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Leuenberger N, Jan N, Kuuranne T, Castella V. Characterization of DNA concentration in urine and dried blood samples to detect the c.577 deletion within the EPO gene. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38247130 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The EPO gene variant, c.577del (VAR-EPO), was discovered in the Chinese population in 2021. The mutated protein is naturally present in urine from individuals heterozygous for the variant. Electrophoresis methods currently applied in anti-doping laboratories produce a pattern in samples from individuals carrying VAR-EPO that cannot be unambiguously distinguished from individuals who received recombinant EPO doses. Consequently, the analysis of blood samples is obligatory to facilitate interpretation of suspicious findings from urine samples. However, this complicates the process and delays the reporting. Objective of this study was to develop EPO c.577del detection in urine and dried blood samples (DBS) in order to facilitate and accelerate EPO results management. Moreover, estimation of the success rate of sequencing regarding concentration of DNA in urine and DBS was evaluated. Conclusive results regarding Sanger sequencing were obtained for all samples with DNA concentrations above 0.024 ng/μL DNA in 80% of urines samples from volunteers. The potential success of DNA sequencing rate in athletes' urines was investigated. A total of 191 urine samples were considered. DNA concentration exceeding 0.024 ng/μL was detected in 85% of the samples. Interestingly, in-competition samples had a significantly higher DNA concentration than out-of-competition male urine samples (0.330 vs. 0.084 ng/μL). Moreover, conclusive EPO sequences were obtained for 100% of DBS (cellulose and polymer matrices). In conclusion, method for detection of EPO gene variant was developed in urine and DBS. Characterization of DNA concentration was performed in order to evaluate the probability of success of sequencing EPO gene in anti-doping field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Jan
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Castella
- Forensic Genetics Unit, University Center of Legal Medicine, Lausanne-Geneva, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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2
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Naumann N, Walpurgis K, Rubio A, Thomas A, Paßreiter A, Thevis M. Detection of doping control sample substitutions via single nucleotide polymorphism-based ID typing. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1521-1533. [PMID: 37946680 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The authenticity of a doping control sample is a key element of sports drug testing programmes. Doping control sample manipulation by providing another individual's urine or blood (instead of the tested athlete's sample) has been observed in the past and is an unequivocal violation of the World Anti-Doping Agency anti-doping rules. To determine attempts of manipulations by sample swapping, the utility of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based sample authentication with a multi-target SNP panel was assessed. The panel comprises detection assays for 44 different SNPs, 3 gender markers and 5 quality control markers for DNA-profile determination. Sample analysis is based on a multiplex polymerase chain reaction step followed by a multiplex single base extension (SBE) reaction and subsequent SBE-product detection by MALDI-TOF MS. Panel performance was evaluated for urine and dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Urine (8 ml) and DBS (20 μl) test samples were reliably typed and matched to whole blood reference samples, while efficient typing of urine samples correlated with sample quality and input amounts. Robust profiling of urine doping control specimens was confirmed with an assay input of 12 ml. Samples can be processed in a high-throughput format with an overall assay turnaround time of approximately 11 h. SNP-based DNA typing via MALDI-TOF MS thus represents a high throughput-capable possibility for doping control sample authentication. SNP profiling of samples could offer the opportunity to complement existing steroid profile analytics to substantiate sample manipulations and to support quality control processes in high throughput routine settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Naumann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana Rubio
- Laboratory Medicine, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma, Spain
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alina Paßreiter
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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3
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Grignani P, Manfredi A, Monti MC, Moretti M, Morini L, Visonà SD, Fattorini P, Previderè C. GENETIC INDIVIDUAL IDENTIFICATION FROM DRIED URINE SPOTS (DUS): A COMPLEMENTARY TOOL TO DRUG MONITORING AND ANTI DOPING TESTING. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1234-1243. [PMID: 35195361 PMCID: PMC9540579 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The collection of liquid biological matrices onto paper cards (dried matrix spots [DMS]) is becoming an alternative sampling strategy. The stability over time of molecules of interest for therapeutic, sport drug monitoring, and forensic toxicology on DMS has been recently investigated representing a reliable alternative to conventional analytical techniques. When a tampering of a urine sample in drug monitoring or doping control cases is suspected, it could be relevant to know whether genetic profiles useful for individual identification could be generated from urine samples spotted onto paper (dried urine spot [DUS]). To understand the influence of sex, storage conditions, and time on the quality and quantity of the DNA, five female and ten male urine samples were dispensed onto Whatman 903 paper and sampled after different storage conditions over time, from 1 to 12 weeks. Direct PCR was performed starting from 2‐mm punches collected from each spot amplifying a panel of markers useful for individual identification. The female DUS stored in different conditions produced genetic profiles fully matching the reference samples. The same result was obtained for the male DUS but using urine 30X concentrated by centrifugation instead of the original samples. Our data show that this approach is valid for genetic individual identification of urine samples spotted onto paper cards up to 12 weeks after deposition and could be easily incorporated in anti‐doping or drug screening protocols to help on the suspicion of evidence tampering or to solve questions on the reliability of samples collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierangela Grignani
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Manfredi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Monti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Matteo Moretti
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Luca Morini
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Damiana Visonà
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Fattorini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlo Previderè
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
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Voss S, Abushreeda W, Vonaparti A, Al-Wahaibi A, Al-Sowaidi N, Al-Mohannadi I, Mahieddine S, Khelifi S, Salama S, Saleh A, Al-Mohannadi M, El-Saftawy W, Al-Hamad K, Nofal A, Dbes N, Aguilera R, Al Maadheed M, Georgakopoulos C. Biosafety Level 2 cabinet UV-C light exposure of sports antidoping human urine samples does not affect the stability of selected prohibited substances. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:460-465. [PMID: 33119942 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the stability of several antidoping prohibited substances analytes in urine after 15-min exposure to UV-C light in a Biosafety Level 2 cabinet. The urine matrices were exposed within the original antidoping bottles with the aim to destroy DNA/RNA and possible SARS CoV-2. The analytes small molecules Phase I and Phase II metabolites and peptides, in total 444, endogenous, internal standards, and prohibited substances, pH, and specific gravity in urine were studied. The accredited analytical methods were used by Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar for the comparison of data of the same urine samples analyzed with and without UV-C exposure. In the study conditions, no problems of stability were detected in the substances spiked in the urine samples exposed in the UV-C irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Voss
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amal Saleh
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | - Najib Dbes
- Anti-Doping Laboratory Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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A Fluorescence Sensing Method with Reduced DNA Typing and Low-Cost Instrumentation for Detection of Sample Tampering Cases in Urinalysis. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:644-654. [PMID: 31624980 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a method to unequivocally detect urine sample tampering in cases where integrity of the sample needs to be verified prior to urinalysis. The technique involves the detection of distinct patterns of a triplex short tandem repeats system in DNA extracted from human urine. The analysis is realized with single-dye fluorescence detection and using a regular smartphone camera. The experimental results had demonstrated the efficacy of the analytical approach to obtaining distinct profiles of amplicons in urine from different sample providers. Reproducibility tests with fresh and stored urine have revealed a maximum variation in the profiles within an interval of 5 to 9%. Cases of urine sample tampering via mixture were simulated in the study, and the experiments have identified patterns of mixed genotypes from dual mixtures of urine samples. Moreover, sample adulteration by mixing a non-human fluid with urine in a volume ratio over 25% can be detected. The low cost of the approach is accompanied by the compatibility of the technique to use with different DNA sample preparation protocols and PCR instrumentation. Furthermore, the possibility of realizing the method in an integrated microchip system open great perspectives to conducting sample integrity tests at the site of urine sample reception and/or at resource-limited settings.
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Srisiri K, Jaroenwattana R, Panvisavas N, Bandhaya A. Optimisation of DNA recovery and analysis of urine samples stored on FTA® card. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2017.09.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pires NMM, Berntzen L, Lonningdal T. Profiling a multiplex short tandem repeat loci from human urine with use of low cost on-site technology for verification of sample authenticity. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:3441-3444. [PMID: 29060637 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work focuses on the development of a sophisticated technique via STR typing to unequivocally verify the authenticity of urine samples before sent to laboratories. STR profiling was conducted with the CSF1PO, TPOX, TH01 Multiplex System coupled with a smartphone-based detection method. The promising capability of the method to identify distinct STR profiles from urine of different persons opens the possibility to conduct sample authenticity tests. On-site STR profiling could be realized with a self-contained autonomous device with an integrated PCR microchip shown hereby.
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:6-29. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine; Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Aoki K, Tanaka H, Ueki M. DNA typing for personal identification of urine after long-term preservation for testing in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1116-1123. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Aoki
- Anti-Doping Research Laboratory, Japan Chemical Analysis Center; 6-39-4, Minami Senju, Arakawa-ku Tokyo 116-0003 Japan
- Nihon Pharmaceutical University; 10281, Komuro, Inamachi, Kitaadachi-gun Saitama 362-0806 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Anti-Doping Research Laboratory, Japan Chemical Analysis Center; 6-39-4, Minami Senju, Arakawa-ku Tokyo 116-0003 Japan
| | - Makoto Ueki
- Anti-Doping Research Laboratory, Japan Chemical Analysis Center; 6-39-4, Minami Senju, Arakawa-ku Tokyo 116-0003 Japan
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