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Shimko KM, Piatkowski T, Thomas KV, Speers N, Brooker L, Tscharke BJ, O'Brien JW. Performance- and image-enhancing drug use in the community: use prevalence, user demographics and the potential role of wastewater-based epidemiology. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126340. [PMID: 34171672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Performance- and image-enhancing drug (PIED) misuse is a significant public health issue. Currently, seizure data, surveys, anti-doping testing, and needle service provider data are used to estimate PIED use in populations. These methods are time consuming, single point-in-time measurements that often consist of small sample sizes and do not truly capture PIED prevalence. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used globally to assess and monitor licit and illicit drug consumption within the general community. This method can objectively cover large populations as well as specific subpopulations (gyms, music festivals, prisons), and has potential as a complementary monitoring method for PIED use. Information obtained through WBE could be used to aid public health authorities in developing targeted prevention and education programmes. Research on PIED analysis in wastewater is limited and presents a significant gap in the literature. The focus is on anabolic steroids, and one steroid alternative currently growing in popularity; selective androgenic receptor modulators. This encompasses medical uses, addiction, prevalence, user typology, and associated public health implications. An overview of WBE is described including its benefits, limitations and potential as a monitoring method for PIED use. A summary of previous work in this field is presented. Finally, we summarise gaps in the literature, future perspectives, and recommendations for monitoring PIEDs in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja M Shimko
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Timothy Piatkowski
- School of Psychology and Counselling and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Centre for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Naomi Speers
- Sport Integrity Australia (SIA), Unit 14, 5 Tennant Street, Fyshwick, ACT 2609, Australia
| | - Lance Brooker
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL), National Measurement Institute (NMI), 105 Delhi Road, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Ben J Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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You Y, Proctor RM, Guo K, Li X, Xue E, Guan F, Robinson MA. Use of high resolution/accurate mass full scan/data-dependent acquisition for targeted/non-targeted screening in equine doping control. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1565-1575. [PMID: 33710179 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02297g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) is a very powerful technology for equine doping control analysis. The more recently developed hybrid type of Orbitrap-based HRMS instrument allows for both targeted and non-targeted screening analyses in a single liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS) run. In the present study, an LC-HRMS/MS method was developed and validated to detect prohibited substances in equine sports. The substances were recovered from equine plasma by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using methyl tert-butyl ether and were separated on a C18 reversed-phase column using mobile phases of 5 mM ammonium formate and acetonitrile. A 7.5 min LC gradient was employed to elute substances and results indicated that the LC method generated sharp and symmetric chromatographic peaks. An in-house equine doping compound database and a spectral library were built to increase method specificity for substances of interest. Five criteria, i.e. accurate mass, retention time, isotope pattern, selected HRMS/MS fragment ions (compound database) and HRMS/MS spectra (spectral library), were employed for targeted screening. We utilized these criteria to validate targeted detection of 451 substances within our in-house equine doping compound database. By using all five criteria in screening, the false screening positive rate is significantly reduced. A screening strategy and a Microsoft Excel macro were developed to facilitate interpretation and reporting of results. As the simultaneous acquisition of the full scan HRMS data provides the opportunity for retrospective non-targeted analysis, our findings highlight the use of this novel methodology as a simple, rapid, and reliably reproducible strategy to meet the challenge of identifying an increasing number of doping substances that could potentially impact the integrity of the horse racing community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen You
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, New Bolton Center Campus, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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3
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Breedh J, Comasco E, Hellgren C, Papadopoulos FC, Skalkidou A, Poromaa IS. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness, startle response, and sensorimotor gating in late pregnancy. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 106:1-8. [PMID: 30927623 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the main regulator of the stress response, undergoes dramatic changes. The acoustic startle response (ASR) and the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response are neurophysiological research tools and objective measures of an individual's response to an emotional context or stressor. The ASR and PPI are influenced by psychiatric diseases characterized by anxiety symptoms and are sensitive to cortisol. Hence, the ASR and the PPI can be used to investigate the effects of pregnancy-induced endocrine changes and their contribution to affective disorders. The present study sought to investigate the association between measures of HPA-axis responsiveness, startle reactivity and sensorimotor gating during pregnancy that to date remains unknown. The eye-blink component of the ASR, and its prepulse inhibition, were measured in 107 late third trimester pregnant women. Saliva samples were collected to assess the cortisol awakening response (CAR), a measure of HPA-axis activity. Blood was sampled to measure serum levels of cortisol, cortisone and the cortisone to cortisol ratio. Ongoing anxiety disorders, sleep duration, smoking, and age were considered as potential confounders in the statistical analyses. CAR reactivity, measured as area under the curve (AUC) increase and above baseline, was positively associated with baseline startle magnitude [Cohen's d = 0.27; F (1, 105) = 4.99; p = 0.028, and Cohen's d = 0.30; F (1, 105) = 6.25; p = 0.014, respectively] as well as PPI at 86 dB [Cohen's d = 0.29; F (1, 105) = 5.93; p = 0.017; and Cohen's d = 0.34; F (1, 105) = 8.38; p = 0.005, respectively]. The observed positive correlation between startle magnitude in pregnant women and greater increase in cortisol during the awakening response may be interpreted as heightened neurophysiological reactivity, likely associated with dysregulation of the stress system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Breedh
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Comasco
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Charlotte Hellgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fotios C Papadopoulos
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatry, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alkistis Skalkidou
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Shimko KM, O'Brien JW, Barron L, Kayalar H, Mueller JF, Tscharke BJ, Choi PM, Jiang H, Eaglesham G, Thomas KV. A pilot wastewater‐based epidemiology assessment of anabolic steroid use in Queensland, Australia. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:937-949. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja M. Shimko
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London London UK
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Jake W. O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Leon Barron
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London London UK
| | - Hasan Kayalar
- King's Forensics, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & MedicineKing's College London London UK
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Jochen F. Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Ben J. Tscharke
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Phil M. Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Hui Jiang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Geoff Eaglesham
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland Woolloongabba QLD Australia
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6
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Moreira FX, Carmo H, Melo A, André MB, Silva R, Azevedo Z, Bastos ML, de Pinho PG. The Use of Feathers from Racing Pigeons for Doping Control Purposes. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 43:307-315. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando X Moreira
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Armindo Melo
- LAQV/REQUIMTE/ Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria B André
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Silva
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Zélia Azevedo
- ICETA/REQUIMTE/LAQV – Laboratório Associado para a Química Verde, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria L Bastos
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula G de Pinho
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, Porto, Portugal
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7
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Validated LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous analysis of 21 cephalosporins in zebrafish for a drug toxicity study. Anal Biochem 2018; 558:28-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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He G, Wu Y, Lu J. Doping control analysis of 13 steroids and structural-like analytes in human urine using Quadrupole-Orbitrap LC-MS/MS with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) mode. Steroids 2018; 131:1-6. [PMID: 29274404 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) and structural-like substances are commonly prohibited substances found in doping control studies that can be difficult to accurately detect. In the present study, 11 AASs and 2 structural-like substances that are commonly detected were examined. Currently, such analytes are detected using low resolution GC-MS/MS or LC-MS/MS, with detection not always possible. Herein, the high resolution Quadrupole-Orbitrap liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS system Q Exactive was utilized to increase the specificity. This approach was then combined for the first time with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) during the screening procedure. The results confirmed high specificity, with the LODs of all 13 analytes being at least 25-fold lower than corresponding MRPLs as defined by WADA. Furthermore, the extraction recoveries were above 70% and the intra- and inter-day precisions were lower than 15%. This approach was successfully applied to analyze over 10,000 samples with no false-positive or false-negative results, thus suggesting that Quadrupole-Orbitrap LC-MS/MS when combined with PRM is an effective method for doping control analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genye He
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Yun Wu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jianghai Lu
- National Anti-doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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9
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Liu Y, Uboh CE, Li X, Guan F, You Y, Maylin GA, Zhu F, Soma LR. Validated LC–MS-MS Method for Simultaneous Analysis of 17 Barbiturates in Horse Plasma for Doping Control. J Anal Toxicol 2017; 41:431-440. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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10
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Hellgren C, Edvinsson Å, Olivier JD, Fornes R, Stener-Victorin E, Ubhayasekera SJKA, Skalkidou A, Bergquist J, Sundström-Poromaa I. Tandem mass spectrometry determined maternal cortisone to cortisol ratio and psychiatric morbidity during pregnancy-interaction with birth weight. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 69:142-9. [PMID: 27088373 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maternal serum cortisol has been suggested to be influenced by psychiatric morbidity, and may also influence fetal growth. However, several studies found equal cortisol levels in depressed and healthy pregnant women. Placental 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) shields the fetus from maternal cortisol by conversion to cortisone, a function that may be compromised by maternal stress. We aimed to compare the serum ratio of cortisone to cortisol, in women with and without psychiatric morbidity during pregnancy. A secondary aim was to investigate whether fetal growth, approximated by infant birth weight, was associated with the cortisone to cortisol ratio. We performed tandem mass spectrometry analysis of serum cortisol and cortisone in late pregnancy in 94 women with antenatal psychiatric morbidity and 122 controls (cohort 1). We also compared the placental gene expression of HSD11B1 and 2 in another group of 69 women with psychiatric morbidity and 47 controls (cohort 2). There were no group differences in cortisol to cortisone ratio, absolute levels of cortisone and cortisol (cohort 1), or expression of HSD11B1 or 2 (cohort 2). However, cortisone to cortisol ratio was positively associated with birth weight in women with psychiatric morbidity, also after adjustment for gestational length, fetal sex, maternal height, smoking, SSRI use, and time of blood sampling (standardized β=0.35, p<0.001), with no association in the healthy controls Thus, the maternal serum cortisone to cortisol ratio does not seem to be affected by psychiatric morbidity, but psychiatric morbidity may increase fetal exposure to cortisol or other metabolic factors influencing fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hellgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Edvinsson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Jocelien D Olivier
- Department of Neurobiology, Unit Behavioral Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Romina Fornes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Analytical Chemistry and SciLifeLab, Uppsala University, Sweden
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11
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Liu Y, Lu J, Yang S, Zhang Q, Xu Y. New drostanolone metabolites in human urine by liquid chromatography time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and their application for doping control. Steroids 2016; 108:61-7. [PMID: 26826321 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Drostanolone is one of the most frequently detected anabolic androgenic steroids in doping control analysis. Here, we studied drostanolone urinary metabolic profiles using liquid chromatography quadruple time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) in full scan and targeted MS/MS modes with accurate mass measurement. The drug was administered to one healthy male volunteer and liquid-liquid extraction along with direct-injection were used to analyze urine samples. Chromatographic peaks for potential metabolites were identified with the theoretical [M-H](-) as a target ion in a full scan experiment and actual deprotonated ions were analyzed in targeted MS/MS mode. Eleven metabolites including five new sulfates, five glucuronide conjugates, and one free metabolite were confirmed for drostanolone. Due to the absence of useful fragment ions to illustrate the steroid ring structure of drostanolone phase II metabolites, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to obtain structural details of the trimethylsilylated phase I metabolite released after enzymatic hydrolysis and a potential structure was proposed using a combined MS approach. Metabolite detection times were recorded and S4 (2α-methyl-5α-androstan-17-one-6β-ol-3α-sulfate) and G1 (2α-methyl-5α-androstan-17-one-3α-glucuronide) were thought to be new potential biomarkers for drostanolone misuse which can be detected up to 24days by liquid-liquid extraction and 7days by direct-injection analysis after intramuscular injection. S4 and G1 were also detected in two drostanolone-positive routine urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China
| | - Jianghai Lu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China.
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Qingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PR China.
| | - Youxuan Xu
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, ChaoYang District, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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12
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Domestication Effects on Stress Induced Steroid Secretion and Adrenal Gene Expression in Chickens. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15345. [PMID: 26471470 PMCID: PMC4608001 DOI: 10.1038/srep15345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity is a challenge in contemporary biology. Domestication provides a model for unravelling aspects of the genetic basis of stress sensitivity. The ancestral Red Junglefowl (RJF) exhibits greater fear-related behaviour and a more pronounced HPA-axis reactivity than its domesticated counterpart, the White Leghorn (WL). By comparing hormones (plasmatic) and adrenal global gene transcription profiles between WL and RJF in response to an acute stress event, we investigated the molecular basis for the altered physiological stress responsiveness in domesticated chickens. Basal levels of pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone as well as corticosterone response were lower in WL. Microarray analysis of gene expression in adrenal glands showed a significant breed effect in a large number of transcripts with over-representation of genes in the channel activity pathway. The expression of the best-known steroidogenesis genes were similar across the breeds used. Transcription levels of acute stress response genes such as StAR, CH25 and POMC were upregulated in response to acute stress. Dampened HPA reactivity in domesticated chickens was associated with changes in the expression of several genes that presents potentially minor regulatory effects rather than by means of change in expression of critical steroidogenic genes in the adrenal.
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13
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Abstract
The abuse of unknown designer androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) is considered to be an issue of significant importance, as AAS are the choice of doping preference according to World Anti-doping Agency statistics. In addition, unknown designer AAS are preferred since the World Anti-doping Agency mass spectrometric identification criteria cannot be applied to unknown molecules. Consequently, cheating athletes have a strong motive to use designer AAS in order to both achieve performance enhancement and to escape from testing positive in anti-doping tests. To face the problem, a synergy is required between the anti-doping analytical science and sports anti-doping regulations. This Review examines various aspects of the designer AAS. First, the structural modifications of the already known AAS to create new designer molecules are explained. A list of the designer synthetic and endogenous AAS is then presented. Second, we discuss progress in the detection of designer AAS using: mass spectrometry and bioassays; analytical data processing of the unknown designer AAS; metabolite synthesis; and, long-term storage of urine and blood samples. Finally, the introduction of regulations from sports authorities as preventive measures for long-term storage and reprocessing of samples, initially reported as negatives, is discussed.
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14
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Reyes-Garcés N, Bojko B, Pawliszyn J. High throughput quantification of prohibited substances in plasma using thin film solid phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1374:40-49. [PMID: 25444250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple, fast and efficient sample preparation approaches that allow high-throughput isolation of various compounds from complex matrices are highly desired in bioanalysis. Particularly sought are methods that can, without sacrificing time, easily remove matrix interferences capable of inducing ionization suppression/enhancement, or causing detrimental effects in instrumental performance. In this work, an automated high-throughput sample preparation method using thin film solid phase microextraction (SPME) for the analysis of multiple prohibited substances in plasma is proposed. A biocompatible SPME extraction phase made of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance particles immobilized with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) demonstrated satisfactory extraction capabilities for 25 compounds of a wide range of polarities (logP from -2 to 6.8). Due to the well-known biocompatible characteristics of PAN-based SPME coatings, minimum sample handling was required. Experimental conditions for pre-conditioning, extraction, wash and desorption were carefully optimized for the proposed method. By taking full advantage of the 96 thin film handling capability of the automated system, a preparation time of approximately 1.5min per sample can be achieved. Satisfactory results in terms of absolute matrix effects were found for the majority of the studied analytes, given that 24 out of 25 compounds exhibited values in the range of 100 and 120%. The method was validated in terms of linearity (R(2)>0.99), inter and intra-day accuracy (85-130%) and precision (<20%) and limits of quantitation (0.25-10ngmL(-1) for most compounds).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.
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15
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Investigation of the Role of Androstenedione-19-oic Acid in the Presence of 19-Norandrostenedione in Intact Male Horse Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Abdel-Khalik J, Björklund E, Hansen M. Development of a solid phase extraction method for the simultaneous determination of steroid hormones in H295R cell line using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 935:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Abdel-Khalik J, Björklund E, Hansen M. Simultaneous determination of endogenous steroid hormones in human and animal plasma and serum by liquid or gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 928:58-77. [PMID: 23598050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methodologies based on liquid or gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of two or more endogenous steroid hormones in human and animal plasma and serum has received increased attention the last few years. Especially in the clinical setting steroid profiling is of major importance in disease diagnostics. This paper discusses recent findings in such multi-steroid hormone procedures published from 2001 to 2012. The aim was to elucidate possible relationships between chosen analytical technique and the obtained analyte sensitivity for endogenous steroid hormones. By evaluating the success, at which the currently applied techniques have been utilized, more general knowledge on the field is provided. Furthermore the evaluation provides directions in which future studies may be interesting to conduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Toxicology Laboratory, Analytical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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18
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Yadav SK, Chandra P, Goyal RN, Shim YB. A review on determination of steroids in biological samples exploiting nanobio-electroanalytical methods. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 762:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Chromatography-Based Determination of Anabolic Steroids in Biological Fluids: Future Prospects Using Electrochemistry and Miniaturized Microchip Device. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Ho ENM, Kwok WH, Wong ASY, Wan TSM. High resolution accurate mass screening of prohibited substances in equine plasma using liquid chromatography - Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:509-28. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmie N. M. Ho
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - W. H. Kwok
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - April S. Y. Wong
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
| | - Terence S. M. Wan
- Racing Laboratory; The Hong Kong Jockey Club; Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin; N.T.; Hong Kong, China
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21
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Liu Y, Uboh CE, Soma LR, Li X, Guan F, You Y, Chen JW. Efficient Use of Retention Time for the Analysis of 302 Drugs in Equine Plasma by Liquid Chromatography-MS/MS with Scheduled Multiple Reaction Monitoring and Instant Library Searching for Doping Control. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6834-41. [PMID: 21806004 DOI: 10.1021/ac2016163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Cornelius E. Uboh
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
- Pennsylvania Equine Toxicology and Research Center, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19382, United States
| | - Lawrence R. Soma
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Li
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Fuyu Guan
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Youwen You
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
| | - Jin-Wen Chen
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, New Bolton Center Campus, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, United States
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22
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Simultaneous separation and determination of 16 testosterone and nandrolone esters in equine plasma using ultra high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for doping control. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3982-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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