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Hayrapetyan H, Tran T, Tellez-Corrales E, Madiraju C. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay: Types and Applications. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2612:1-17. [PMID: 36795355 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2903-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is an immunological assay widely used in basic science research, clinical application studies, and diagnostics. The ELISA technique relies on the interaction between the antigen (i.e., the target protein) versus the primary antibody against the antigen of interest. The presence of the antigen is confirmed through the enzyme-linked antibody catalysis of the added substrate, the products of which are either qualitatively detected by visual inspection or quantitatively using readouts from either a luminometer or a spectrophotometer. ELISA techniques are broadly classified into direct, indirect, sandwich, and competitive ELISA-all of which vary based on the antigens, antibodies, substrates, and experimental conditions. Direct ELISA relies on the binding of the enzyme-conjugated primary antibodies to the antigen-coated plates. Indirect ELISA introduces enzyme-linked secondary antibodies specific to the primary antibodies bound to the antigen-coated plates. Competitive ELISA involves a competition between the sample antigen and the plate-coated antigen for the primary antibody, followed by the binding of enzyme-linked secondary antibodies. Sandwich ELISA technique includes a sample antigen introduced to the antibody-precoated plate, followed by sequential binding of detection and enzyme-linked secondary antibodies to the recognition sites on the antigen. This review describes ELISA methodology, the types of ELISA, their advantages and disadvantages, and a listing of some multifaceted applications both in clinical and research settings, including screening for drug use, pregnancy testing, diagnosing disease, detecting biomarkers, blood typing, and detecting SARS-CoV-2 that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hovhannes Hayrapetyan
- Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA, USA.,Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Thao Tran
- Marshall B. Ketchum University, Fullerton, CA, USA
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Detection of 3,4-Methylene Dioxy Amphetamine in Urine by Magnetically Improved Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensing Strategy. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090711. [PMID: 36140096 PMCID: PMC9496583 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of illicit drugs has become a major issue of global concern. As a synthetic amphetamine analog, 3,4-Methylene Dioxy Amphetamine (MDA) causes serotonergic neurotoxicity, posing a serious risk to human health. In this work, a two-dimensional substrate of ITO/Au is fabricated by transferring Au nanoparticle film onto indium–tin oxide glass (ITO). By magnetic inducing assembly of Fe3O4@Au onto ITO/Au, a sandwich-based, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection strategy is designed. Through the use of an external magnet, the MDA is retained in the region of hot spots formed between Fe3O4@Au and ITO/Au; as a result, the SERS sensitivity for MDA is superior compared to other methods, lowering the limit of detection (LOD) to 0.0685 ng/mL and attaining a corresponding linear dynamic detection range of 5–105 ng/mL. As an actual application, this magnetically improved SERS sensing strategy is successfully applied to distinguish MDA in urine at trace level, which is beneficial to clinical and forensic monitors.
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Pollard C, Hudson M, McDonnell JM, Royall PG, Wolff K. Development of a point-of-care test for the detection of MDMA in latent fingerprints using surface plasmon resonance and lateral flow technology. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:613-621. [PMID: 34766468 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To date, a specific point-of-care test (POCT) for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy, 'E') in latent fingerprints (LFPs) has not been explored. Other POCTs identify MDMA in sweat by detecting the drug as a cross-reactant rather than target analyte, thus decreasing the test's sensitivity. The study's aim was to design a sensitive POCT for the detection of MDMA in LFPs using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) technology. A high-affinity antibody binding pair was identified using the former technique, deeming the pair suitable for a LFA. Titrations of fluorescently labelled antibody and antigen concentrations were tested to identify a sharp drop-in signal upon the addition of MDMA to allow a clear distinction between negative and positive outcomes. We trialled the LFA by producing dose response curves with MDMA and a group of drugs that share a similar chemical structure to MDMA. These were generated through spiking the LFA with increasing levels of drug (0-400 pg/10 μl of MDMA; 0-10,000 pg/10 μl of cross-reactant). Fluorescent test signals were measured using a cartridge reader. The cut-off (threshold) 60 pg/10 μl calculated better cartridge performance (1.00 sensitivity, 0.95 specificity and 0.98 accuracy), when compared with 40 pg/10 μl. The biggest cross-reactant was PMMA (250%), followed by MDEA (183%), MBDB (167%), MDA (16%) and methamphetamine (16%). A sensitive LFP screening tool requiring no sample preparation was successfully designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pollard
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford St, London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH, UK
| | | | - James M McDonnell
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul G Royall
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kim Wolff
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford St, London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH, UK
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Determination of morphine and its metabolites in the biological samples: an updated review. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1161-1194. [PMID: 32757855 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine (MO) as an opioid analgesic is used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pains, particularly cancer-related pains. Pharmacologic studies on MO are complicated due to drugs binding to the protein or metabolization to active metabolites, and even inter-individual variability. This necessitates the selection of a reliable analytical method for monitoring MO and the concentrations of its metabolites in the biological samples for the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic investigations. Therefore, this study was conducted to review all the analytical research carried out on MO and its metabolites in the biological samples during 2007-2019 as an update to the study by Bosch et al. (2007).
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Yu Y, Xu W, Wang T, Fu Y, Cao H, He Q, Cheng J. More Interaction Sites and Enhanced Fluorescence for Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Detection of Methamphetamine Vapor via Sidechain Terminal Functionalization of Conjugated Polymers. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaguo Yu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Chinese Academy of Sciences Changning Road 865 Shanghai 200050 China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Chinese Academy of Sciences Changning Road 865 Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Tan Wang
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Chinese Academy of Sciences Changning Road 865 Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Yanyan Fu
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Chinese Academy of Sciences Changning Road 865 Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Huimin Cao
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Chinese Academy of Sciences Changning Road 865 Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Qingguo He
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Chinese Academy of Sciences Changning Road 865 Shanghai 200050 China
| | - Jiangong Cheng
- State Key Lab of Transducer Technology Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Chinese Academy of Sciences Changning Road 865 Shanghai 200050 China
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Li B, Wang T, Su Q, Wu X, Dong P. Fabrication of Au Nanorods by the Oblique Angle Deposition Process for Trace Detection of Methamphetamine with Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19173742. [PMID: 31470612 PMCID: PMC6749386 DOI: 10.3390/s19173742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oblique angle deposition (OAD) is a simple, low cost, effective, and maskless nanofabrication process. It can offer a reliable method for the mass fabrication of uniform metal nanorods which can be used as the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate with an excellent enhancing performance. Up to now, Ag nanorods SERS substrates have been extensively studied. However, Ag is chemically active and easy to oxidize under atmospheric conditions. Comparatively, Au is chemically stable and has better biocompatibility than Ag. In this paper, we in detail, studied the electromechanical (EM) field distribution simulation, fabrication, and application of Au nanorods (AuNRs) on trace detection of methamphetamine. According to the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculation results, the maximum EM intensity can be obtained with the length of AuNRs to be 800 nm and the tilting angle of AuNRs to be 71° respectively. The aligned Au nanorod array substrate was fabricated by the OAD process. The two key process parameters, deposition angle, and deposition rate were optimized by experiments, which were 86° and 2 Å/s, respectively. Using 1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene (BPE) as the probe molecule, the limit of detection (LOD) was characterized to be 10−11 M. The AuNRs were also used to detect methamphetamine. The LOD can be down to M (i.e., 14.92 pg/ml), which meet the requirements of the on-site rapid detection of the methamphetamine in human urine (500 ng/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Baini Li
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Tianran Wang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Qingqing Su
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xuezhong Wu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Peitao Dong
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China.
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Pelletti G, Garagnani M, Rossi F, Roffi R, Barone R, Pelotti S. Optimization of cloned enzyme donor immunoassay cut-offs for drugs of abuse in whole blood of drivers involved in road accidents. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 294:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Wu J, Dong M, Zhang C, Wang Y, Xie M, Chen Y. Magnetic Lateral Flow Strip for the Detection of Cocaine in Urine by Naked Eyes and Smart Phone Camera. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17061286. [PMID: 28587239 PMCID: PMC5492392 DOI: 10.3390/s17061286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic lateral flow strip (MLFS) based on magnetic bead (MB) and smart phone camera has been developed for quantitative detection of cocaine (CC) in urine samples. CC and CC-bovine serum albumin (CC-BSA) could competitively react with MB-antibody (MB-Ab) of CC on the surface of test line of MLFS. The color of MB-Ab conjugate on the test line relates to the concentration of target in the competition immunoassay format, which can be used as a visual signal. Furthermore, the color density of the MB-Ab conjugate can be transferred into digital signal (gray value) by a smart phone, which can be used as a quantitative signal. The linear detection range for CC is 5–500 ng/mL and the relative standard deviations are under 10%. The visual limit of detection was 5 ng/mL and the whole analysis time was within 10 min. The MLFS has been successfully employed for the detection of CC in urine samples without sample pre-treatment and the result is also agreed to that of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). With the popularization of smart phone cameras, the MLFS has large potential in the detection of drug residues in virtue of its stability, speediness, and low-cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, 95 Yong-an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
- Analytical & Testing Center of Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Mingling Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, 95 Yong-an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Liver Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center of Digestive Diseases, 95 Yong-an Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Mengxia Xie
- Analytical & Testing Center of Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China.
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Vidal JC, Bertolín JR, Bonel L, Asturias L, Arcos-Martínez MJ, Castillo JR. Rapid determination of recent cocaine use with magnetic particles-based enzyme immunoassays in serum, saliva, and urine fluids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Vidal JC, Bertolín JR, Bonel L, Asturias L, Arcos-Martínez MJ, Castillo JR. A Multi-electrochemical Competitive Immunosensor for Sensitive Cocaine Determination in Biological Samples. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Agius R. Utility of coloured hair for the detection of drugs and alcohol. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6 Suppl 1:110-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Agius
- Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology; Siemensstraße 40 32105 Bad Salzuflen Germany
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Agius R, Dufaux B, Kahl HG, Nadulski T. Is urine an alternative to cosmetically treated hair for the detection of drugs and alcohol? Drug Test Anal 2014; 6 Suppl 1:120-2. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Agius
- Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology; Siemensstrasße 40, 32105 Bad Salzuflen Germany
| | - Bertin Dufaux
- Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology; Siemensstrasße 40, 32105 Bad Salzuflen Germany
| | - Hans-Gerhard Kahl
- Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology; Siemensstrasße 40, 32105 Bad Salzuflen Germany
| | - Thomas Nadulski
- Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology; Siemensstrasße 40, 32105 Bad Salzuflen Germany
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