4656), while as a single drug above the legislative limit, it was detected in only 3.6% (n = 168) of the clonazepam-positive blood samples. For drivers testing positive for only one z-hypnotic, drug concentrations above the legislative limit were found in 27% (n = 55) of the blood samples that tested positive for zolpidem and 12.4% (n = 53) of the samples that tested positive for zopiclone. In total, 155 subjects out of 10 248 testing positive for BZDs or z-hypnotics displayed concentrations above the legislative limit but within the concentration ranges that are expected when taking recommended therapeutic drug doses, and 77 below the legislativel limit.Conclusions: The results show that the implementation of legislative limits for BZDs and z-hypnotics may have contributed to DUID suspicion for a small group of patients using therapeutic drug doses; only 1.3% of the suspected DUID offenders had concentrations of only one of those drugs in-line with recommended therapeutic dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørg Mørland
- Division of Health Data and Digitalization, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hallvard Gjerde
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Temte V, Kjeldstadli K, Bruun LD, Birdal M, Bachs L, Karinen R, Middelkoop G, Øiestad E, Høiseth G. An Experimental Study of Diazepam and Alprazolam Kinetics in Urine and Oral Fluid Following Single Oral Doses. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:104-111. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Temte
- Department of Forensic Sciences,Oslo University Hospital Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari Kjeldstadli
- Department of Pharmacology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lina Dorthea Bruun
- Department of Forensic Sciences,Oslo University Hospital Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morris Birdal
- Department of Forensic Sciences,Oslo University Hospital Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Liliana Bachs
- Department of Forensic Sciences,Oslo University Hospital Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Department of Forensic Sciences,Oslo University Hospital Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerrit Middelkoop
- Department of Forensic Sciences,Oslo University Hospital Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Øiestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences,Oslo University Hospital Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudrun Høiseth
- Department of Forensic Sciences,Oslo University Hospital Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
- Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Diakonveien 12, Oslo, Norway
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Øiestad ÅML, Karinen R, Rogde S, Nilsen S, Boye Eldor KB, Brochmann GW, Arnestad M, Øiestad EL, Peres MD, Kristoffersen L, Vindenes V. Comparative Study of Postmortem Concentrations of Antidepressants in Several Different Matrices. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:446-458. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Åse Marit Leere Øiestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sidsel Rogde
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stian Nilsen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari-Beate Boye Eldor
- Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerd-Wenche Brochmann
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Arnestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mariana Dadalto Peres
- Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Espírito Santo State Police, Jose Farias Streat, Vítoria – ES, Brazil
| | - Lena Kristoffersen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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Thaulow CH, Øiestad ÅML, Rogde S, Karinen R, Brochmann GW, Andersen JM, Høiseth G, Handal M, Mørland J, Arnestad M, Øiestad EL, Strand DH, Vindenes V. Metabolites of Heroin in Several Different Post-mortem Matrices. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:311-320. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Hasselø Thaulow
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Åse Marit Leere Øiestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sidsel Rogde
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Pathology and Clinical Forensic Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, N-0318 OSLO, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerd Wenche Brochmann
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jannike Mørch Andersen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudrun Høiseth
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marte Handal
- Department of Mental Disorders, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 OSLO, Norway
| | - Jørg Mørland
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 OSLO, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, N-0318 OSLO, Norway
| | - Marianne Arnestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PO Box 1068 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dag Helge Strand
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Section of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, PO Box 1171 Blindern, N-0318 OSLO, Norway
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6
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Seljetun KO, Eliassen E, Karinen R, Moe L, Vindenes V. Quantitative method for analysis of six anticoagulant rodenticides in faeces, applied in a case with repeated samples from a dog. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:3. [PMID: 29343296 PMCID: PMC5772691 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0357-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accidental poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticides is not uncommon in dogs, but few reports of the elimination kinetics and half-lives in this species have been published. Our objectives were to develop and validate a new method for the quantification of anticoagulant rodenticides in canine blood and faeces using reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) and apply the method on a case of anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication. Results Sample preparation was liquid–liquid extraction. Six anticoagulant rodenticides were separated using a UPLC® BEH C18-column with a mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 10.2 and methanol. MS/MS detection was performed with positive electrospray ionization and two multiple reaction monitoring transitions. The limits of quantification were set at the levels of the lowest calibrator (1.5–2.7 ng/mL or ng/g). The method was successfully applied to a case from a dog accidentally poisoned with anticoagulant rodenticide. Coumatetralyl and brodifacoum concentrations were determined from serial blood and faecal samples. A terminal half-life of at least 81 days for coumatetralyl in blood was estimated, which is longer than previous reported in other species. A slow elimination of brodifacoum from the faeces was found, with traces still detectable in the faeces at day 513. Conclusions This study offers a new method of detection and quantification of six frequently used anticoagulant rodenticides in canine faeces. Such drugs might cause serious health effects and it is important to be able to detect these drugs, to initiate proper treatment. The very long elimination half-lives detected in our study is important to be aware of in assessment of anticoagulant rodenticide burden to the environment.
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7
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Krpo M, Arnestad M, Karinen R. Determination of Acetaminophen, Dexchlorpheniramine, Caffeine, Cotinine and Salicylic acid in 100 μL of Whole Blood by UHPLC–MS/MS. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 42:126-132. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Krpo
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Arnestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
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8
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Høiseth G, Arnestad M, Karinen R, Morini L, Rogde S, Sempio C, Vindenes V, Øiestad ÅML. Is Hair Analysis Useful in Postmortem Cases? J Anal Toxicol 2017; 42:49-54. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Høiseth
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Center for psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marianne Arnestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sidsel Rogde
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cristina Sempio
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- University of Oslo, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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Heide G, Hjelmeland K, Brochmann GW, Karinen R, Høiseth G. The Appearance, Taste, and Concentrations of Zolpidem Dissolved in Still Water and Carbonated Beverages. J Forensic Sci 2017; 63:911-914. [PMID: 28810070 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zolpidem is a sedative that could be used to drug victims, but its suitability to dissolve in drinks is unknown. In this small study, we added either crushed or whole tablets of zolpidem hemitartrate to carbonated beverages or still water to observe how this affected the taste and appearance. Also, concentrations were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry at different time intervals. Two crushed tablets (20 mg) in cider (250 mL) lead to a maximum concentration of 84 mg/L zolpidem base after 30 min, while the corresponding concentration after adding fifteen tablets (150 mg) was 467 mg/L. There was little change in taste, but froth and turbidity were observed when adding high doses to carbonated beverages. Carbonated beverages spiked with 20 mg of crushed zolpidem hemitartrate tablets reached concentrations that could cause impairment. Spiking with 150 mg could possibly be lethal if several mouthfuls were ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunhild Heide
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Hjelmeland
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ritva Karinen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gudrun Høiseth
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Center for psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Karinen R, Høiseth G. A literature review of blood concentrations of new psychoactive substances classified as phenethylamines, aminoindanes, arylalkylamines, arylcyclohexylamines, and indolalkylamines. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 276:120-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Vallersnes OM, Persett PS, Øiestad EL, Karinen R, Heyerdahl F, Hovda KE. Underestimated impact of novel psychoactive substances: laboratory confirmation of recreational drug toxicity in Oslo, Norway. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 55:636-644. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1312002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Odd Martin Vallersnes
- Department of General Practice, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient Clinic, City of Oslo Health Agency, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Elisabeth Leere Øiestad
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fridtjof Heyerdahl
- The Norwegian CBRNe Centre of Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Hovda
- The Norwegian CBRNe Centre of Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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12
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Høiseth G, Tuv SS, Karinen R. Blood concentrations of new designer benzodiazepines in forensic cases. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 268:35-38. [PMID: 27685473 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A number of new designer benzodiazepines have reached the illegal drug market over the past years. Toxicological interpretation of concentrations of these drugs in blood is quite challenging as very limited human data have previously been published. The aim of this study was to report blood concentrations of new designer benzodiazepines in a population of drugged drivers as well as some other criminal offenders, and to relate this to clinical impairment. METHODS The present material represents cases involving new designer benzodiazepines (clonazolam, diclazepam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam and pyrazolam) and etizolam, submitted for analyses during the period July 1, 2013-May 31, 2016. Analyses were performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Blood concentrations and results from the clinical test of impairment are reported. RESULTS New designer benzodiazepines were detected in 77 cases during the study period. The median (range) concentrations were 0.012mg/L (0.00048-0.10) for flubromazolam (n=25), 0.055mg/L (0.0047-1.2) for flubromazepam (n=24), 0.013mg/L (0.0021-0.057) for diclazepam (n=15), 0.050mg/L (0.019-0.17) for etizolam (n=14), 0.0053mg/L (0.0019-0.011) for clonazolam (n=7) and 0.074mg/L for pyrazolam (n=1). In six cases, designer benzodiazepines were the only drugs detected in blood, and in two of those cases, the physician had given the conclusion of "considerably impaired" upon performing the clinical test for impairment. CONCLUSION Given the lack of previously published data on human concentrations, results presented in this study could be helpful in interpretation of blood concentrations of new designer benzodiazepines. This is crucial for the assessment of the importance of toxicological results in suspected drugged drivers, rape victims, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Høiseth
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Domain of Forensic Sciences, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Silja Skogstad Tuv
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Domain of Forensic Sciences, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Domain of Forensic Sciences, P.O. Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway
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13
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Bernard JP, Khiabani HZ, Hilberg T, Karinen R, Slørdal L, Waal H, Mørland J. Characteristics of methadone-related fatalities in Norway. J Forensic Leg Med 2015; 36:114-20. [PMID: 26439870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There are currently over 7000 patients enrolled in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) programs in Norway. A rise in methadone-related deaths proportional to increasing methadone sales over the period 2000-2006 has been observed, but the causative factors for these fatalities have been elusive. In the present study, individual characteristics, methadone concentrations and additional toxicological findings were analyzed. Methadone intoxication deaths (n = 264) were divided into 3 groups according to toxicological findings in whole blood: group 1 - methadone detected alone, or together with one additional drug at low or therapeutic levels, or a low concentration of ethanol (<1 g/L) (n = 21); group 2 - multiple additional drugs/substances detected below lethal levels (n = 175); group 3 - one or more additional drugs/substances detected at lethal levels, or ethanol >3 g/L (n = 55). Methadone blood concentrations in decedents who had been enrolled in OMT were higher than for decedents not in treatment, in all groups. Blood methadone concentrations around 1 mg/L were present in fatal multi-drug intoxications in OMT patients. Results suggest that some patients may be at risk of dying when combining therapeutic concentrations of methadone with other psychoactive substances. Somatic disease was a common finding among deceased OMT patients. Concentrations in methadone users not enrolled in OMT were predominantly between 0.3 and 0.4 mg/L and were not related to the presence of other drugs. However, methadone concentrations below 0.1 mg/L may be associated with intoxication following methadone use, both alone and in combination with other drugs. Younger male users (mean age 34 years) seemed to have a higher susceptibility to methadone intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Bernard
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hassan Z Khiabani
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Department of Pharmacology, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Hilberg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Fürst Medical Laboratory, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Slørdal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Helge Waal
- SERAF-Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Oslo University Hospital, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørg Mørland
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
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Berg T, Kaur L, Risnes A, Havig SM, Karinen R. Determination of a selection of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in urine by UHPSFC-MS/MS and by UHPLC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:708-22. [PMID: 26304456 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two different analytical techniques, ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS/MS) and reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), were used for the determination of two synthetic cannabinoids and eleven metabolites in urine; AM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl, AM-2233, JWH-018 N-5-OH-pentyl, JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid, JWH-073 N-4-OH-butyl, JWH-073 N-butanoic acid, JWH-122 N-5-OH-pentyl, MAM-2201, MAM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl, RCS-4 N-5-OH-pentyl, UR-144 degradant N-pentanoic acid, UR-144 N-4-OH-pentyl, and UR-144 N-pentanoic acid. Sample preparation included a liquid-liquid extraction after deconjugation with ß-glucuronidase. The UHPSFC-MS/MS method used an Acquity UPC(2 TM) BEH column with a mobile phase consisting of CO2 and 0.3% ammonia in methanol, while the UHPLC-MS/MS method used an Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium formate (pH 10.2) and methanol. MS/MS detection was performed with positive electrospray ionization and two multiple reaction monitoring transitions. Deuterated internal standards were used for six of the compounds. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 0.04 and 0.4 µg/L. Between-day relative standard deviations at concentrations ≥ LOQ were ≤20%, with biases within ±19%. Recoveries ranged from 40 to 90%. Corrected matrix effects were within 100 ± 10%, except for MAM-2201 with UHPSFC-MS/MS, and for UR-144 N-pentanoic acid and MAM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl with UHPLC-MS/MS. Elution order obtained by UHPSFC-MS/MS was almost opposite to that obtained by UHPLC-MS/MS, making this instrument setup an interesting combination for screening and confirmation analyses in forensic cases. The UHPLC-MS/MS method has, since August 2014, been successfully used for confirmation of synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples revealing a positive immunoassay screening result. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Berg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lakhwinder Kaur
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Risnes
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine Marie Havig
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Methiopropamine (MPA; 1-(thiophen-2-yl)-2-methylaminopropane) belongs to the new psychoactive substances (NPS) that have emerged on the drug market in recent years. MPA appeared in 2011 and is an analogue of methamphetamine, sold as, for example, "Slush Eric" and "Blow." It is reported to have effects similar to those of methamphetamine, but the toxicity in humans is not known. Three fatal cases involving MPA have been reported. One analytical confirmed intoxication case has been published, and this supports the symptoms described by the users. The prevalence of recreational use of MPA is unknown, and no studies have reported the prevalence in driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases. METHODS We investigated the frequency of MPA in DUID cases received at our institute during a 12-week period and report the analytical method using an ultraperformance liquid chromatography.tandem mass spectrometry for quantification of MPA in whole blood. The analytical findings were compared to the results from a clinical test of impairment performed by a physician shortly after the driving episode. The samples were analyzed for 42 different psychoactive substances. RESULTS MPA was detected in 10 DUID cases (0.8% of the cases), only from male drivers. Other drugs were detected concomitantly in all the cases. Two of the cases were traffic accidents. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that MPA is found in DUID cases and reveals that NPS are used among drivers and also proven in blood from drivers involved in traffic accidents. More studies are requested regarding the pharmacological and toxicological effects of MPA and other NPS. This is the first article that describes a method for analyzing and quantifying MPA in whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Skogstad Tuv
- a Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences , Nydalen , Oslo , Norway
| | | | - Vigdis Vindenes
- a Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences , Nydalen , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- a Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences , Nydalen , Oslo , Norway
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Karinen R, Høiseth G, Svendsen KO, Rogde S, Vindenes V. A fatal intoxication with phenazone (antipyrine). Forensic Sci Int 2015; 248:e13-5. [PMID: 25631541 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Phenazone is a non-opioid analgesic used to treat acute mild to moderate pain, and is considered to be a safe drug. It is most often sold as a nonprescription/over-the-counter drug. Very few fatalities due to phenazone overdoses are reported in the literature. We present a case where a man in his early sixties was found dead in his home in the bottom of a staircase, the scene suggesting that death might have been caused by blunt force injury. However, in spite of the apparently dramatic scene, the gross findings at autopsy did not reveal lethal injuries. Whole blood from the femoral vein was collected during autopsy and screened for drugs of abuse and medicinal drugs. The only toxicological findings were a very high concentration of phenazone (280mg/L) and a high therapeutic concentration of caffeine (34mg/L). An UPLC-MS/MS method was used for quantification of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Karinen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gudrun Høiseth
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Opsal Svendsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sidsel Rogde
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Sciences, Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway
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Karinen R, Tuv SS, Øiestad EL, Vindenes V. Concentrations of APINACA, 5F-APINACA, UR-144 and its degradant product in blood samples from six impaired drivers compared to previous reported concentrations of other synthetic cannabinoids. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 246:98-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Karinen R, Fosen JT, Rogde S, Vindenes V. An accidental poisoning with mitragynine. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 245:e29-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Karinen R, Tuv SS, Rogde S, Peres MD, Johansen U, Frost J, Vindenes V, Øiestad ÅML. Lethal poisonings with AH-7921 in combination with other substances. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:e21-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Karinen R, Vindenes V, Hasvold I, Olsen KM, Christophersen AS, Øiestad E. Determination of a selection of anti-epileptic drugs and two active metabolites in whole blood by reversed phase UPLC-MS/MS and some examples of application of the method in forensic toxicology cases. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:634-44. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Karinen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Inger Hasvold
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Kirsten Midtbøen Olsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Asbjørg S. Christophersen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Elisabeth Øiestad
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Division of Forensic Sciences, Oslo, Norway; Box 4404, Nydalen 0403 Oslo Norway
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21
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Karinen R, Andresen W, Smith-Kielland A, Mørland J. Long-Term Storage of Authentic Postmortem Forensic Blood Samples at −20°C: Measured Concentrations of Benzodiazepines, Central Stimulants, Opioids and Certain Medicinal Drugs Before and After Storage for 16–18 Years. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:686-95. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Hoiseth G, Morini L, Sempio C, Rogde S, Eldor K, Karinen R, Oiestad A. P14: Post mortem hair analyses confirm use of drugs not detected in blood. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-0078(14)70075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Edvardsen HME, Karinen R, Moan IS, Oiestad EL, Christophersen AS, Gjerde H. Use of alcohol and drugs among health professionals in Norway: a study using data from questionnaires and samples of oral fluid. J Occup Med Toxicol 2014; 9:8. [PMID: 24612541 PMCID: PMC3973962 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-9-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Working under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol may affect safety and job performance. However, the size of this possible problem among health professionals (HPs) is unknown. The aim of this study was threefold: (i) to analyze samples of oral fluid and self-reported data from questionnaires to investigate the prevalence of alcohol and drugs among a sample of HPs in Norway, (ii) to study self-reported absence from or impairment at work due to alcohol and/or drug use, and (iii) to examine whether such use and absence/impairment due to such use depend on socio-demographic variables. A total of 916 of the 933 invited HPs from hospitals and pharmacies participated in the study (participation rate = 98.2%), and 81.1% were women. Associations were analyzed in bi-variate cross tables with Chi-square statistics to assess statistical significance. Alcohol was not detected in any of the samples. Ethyl glucuronide, a specific alcohol metabolite, was found in 0.3% of the collected samples. Illicit drugs and medicinal drugs were identified in 0.6% and 7.3% of the samples, respectively. Both analytical results and self-reported use of alcohol and drugs during the past 12 months indicate that recent and past year alcohol and drug use was lower among HPs than among workers in other business areas in Norway, Europe and US. Nevertheless, several HPs reported absence from work due to alcohol (0.9%) and medicinal drug use (0.8%) during the past 12 months. A substantial part (16.7%) of the self-reported medicinal drug users reported absence from work because of use of medicinal drugs during the past 12 months, and more than 1/4 of those reported in-efficiency at work because of the use of medicinal drugs during the past 12 months. Reduced efficiency at work due to alcohol use during the past 12 months was reported by 12.2%. This sample of HPs seldom used illicit drugs, few had a high level of alcohol consumption, and few tested positive for medicinal drugs. Absence or hangover related to the use of medicinal drugs or alcohol appeared to be a bigger issue than the acute intoxication or the use of illicit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Marie Erøy Edvardsen
- Division of Forensic Sciences, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P,O, Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Tuv SS, Krabseth H, Karinen R, Olsen KM, Øiestad EL, Vindenes V. Prevalence of synthetic cannabinoids in blood samples from Norwegian drivers suspected of impaired driving during a seven weeks period. Accid Anal Prev 2014; 62:26-31. [PMID: 24129318 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
From early year 2000 different herbal products containing synthetic cannabinoids (SC) have appeared on the drug market all over the world, and new substances are frequently introduced. The prevalence of SC use in different populations is however still mainly unknown, also in Norway. This information is difficult to obtain, but studies of drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID), might provide important information. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SC in drivers suspected of being under the influence of drugs in Norway, and investigate if SCs impair driving performance. For two periods of three and four weeks all blood samples from drivers suspected of DUID in Norway were analyzed for the presence of 12 and 18 different SCs, respectively. A new ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed. A total of 726 cases were analyzed during our study period, and SCs were detected in 16 cases (2.2%) in total. The mean age of these drivers was 29.6 years. High concentrations of other psychoactive drugs were detected in all the blood samples where a SC was found. AM-2201 and JWH-018 were the most frequently detected SCs, each found in five cases. In addition RSC-4, JWH-122, JWH-081 and JWH-250 were detected. None of the drivers had reported using SCs prior to driving. Despite the limited number of SCs investigated in this 7 week study period, a considerable percent of the cases were positive. Other psychoactive drugs of abuse were always found concomitant with the SCs, and the age of these drivers indicates that experienced drug users also ingest SCs. Since other drugs were found in all the samples, the psychomotor impairment caused by the SCs is difficult to estimate. Our study shows the importance of screening analyses of biological samples from different populations to assess the prevalence of drug use, since self-reporting might be encumbered with significant under-reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Skogstad Tuv
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, P.O. 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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26
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Berg-Pedersen RM, Ripel A, Karinen R, Vevelstad M, Bachs L, Vindenes V. Codeine to Morphine Concentration Ratios in Samples from Living Subjects and Autopsy Cases after Incubation. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 38:99-105. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Øiestad EL, Karinen R, Christophersen AS, Vindenes V, Bachs L. Analyses of Beverage Remains in Drug Rape Cases Revealing Drug Residues - The Possibility of Contamination from Drug Concentrated Oral Fluid or Oral Cavity Contained Tablets. J Forensic Sci 2013; 59:208-10. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth L. Øiestad
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen N-0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Ritva Karinen
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen N-0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Asbjørg S. Christophersen
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen N-0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen N-0403 Oslo Norway
| | - Liliana Bachs
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research; Norwegian Institute of Public Health; P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen N-0403 Oslo Norway
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28
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Karinen R, Vindenes V, Morild I, Johnsen L, Le Nygaard I, Christophersen AS. Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) detected in abnormally high concentrations in postmortem blood and urine from two persons found dead inside a car containing a gasoline spill. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:1393-1396. [PMID: 23879346 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two deep frozen persons, a female and a male, were found dead in a car. There had been an explosive fire inside the car which had extinguished itself. On the floor inside the car were large pools of liquid which smelled of gasoline. The autopsy findings and routine toxicological analyses could not explain the cause of death. Carboxyhemoglobin levels in the blood samples were <10%. Analysis with a headspace gas chromatography revealed methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) concentrations of 185 mg/L (female victim) and 115 mg/L (male victim) in peripheral blood. The urine MTBE concentrations were 150 mg/L and 256 mg/L, respectively. MTBE is a synthetic chemical which is added to gasoline as a fuel oxygenate. Gasoline poisoning is likely to be the cause of the death in these two cases, and MTBE can be a suitable marker of gasoline exposure, when other volatile components have vaporized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Karinen
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 6, Oslo, 0456, Norway
| | - Vigdis Vindenes
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 6, Oslo, 0456, Norway
| | - Inge Morild
- The Gade Institute, University of Bergen, Haukeland universitetssykehus, 5021, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lene Johnsen
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 6, Oslo, 0456, Norway
| | - Ilah Le Nygaard
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 6, Oslo, 0456, Norway
| | - Asbjørg S Christophersen
- Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Lovisenberggata 6, Oslo, 0456, Norway
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Karinen R. Stability Study of Fifteen Synthetic Cannabinoids of Aminoalkylindole Type in Whole Blood, Stored in Vacutainer® Evacuated Glass Tubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4172/2325-9841.1000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fjeld B, Burns ML, Karinen R, Larssen B, Smith-Kielland A, Vindenes V. Long-term stability of GHB in post-mortem samples and samples from living persons, stored at -20°C, using fluoride preservatives. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 222:47-51. [PMID: 22648054 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Reanalyses are frequently requested in forensic toxicology, and knowledge of the stability of drugs in biological samples is of major importance for the interpretation of the toxicological findings. Currently, the literature on stability of gammahydroxybutyrate (GHB) in blood samples from living subjects and in post-mortem blood is limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term stability of GHB in both blood samples from persons suspected of drug use and post-mortem blood samples. METHODS A total of 59 reanalyses were performed in whole blood samples, 27 samples from living subjects and 32 samples taken at autopsies. The samples were stored in the freezer between 0.4 and 7.2 years at -20°C in vials containing preservatives. Analyses were performed by GC-FID, and cut-off level was 10.3 mg/L. The concentrations in 22 of the samples were below cut-off. RESULTS The mean change in concentration between initial analysis and reanalysis was -0.8% for the positive samples from living persons and -7.1% for the positive post-mortem samples. Changes ranged from -32.4% to 21.0% for samples from living and from -30.4% to 34.4% for post-mortem samples. All negative samples were still negative at the time of reanalysis. CONCLUSION Reanalysis of these forensic whole blood samples stored several years at -20°C with fluoride preservation did not exhibit changes in GHB concentrations of practical significance for the interpretation of toxicological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Fjeld
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Medicine and Drug Abuse Research, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Tuv SS, Strand MC, Karinen R, Øiestad EL, Christophersen AS, Vindenes V. Syntetiske cannabinoider - effekt og forekomst. Tidsskriftet 2012; 132:2285-8. [DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.12.0471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Konstantinova-Larsen SV, Normann PT, Arnestad M, Karinen R, Christophersen AS, Mørland J. Surveillance of abused drugs in forensic autopsy cases in Norway. Nor J Epidemiol 2011. [DOI: 10.5324/nje.v21i1.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
High drug related mortality has been registered in Norway. Although comparison between countries relies on a standard international coding system of diseases, different practices in verifying cause of death and applying codes could lead to variation. The comparison gives no information on drug findings or drug patterns underlying the cause of deaths. To evaluate deaths involving illicit drugs in Norway, we examined drug patterns in 2735 forensically examined post-mortem samples collected from 15-64 year-old individuals from 2000 to 2009. There were four times as many men as women among the deceased illicit drug users, and the majority were in the age group 25-44 years. The number of deceased showing signs of illicit drug use has gradually declined during the study period. The decline was found among younger individuals, while a larger proportion of the deceased were above 45 years of age in 2009, compared to 2000. Cases positive for heroin, ethanol, ecstasy and flunitrazepam were fewer in 2009, while the prevalence of amphetamine, cannabis, methadone and other opioids has increased. The prevalence of methamphetamine has increased ten fold, and the prevalence of benzodiazepines doubled. Thus, the drug pattern and age of the deceased has changed markedly during the last 10 years. Heroin and ethanol use has partly been substituted by use of amphetamines, cannabis, benzodiazepines and other opioids. This change could possibly be explained by the prolonged survival of drug users on substitution treatment and by the reduced toxicity of consumed drugs.
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Karinen R, Oiestad EL, Andresen W, Smith-Kielland A, Christophersen A. Comparison of the Stability of Stock Solutions of Drugs of Abuse and Other Drugs Stored in a Freezer, Refrigerator, and at Ambient Temperature for Up to One Year. J Anal Toxicol 2011; 35:583-90. [DOI: 10.1093/anatox/35.8.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Høiseth G, Yttredal B, Karinen R, Gjerde H, Mørland J, Christophersen A. Ethyl glucuronide concentrations in oral fluid, blood, and urine after volunteers drank 0.5 and 1.0 g/kg doses of ethanol. J Anal Toxicol 2010; 34:319-24. [PMID: 20663284 DOI: 10.1093/jat/34.6.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in oral fluid, blood, and urine after healthy volunteers drank two doses of ethanol, 0.5 (n = 11) and 1.0 g/kg (n = 10), after an overnight fast. Samples of oral fluid, blood, and urine were collected before drinking started and at 1.5, 3.5, 5.5, 8.5, 11.5, and 24 h post-dosing. Following ingestion of low dose of ethanol, the Cmax for EtG was 0.36 mg/L (range 0.28-0.41 mg/L) in blood and 69.8 mg/L (range 47.1-96.5 mg/L) in urine. In oral fluid, the concentrations were < 1% of those in blood, and only three subjects exceeded the limit of quantification for EtG in oral fluid. After ingestion of the high dose of ethanol, the Cmax for EtG was 1.06 mg/L (range 0.8-1.22 mg/L) in blood, 159.9 mg/L (range 97.2-225.5 mg/L) in urine, and 0.032 mg/L (range 0.013-0.059 mg/L) in oral fluid. The median oral fluid/blood ratio was 0.029 (range 0.012-0.054) for EtG. The detection time for EtG was median 11.5 h (range 3.5-11.5 h) in oral fluid. According to this, the detection time for EtG in oral fluid is therefore only a few hours longer than for ethanol itself and represents limited additional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Høiseth
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
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Karinen R, Oiestad EL, Andresen W, Wethe G, Smith-Kielland A, Christophersen A. Comparison of Ethanol and Other Drugs of Abuse Concentrations in Whole Blood Stored in Venoject(R) Glass and Plastic and Venosafe Plastic Evacuated Tubes. J Anal Toxicol 2010; 34:420-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/34.7.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hoiseth G, Yttredal B, Karinen R, Gjerde H, Christophersen A. Levels of Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate in Oral Fluid, Blood, and Urine After Use of Mouthwash and Ingestion of Nonalcoholic Wine. J Anal Toxicol 2010; 34:84-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/34.2.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Høiseth G, Karinen R, Christophersen A, Mørland J. Practical use of ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in postmortem cases as markers of antemortem alcohol ingestion. Int J Legal Med 2009; 124:143-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-009-0393-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Høiseth G, Karinen R, Sørlid HK, Bramness JG. The Effect of Scheduling and Withdrawal of Carisoprodol on Prevalence of Intoxications with the Drug. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2009; 105:345-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2009.00459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Karinen R, Andersen JM, Ripel A, Hasvold I, Hopen AB, Morland J, Christophersen AS. Determination of Heroin and Its Main Metabolites in Small Sample Volumes of Whole Blood and Brain Tissue by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2009; 33:345-50. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/33.7.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Al-Samarraie MSJ, Karinen R, Rognum T, Hasvold I, Stokke MO, Christophersen AS. Lethal Poisoning with Ethiofencarb and Ethanol. J Anal Toxicol 2009; 33:389-92. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/33.7.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Hoiseth G, Morini L, Polettini A, Christophersen AS, Johnsen L, Karinen R, Morland J. Serum/Whole Blood Concentration Ratio for Ethylglucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate. J Anal Toxicol 2009; 33:208-11. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/33.4.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Vindenes V, Karinen R, Hasvold I, Bernard JP, Mrland JG, Christophersen AS. Bromadiolone Poisoning: LCMS Method and Pharmacokinetic Data. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53:993-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Høiseth G, Karinen R, Johnsen L, Normann PT, Christophersen AS, Mørland J. Disappearance of ethyl glucuronide during heavy putrefaction. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 176:147-51. [PMID: 17884319 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 08/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are previous publications showing the use of ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a non-oxidative metabolite of ethanol, as a marker of ante-mortem ingestion of alcohol in forensic autopsy cases. The problem of possible degradation or formation of EtG during putrefaction is however not well studied and the aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of false negative and false positive EtG results by an in vitro study. Further, we used the information from the in vitro study on real cases, to get an impression of the practical problem of degradation or formation of EtG. METHODS An in vitro study was carried out to study the concentrations of EtG in blood samples under controlled conditions during putrefaction. In addition, to illustrate the practical problem of degradation or formation of EtG, we used routine samples analysed for EtG in blood. Blood samples from forensic autopsies with ethanol detected but EtG not detected in blood, and therefore suspected post-mortem ethanol formation, were identified. Fifteen such cases had urine samples available, and these were analysed for EtG. We hypothesised that since concentrations are often higher in urine, there would still be traces of EtG left in this medium if post-mortem degradation was the reason for the negative result in blood. RESULTS In this in vitro experiment, EtG was very unstable in blood samples at 30/40 degrees C without preservatives. On the other hand, EtG was stable with potassium fluoride at room temperature, and there was no formation of EtG either at 30 degrees C without preservatives, or at room temperature with potassium fluoride. Of the 15 routine cases where EtG in blood was negative, and the ethanol detected was assumed endogenous, six were positive for EtG in urine. In these cases, ethanol was probably ingested, and the negative EtG in blood may be a false negative result due to degradation during putrefaction. CONCLUSION Analysis of EtG in blood is a helpful tool to determine in vivo ingestion of ethanol in post-mortem cases. A negative result, however, especially in heavily putrefied cases, must be interpreted with caution. Analysis of an additional medium would be valuable in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Høiseth
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Høiseth G, Bernard JP, Karinen R, Johnsen L, Helander A, Christophersen AS, Mørland J. A pharmacokinetic study of ethyl glucuronide in blood and urine: Applications to forensic toxicology. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 172:119-24. [PMID: 17306943 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This pharmacokinetic study investigated the kinetics of ethanol and its metabolite ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in blood and urine during the whole time course of absorption and elimination. There are few previous studies on the kinetics of EtG in blood, and we wanted to evaluate whether such knowledge could yield valuable information regarding the time of ethanol ingestion in forensic cases, such as, for instance, drunk driving. Ten male volunteers consumed ethanol at a fixed dose of 0.5 g/kg body weight in a fasted state. Blood samples were collected for 14 h and urine samples were collected for 45-50 h after the start of drinking. EtG reached its maximum concentration (C(max)) in blood after a median of 4 h (range 3.5-5), a median of 3 h (range 2-4.5) after C(max) for ethanol. The ethanol-to-EtG ratios in blood (ethanol in g/L, EtG in mg/L) were >1 only for the first median 3.5 h (range 2.5-3.5) after drinking. EtG elimination occurred with a median half-life of 2.2 h (range 1.7-3.1 h), and the renal clearance was 8.32 L/h (median, range 5.25-20.86). The concentrations of EtG were always much higher in urine than in blood. The total amount of EtG excreted in the urine was median 30 mg (range 21.5-39.7), representing 0.017% (median, range 0.013-0.022) of the ethanol given, on a molar basis. The information from the present study may be a valuable supplement to determine the time of ethanol ingestion. For this purpose, two subsequent increasing EtG values and a high ethanol-to-EtG ratio in blood would support information of recent drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Høiseth
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
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Bernard JP, Opdal MS, Karinen R, Mørland J, Khiabani HZ. Relationship between methadone and EDDP (2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine) in urine samples from Norwegian prisons. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63:777-82. [PMID: 17576548 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-007-0314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methadone maintenance treatment is a widely used therapy in the rehabilitation of opioid addiction the world over. Methadone is metabolised in the body to a number of inactive metabolites, but primarily to 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP). The Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse (DFTDA) of the Norwegian Institute of Public Health carries out drug analysis of urine samples from inmates of prisons throughout Norway. Methadone and EDDP in the urine are also tested for upon request. The results are stored in a secure database at the DFTDA. OBJECTIVES The aims of the present study were (1) to observe variations in methadone and EDDP concentrations in urine in relation to urine pH in a large set of urine samples obtained from prison inmates and (2) to analyse samples testing methadone-positive/EDDP-negative and investigate whether such results could occur naturally, without sample tampering. METHODS All urine samples that tested positive for methadone over the period 2004-2005 were collected from the DFTDA database, and the relation between methadone and EDDP excretion in urine, and urinary pH was determined. Samples that tested positive for methadone but negative for EDDP were picked out and studied individually. RESULTS A total of 1539 urine samples (cases) had tested positive for methadone in our database for the period 2004-2005. There was a strong correlation between the concentration of methadone in urine and urine pH in these samples, with higher concentrations of methadone present at lower pH levels. Cases that tested positive for methadone but negative for EDDP were rare - a total of five (0.3% of all cases tested). These cases were studied in more detail. CONCLUSION Methadone excretion in urine is dependent on urinary pH. Methadone-positive/EDDP-negative results may suggest sample tampering in some, but not all, cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Bernard
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403, Oslo, Norway.
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Høiseth G, Karinen R, Christophersen AS, Olsen L, Normann PT, Mørland J. A study of ethyl glucuronide in post-mortem blood as a marker of ante-mortem ingestion of alcohol. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 165:41-5. [PMID: 16564658 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 02/14/2006] [Accepted: 02/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of post-mortem production of ethanol makes correct interpretation of ethanol detection in forensic autopsy samples difficult. Even though the levels of ethanol formed post-mortem are generally low, this may be highly relevant in cases where intake of alcohol was forbidden, for instance for pilots, professional drivers and countries with low legal alcohol limits for driving. Different criteria are used to determine whether a finding of ethanol is of exogenous origin, but there is no marker for alcohol ingestion that has been studied in detail. In this study, we wanted to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ethyl glucuronide (EtG), a direct minor metabolite of ethanol, measured in blood, as a marker of ante-mortem alcohol ingestion. Forensic autopsy cases were divided into groups with and without ante-mortem alcohol ingestion, according to strict inclusion criteria. In 93 cases with information on ante-mortem alcohol ingestion, EtG was detected in blood in all cases, even when levels of ethanol were low. In another 53 cases where there were no indications of ante-mortem alcohol intake, EtG could not be detected in blood in a single case, also in 11 cases in which ethanol was detected and considered to be most probably formed post-mortem. In conclusion, blood EtG determination seems to be a reliable marker of ante-mortem ingestion of alcohol, and it could be considered in forensic autopsy cases when post-mortem formation of ethanol is questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Høiseth
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Pb 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Olsen V, Gustavsen I, Bramness JG, Hasvold I, Karinen R, Christophersen AS, Mørland J. The concentrations, appearance and taste of nine sedating drugs dissolved in four different beverages. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 151:171-5. [PMID: 15939149 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sedating drugs are reported to be used in cases where people have been drugged unwittingly. In the present experiments we studied whether nine sedating medicinal drugs would dissolve in four different beverages to reach concentrations which could possibly cause impairment and whether the drugs altered the appearance and taste of the beverages. Nine sedating medicinal drugs were added separately to water, beer, Coca-Cola and ethanol. Drug concentrations were measured 5, 10, 20 and 40 min after spiking. The amount of drug in one swallow (50 mL) was calculated. Appearance and taste were recorded after 10 min. Flunipam, Sobril, Valium and Xanor dissolved faster than Rohypnol, Imovane, Somadril, Rivotril and Dolcontin. Ten minutes after adding Flunipam, Sobril, Imovane (in beer and Coca-Cola), Valium and Xanor, the concentrations had reached more than 50% of maximum theoretical concentration. Most of the drugs caused sediment, pieces and/or turbidity in one or more of the beverages. Some of the solutions were dyed from added Rohypnol (turquoise or green), Dolcontin (red) and Valium (yellow). Flunipam and Valium caused extensive frothing in beer. The tastes of Imovane and Somadril were distinct in all the beverages, while the taste of other drug solutions was less distinct. The ingestion of all solutions could probably have caused impairment. All the nine drugs were, however, apparent to the consumer from the altered appearance and/or taste of the beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigdis Olsen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, PO Box 4404, Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Bramness JG, Arnestad M, Karinen R, Hilberg T. Fatal overdose of zopiclone in an elderly woman with bronchogenic carcinoma. J Forensic Sci 2001; 46:1247-9. [PMID: 11569575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The death of a 72-year-old woman with respiratory debilitation due to bronchogenic carcinoma is described. She overdosed herself with probably 200 to 350 mg of zopiclone. Zopiclone, quantitated by HPLC in femoral postmortem blood, was found to be 1.9 mg/L (4.8 micromol/L). This level is higher than many other zopiclone fatalities reported. We report a case where only zopiclone was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Bramness
- National Institute of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo, Norway
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