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Judák P, Esposito S, Coppieters G, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Doping control analysis of small peptides: A decade of progress. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1173:122551. [PMID: 33848801 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Small peptides are handled in the field of sports drug testing analysis as a separate group doping substances. It is a diverse group, which includes but is not limited to growth hormone releasing-factors and gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues. Significant progress has been achieved during the past decade in the doping control analysis of these peptides. In this article, achievements in the application of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based methodologies are reviewed. To meet the augmenting demands for analyzing an increasing number of samples for the presence of an increasing number of prohibited small peptides, testing methods have been drastically simplified, whilst their performance level remained constant. High-resolution mass spectrometers have been installed in routine laboratories and became the preferred detection technique. The discovery and implementation of metabolites/catabolites in testing methods led to extended detection windows of some peptides, thus, contributed to more efficient testing in the anti-doping community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Judák
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
| | - Simone Esposito
- ADME/DMPK Department, Drug Discovery Division, IRBM S.p.A, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
| | - Gilles Coppieters
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Doping Control Laboratory, Ghent University, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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2
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Determination of doping peptides via solid-phase microelution and accurate-mass quadrupole time-of-flight LC–MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1065-1066:134-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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3
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Zvereva I, Dudko G, Dikunets M. Determination of GnRH and its synthetic analogues' abuse in doping control: Small bioactive peptide UPLC-MS/MS method extension by addition of in vitro and in vivo metabolism data; evaluation of LH and steroid profile parameter fluctuations as suitable bi. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:711-722. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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4
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Genetic and protein biomarkers in blood for the improved detection of GH abuse. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 128:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ferro P, Krotov G, Zvereva I, Rodchenkov G, Segura J. Structure-activity relationship for peptídic growth hormone secretagogues. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:87-95. [PMID: 26811125 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone releasing peptides (GHRPs) could be widely used by cheating athletes because they produce growth hormone (GH) secretion, so may generate an ergogenic effect in the body. Knowledge of the essential amino acids needed in GHRP structure for interaction with the target biological receptor GHSR1a, the absorption through different administration routes, and the maintenance of pharmacological activity of potential biotransformation products may help in the fight against their abuse in sport. Several GHRPs and truncated analogues with the common core Ala-Trp-(D-Phe)-Lys have been studied with a radio-competitive assay for the GHSR1a receptor against the radioactive natural ligand ghrelin. Relevant chemical modifications influencing the activity for positions 1, 2, 3, and 7 based on the structure aa-aa-aa-Ala-Trp-(D-Phe)-Lys have been obtained. To test in vivo the applicability of the activities observed, the receptor assay activity in samples from excretion studies performed after nasal administration of GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin was confirmed. Overall results obtained allow to infer structure-activity information for those GHRPs and to detect GHSR1a binding (intact GHRPs plus active metabolites) in excreted urines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ferro
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Krotov
- Antidoping Centre, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - J Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
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Ferro P, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Bosch J, Farré M, Segura J. Fit-for-Purpose Radio Receptor Assay for the Determination of Growth Hormone Secretagogues in Urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:1268-76. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057115594590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The everlasting pharmacological development is continuously producing new substances with potential doping abuse. Among these, secretagogues are very prone to misuse by athletes for their properties to release growth hormone (GH) and some limitations in the actual analytical methods to detect them. In this paper, an in-depth study on the key variables of the radio receptor method previously developed by our group is performed and a fit-for-purpose protocol is established. Thus, this sensitive and robust screening method is proposed as an intelligent and preventive antidoping method to detect new growth hormone secretagogues (GHSs) in exceptional suspicious urine samples obtained from athletes and will support the current detection methods based on liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Ferro
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. Gutiérrez-Gallego
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
- Anapharm Biotech, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Bosch
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Farré
- Human Pharmacology and Neurosciences Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona–UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés (Bellaterra), Spain
| | - J. Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain
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Semenistaya E, Zvereva I, Thomas A, Thevis M, Krotov G, Rodchenkov G. Determination of growth hormone releasing peptides metabolites in human urine after nasal administration of GHRP-1, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, Hexarelin, and Ipamorelin. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:919-25. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Zvereva
- Anti-Doping Center; Elizavetinskiy per., 10/1 Moscow 105005 Russian Federation
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Grigory Krotov
- Anti-Doping Center; Elizavetinskiy per., 10/1 Moscow 105005 Russian Federation
| | - Grigory Rodchenkov
- Anti-Doping Center; Elizavetinskiy per., 10/1 Moscow 105005 Russian Federation
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Cox HD, Hughes CM, Eichner D. Detection of GHRP-2 and GHRP-6 in urine samples from athletes. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:439-44. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Holly D. Cox
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; 560 Arapeen Dr, Suite 150 A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Cole M. Hughes
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; 560 Arapeen Dr, Suite 150 A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory; 560 Arapeen Dr, Suite 150 A Salt Lake City UT 84108 USA
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:66-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Detecting peptidic drugs, drug candidates and analogs in sports doping: current status and future directions. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:663-73. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.965159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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12
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Gaudiano MC, Valvo L, Borioni A. Identification and quantification of the doping agent GHRP-2 in seized unlabelled vials by NMR and MS: a case-report. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:295-300. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Gaudiano
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Luisa Valvo
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
| | - Anna Borioni
- Dipartimento del Farmaco, Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy
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Thomas A, Delahaut P, Krug O, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Metabolism of Growth Hormone Releasing Peptides. Anal Chem 2012; 84:10252-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302034w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Center for
Preventive Doping
Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- Département Santé, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour, 8, Marloie, Belgium
| | - Oliver Krug
- Center for
Preventive Doping
Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for
Preventive Doping
Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for
Preventive Doping
Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
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Thomas A, Walpurgis K, Krug O, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Determination of prohibited, small peptides in urine for sports drug testing by means of nano-liquid chromatography/benchtop quadrupole orbitrap tandem-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1259:251-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Bosch J, Ueki M, Such-Sanmartín G, Segura J, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Tracking growth hormone abuse in sport: A comparison of distinct isoform-based assays. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 733:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Analytical challenges in the detection of peptide hormones for anti-doping purposes. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1577-90. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although significant progress has been achieved during the past few years with the introduction of new assays and analytical methodologies, the detection and quantification of protein analytes, in particular of peptide hormones, continues to pose analytical challenges for the World Anti-Doping Agency-accredited anti-doping laboratories. In this article, the latest achievements in the application of MS-based methodologies and specific biochemical and immunological assays to detect some of the prohibited substances listed in section S2 of the World Anti-Doping Agency List of Prohibited Substances and Methods are reviewed. In addition, we look towards the future by focusing on some of the most promising analytical approaches under development for the detection of so-called ‘biomarkers of doping’.
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Okano M, Nishitani Y, Sato M, Kageyama S. Effectiveness of GH isoform differential immunoassay for detecting rhGH doping on application of various growth factors. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:692-700. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Okano
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Yasunori Nishitani
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Sato
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Shinji Kageyama
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation; Tokyo; Japan
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Abstract
GH is believed to be widely employed in sports as a performance-enhancing substance. Its use in athletic competition is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, and athletes are required to submit to testing for GH exposure. Detection of GH doping is challenging for several reasons including identity/similarity of exogenous to endogenous GH, short half-life, complex and fluctuating secretory dynamics of GH, and a very low urinary excretion rate. The detection test currently in use (GH isoform test) exploits the difference between recombinant GH (pure 22K-GH) and the heterogeneous nature of endogenous GH (several isoforms). Its main limitation is the short window of opportunity for detection (~12-24 h after the last GH dose). A second test to be implemented soon (the biomarker test) is based on stimulation of IGF-I and collagen III synthesis by GH. It has a longer window of opportunity (1-2 wk) but is less specific and presents a variety of technical challenges. GH doping in a larger sense also includes doping with GH secretagogues and IGF-I and its analogs. The scientific evidence for the ergogenicity of GH is weak, a fact that is not widely appreciated in athletic circles or by the general public. Also insufficiently appreciated is the risk of serious health consequences associated with high-dose, prolonged GH use. This review discusses the GH biology relevant to GH doping; the virtues and limitations of detection tests in blood, urine, and saliva; secretagogue efficacy; IGF-I doping; and information about the effectiveness of GH as a performance-enhancing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard P Baumann
- Partnership for Clean Competition, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80919, USA.
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:2-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Germany
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Thevis M, Thomas A, Schänzer W. Doping control analysis of selected peptide hormones using LC–MS(/MS). Forensic Sci Int 2011; 213:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Pinyot A, Nikolovski Z, Bosch J, Such-Sanmartín G, Kageyama S, Segura J, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Growth hormone secretagogues: out of competition. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1101-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5544-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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22
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