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Willeman T, Grunwald J, Manceau M, Lapierre F, Krebs-Drouot L, Boudin C, Scolan V, Eysseric-Guerin H, Stanke-Labesque F, Revol B. Smartphone swabs as an emerging tool for toxicology testing: a proof-of-concept study in a nightclub. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 0:cclm-2024-0242. [PMID: 38578968 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2024-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Smartphones have become everyday objects on which the accumulation of fingerprints is significant. In addition, a large proportion of the population regularly uses a smartphone, especially younger people. The objective of this study was to evaluate smartphones as a new matrix for toxico-epidemiology. METHODS This study was conducted during two separate events (techno and trance) at an electronic music nightclub in Grenoble, France. Data on reported drug use and whether drugs were snorted directly from the surface of the smartphone were collected using an anonymous questionnaire completed voluntarily by drug users. Then, a dry swab was rubbed for 20 s on all sides of the smartphone. The extract was analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry on a Xevo TQ-XS system (Waters). RESULTS In total, 122 swabs from 122 drug users were collected. The three main drugs identified were MDMA (n=83), cocaine (n=59), and THC (n=51). Based on declarative data, sensitivity ranged from 73 to 97.2 % and specificity from 71.8 to 88.1 % for MDMA, cocaine, and THC. Other substances were identified such as cocaine adulterants, ketamine, amphetamine, LSD, methamphetamine, CBD, DMT, heroin, mescaline, and several NPS. Numerous medications were also identified, such as antidepressants, anxiolytics, hypnotics, and painkillers. Different use patterns were identified between the two events. CONCLUSIONS This proof-of-concept study on 122 subjects shows that smartphone swab analysis could provide a useful and complementary tool for drug testing, especially for harm-reduction programs and toxico-epidemiolgy studies, with acceptable test performance, despite declarative data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Willeman
- 36724 Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacogénétique et Toxicologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes , 27015 Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Univ Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
- 36724 Clinique de Médecine Légale, CHU Grenoble Alpes , 27015 Univ Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Justine Grunwald
- 36724 Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacogénétique et Toxicologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes , 27015 Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Univ Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
- 36724 CEIP-Addictovigilance, CHU Grenoble Alpes , 27015 Univ Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Marc Manceau
- Clinical Research Center, Inserm CIC1406, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Lila Krebs-Drouot
- 36724 Clinique de Médecine Légale, CHU Grenoble Alpes , 27015 Univ Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
| | - Coralie Boudin
- Laboratoire de Médecine Légale, Univ Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Virginie Scolan
- 36724 Clinique de Médecine Légale, CHU Grenoble Alpes , 27015 Univ Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Médecine Légale, Univ Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Eysseric-Guerin
- 36724 Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacogénétique et Toxicologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes , 27015 Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Univ Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire de Médecine Légale, Univ Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Françoise Stanke-Labesque
- 36724 Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Pharmacogénétique et Toxicologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes , 27015 Institut de Biologie et de Pathologie, Univ Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire HP2 Inserm U1300, Univ Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Revol
- 36724 CEIP-Addictovigilance, CHU Grenoble Alpes , 27015 Univ Grenoble Alpes , Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire HP2 Inserm U1300, Univ Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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2
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Conway C, Weber M, Ferranti A, Wolf JC, Haisch C. Rapid desorption and analysis for illicit drugs and chemical profiling of fingerprints by SICRIT ion source. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 38155431 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Forensic analysis can encompass a wide variety of analytes from biological samples including DNA, blood, serum, and fingerprints to synthetic samples like drugs and explosives. In order to analyze this variety, there are various sample preparation techniques, which can be time-consuming and require multiple analytical instruments. With recent advancements in ambient ionization mass spectrometry (MS), plasma-based dielectric barrier discharge ionization (DBDI) sources have demonstrated to cover a wide range of these analytes. The flow-through design of this source also allows for easy connection to a thermal desorption type of sample introduction. We present an in-house built thermal desorption device where the sample is introduced via a glass slide, which gets heated and transferred to the DBDI-MS with nitrogen for identification and semi-quantification. Using a glass slide as an inexpensive sampling device, detection limits as low as 20 pg for fentanyl are demonstrated. Additionally, a very precise (>96% accuracy) identification of persons based on the chemical profile of their fingerprints is possible, establishing a direct analytical link of the drug trace to the individual in one measurement. We compared the DAG, TAG, sterol, and (semi-)volatile region of the averaged fingerprint spectra over multiple days, showing the best model accuracy for identification based on the DAG region. The combination of thermal desorption and DBDI-MS minimized sample preparation, leading to an ultrasensitive and rapid analysis of illicit drug traces and the identification of underlying personas based on fingerprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Conway
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- Plasmion GmbH, Augsburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Christoph Haisch
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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3
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Qiu S, Cai Y, Yao H, Lin C, Xie Y, Tang S, Zhang A. Small molecule metabolites: discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:132. [PMID: 36941259 PMCID: PMC10026263 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01399-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic abnormalities lead to the dysfunction of metabolic pathways and metabolite accumulation or deficiency which is well-recognized hallmarks of diseases. Metabolite signatures that have close proximity to subject's phenotypic informative dimension, are useful for predicting diagnosis and prognosis of diseases as well as monitoring treatments. The lack of early biomarkers could lead to poor diagnosis and serious outcomes. Therefore, noninvasive diagnosis and monitoring methods with high specificity and selectivity are desperately needed. Small molecule metabolites-based metabolomics has become a specialized tool for metabolic biomarker and pathway analysis, for revealing possible mechanisms of human various diseases and deciphering therapeutic potentials. It could help identify functional biomarkers related to phenotypic variation and delineate biochemical pathways changes as early indicators of pathological dysfunction and damage prior to disease development. Recently, scientists have established a large number of metabolic profiles to reveal the underlying mechanisms and metabolic networks for therapeutic target exploration in biomedicine. This review summarized the metabolic analysis on the potential value of small-molecule candidate metabolites as biomarkers with clinical events, which may lead to better diagnosis, prognosis, drug screening and treatment. We also discuss challenges that need to be addressed to fuel the next wave of breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Qiu
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China
| | - Ying Cai
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Hong Yao
- First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Chunsheng Lin
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yiqiang Xie
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Songqi Tang
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China.
| | - Aihua Zhang
- International Advanced Functional Omics Platform, Scientific Experiment Center, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), College of Chinese Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Xueyuan Road 3, Haikou, 571199, China.
- Graduate School, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, China.
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4
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Telemedicine along the cascade of care for substance use disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 242:109711. [PMID: 36462230 PMCID: PMC9683518 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the landscape of healthcare service delivery. This review aims to describe telemedicine-delivered substance use disorder (SUD) treatments and services along the cascade of care in the U.S. after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A literature review was conducted on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (Wiley). English-language articles that describe any healthcare services for patients with SUDs using telemedicine in the U.S. since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic were identified (N = 33). We narratively summarized telemedicine-based service provision along the cascade of SUD care, such as screening/assessment, prescription, monitoring, recovery support, and other services. RESULTS Soon after the onset of COVID-19 and mandated restrictions, cadres of healthcare providers from different specialties mobilized to ramp up video- and audio-based services to remotely treat patients with SUDs. Medication prescription (48.5%) and individual counseling (39.4%) were the most frequently reported services delivered via telemedicine. Other steps of SUD care delivered by telemedicine characterized in our review included SUD screening and assessment (30.3%), induction (21.2%), medication management (27.3%), monitoring (27.3%), recovery support (15.2%), and referral (24.2%). Feasibility issues and challenges to implementing telemedicine included patients' lack of access to technology and health insurance coverage, providers' capacity limits and concerns, and clinics' financial and office-space constraints. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic has offered a window of opportunity to advance telemedicine expertise by formalizing clinical guidance and routinizing provider in-service training in virtual SUD treatment. Findings suggest enhanced efforts to reduce disparities in telemedicine-based services.
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5
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Du Q, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chang J, Wang A, Ren X, Liu B. Quantitative analysis of 17 hypoglycemic drugs in fingerprints using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9199. [PMID: 34554614 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The objective of this study was to develop, optimize, and validate a method for the determination and quantification of 17 hypoglycemic drugs in fingerprints using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTRAP-MS/MS). We also aimed to apply the present method to the fingerprints collected from patients with hyperglycemia. METHODS The scheduled multiple reaction monitoring information-dependent acquisition-enhanced product ion (SMRM-IDA-EPI) scanning mode was utilized. The chromatographic system consisted of an Acquity UHPLC® BEH C18 column (3.0 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) and a mobile phase of 0.01% (v/v) formic acid in water and methanol. Analytes were extracted via a precipitation protein procedure. The method was validated in accordance with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance and applied to the analysis of fingerprint deposits from subjects who had taken the drugs. RESULTS The limits of detection (LODs) and the lower limits of quantification (LLOQs) of 17 hypoglycemic drugs were 0.001 to 0.020 and 0.002 to 0.050 ng/fingerprint, respectively. The correlation coefficients (r) for the calibration curves were > 0.99 in the range of 0.050-50.000 ng/fingerprint. The matrix effect and recovery of 17 hypoglycemic drugs at three concentrations ranged from 81.1 to 117.3% and 80.0 to 109.6%, respectively. The validation data (intra- and inter-day combined) for accuracy ranged from 85.5 to 117.2%, the CV (%) data were ≤19.7%. All analytes were found to be stable stored in the autosampler (4°C) for 24 h. This validated method was successfully applied to detect hypoglycemic drugs in fingerprints from patients with hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS A quantification method for hypoglycemic drugs in fingerprints was developed, optimized, and validated. This sensitive method could be used for drug monitoring and providing reference information in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyao Du
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Jifen Wang
- School of Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Ren
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- SCIEX Asia Pacific Application Support Center, Beijing, China
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6
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Chen N, Yuan Y, Lu P, Wang L, Zhang X, Chen H, Ma P. Detection of carbamazepine in saliva based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7673-7688. [PMID: 35003859 PMCID: PMC8713680 DOI: 10.1364/boe.440939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a commonly used drug for the treatment of epilepsy. Due to the narrow effective range, CBZ concentration was usually monitored with blood draw from patients. Frequent blood draw is inconvenient and causes physical and psychological pain. Therefore, highly-sensitive, rapid, label-free, and non-invasive drug detection methods can be alternatives to bring a relief. In this work, we have proposed a method for the non-invasive detection of CBZ using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Gold-silver core-shell nanomaterial substrates were prepared and optimized. Salivary CBZ concentration was measured with SERS as a non-invasive alternative to blood draw. The results showed that there was a linear relationship between SERS response and CBZ concentration in the entire measured range of 10-1 ∼ 10-8 mol/L. The detection limit of this method was 1.26 × 10-9 mol/L. Satisfactory repeatability and stability were also demonstrated. Due to its high sensitivity and ease of operation, the proposed method can serve as an alternative to blood draw for non-invasively monitoring CBZ concentration. It also has great potentials in many other applications of biomedical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
| | - Yanbing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
| | - Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
| | - Xuedian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science
and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai
200092, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
| | - Pei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and
Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of
Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093,
China
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7
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Pollard C, Hudson M, McDonnell JM, Royall PG, Wolff K. Development of a point-of-care test for the detection of MDMA in latent fingerprints using surface plasmon resonance and lateral flow technology. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:613-621. [PMID: 34766468 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
To date, a specific point-of-care test (POCT) for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy, 'E') in latent fingerprints (LFPs) has not been explored. Other POCTs identify MDMA in sweat by detecting the drug as a cross-reactant rather than target analyte, thus decreasing the test's sensitivity. The study's aim was to design a sensitive POCT for the detection of MDMA in LFPs using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) technology. A high-affinity antibody binding pair was identified using the former technique, deeming the pair suitable for a LFA. Titrations of fluorescently labelled antibody and antigen concentrations were tested to identify a sharp drop-in signal upon the addition of MDMA to allow a clear distinction between negative and positive outcomes. We trialled the LFA by producing dose response curves with MDMA and a group of drugs that share a similar chemical structure to MDMA. These were generated through spiking the LFA with increasing levels of drug (0-400 pg/10 μl of MDMA; 0-10,000 pg/10 μl of cross-reactant). Fluorescent test signals were measured using a cartridge reader. The cut-off (threshold) 60 pg/10 μl calculated better cartridge performance (1.00 sensitivity, 0.95 specificity and 0.98 accuracy), when compared with 40 pg/10 μl. The biggest cross-reactant was PMMA (250%), followed by MDEA (183%), MBDB (167%), MDA (16%) and methamphetamine (16%). A sensitive LFP screening tool requiring no sample preparation was successfully designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pollard
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford St, London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH, UK
| | | | - James M McDonnell
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul G Royall
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kim Wolff
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford St, London, United Kingdom, SE1 9NH, UK
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8
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Costa C, Jang M, de Jesus J, Steven RT, Nikula CJ, Elia E, Bunch J, Bellew AT, Watts JF, Hinder S, Bailey MJ. Imaging mass spectrometry: a new way to distinguish dermal contact from administration of cocaine, using a single fingerprint. Analyst 2021; 146:4010-4021. [PMID: 34019607 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00232e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here we show a new and significant application area for mass spectrometry imaging. The potential for fingerprints to reveal drug use has been widely reported, with potential applications in forensics and workplace drug testing. However, one unsolved issue is the inability to distinguish between drug administration and contamination by contact. Previous work using bulk mass spectrometry analysis has shown that this distinction can only be definitively made if the hands are washed prior to sample collection. Here, we illustrate how three mass spectrometry imaging approaches, desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI), matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) and time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) can be used to visualise fingerprints at different pixel sizes, ranging from the whole fingerprint down to the pore structure. We show how each of these magnification scales can be used to distinguish between cocaine use and contact. We also demonstrate the first application of water cluster SIMS to a fingerprint sample, which was the sole method tested here that was capable of detecting excreted drug metabolites in fingerprints, while providing spatial resolution sufficient to resolve individual pore structure. We show that after administration of cocaine, lipids and salts in the fingerprint ridges spatially correlate with the cocaine metabolite, benzoylecgonine. In contrast after contact, we have observed that cocaine and its metabolite show a poor spatial correlation with the flow of the ridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Costa
- Surrey Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, UK
| | - M Jang
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Ulsan, Korea
| | - J de Jesus
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, UK.
| | - R T Steven
- The National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - C J Nikula
- The National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - E Elia
- The National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | - J Bunch
- The National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, UK
| | | | - J F Watts
- The Surface Analysis Laboratory, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - S Hinder
- The Surface Analysis Laboratory, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - M J Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, UK.
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Pollard C, Sievers C, Royall PG, Wolff K. Evaluation of Latent Fingerprints for Drug-Screening In A Social Care Setting. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 46:47-54. [PMID: 33263738 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sweat deposited via Latent Fingerprints (LFPs) was previously used to detect cocaine, opioids, cannabis and amphetamine via a point-of-care test (POCT). This screening method combined non-invasive sampling with a rapid result turnaround to produce a qualitative result outside of the laboratory. We report the novel application of a LFP drug screening test in a social care setting. Clients were tested on either an ad-hoc or routine basis using the POCT DOA114 (Intelligent Fingerprint Ltd.) drug screening cartridge. Screening cut-off values were 45, 35 and 95 pg/fingerprint for benzoylecgonine (BZE), morphine and amphetamine analytes, respectively. Confirmation LFP samples (DOA150, Intelligent Fingerprinting Ltd.) and oral fluid (OF) were analysed using UPLC-MS/MS. Thirty-six clients aged 36 ± 11 years participated (53% females). Individuals self-reported alcohol consumption (39%) and smoking (60%). Of 131 screening tests collected over 8 weeks: 14% were positive for cocaine; 2% for opioids; 1% amphetamine. Polydrug use was indicated in 10% of tests. Of 32 LFP confirmation tests, 63% were positive for cocaine and BZE. Opioids were also detected (31%) with the metabolite 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) being the most common (16%). In OF, cocaine was the dominant analyte (9%) followed 6-MAM (5%). Comparing positive LFP screening tests with positive OF samples found 39% and 38% were cocaine and opiate positive respectively. Out of the drugs screened for via the LFP POCT, cocaine was the most prevalent analyte in LFP and OF confirmation samples. The study is a step change in the routine drug screening procedures in a social care setting: especially useful for on-site cocaine detection in clients whose drug use was being monitored. Additionally, testing was easily accepted by clients and social care workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Pollard
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Sievers
- Intelligent Fingerprinting, 14-17 Evolution Business Park, Milton Road, Impington, Cambridge, CB24 9NG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Royall
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Wolff
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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10
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Costa C, Ismail M, Stevenson D, Gibson B, Webb R, Bailey M. Distinguishing between Contact and Administration of Heroin from a Single Fingerprint using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:218-225. [PMID: 31711209 PMCID: PMC7299524 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fingerprints have been proposed as a promising new matrix for drug testing. In previous work it has been shown that a fingerprint can be used to distinguish between drug users and nonusers. Herein, we look at the possibility of using a fingerprint to distinguish between dermal contact and administration of heroin. Fingerprint samples were collected from (i) 10 patients attending a drug rehabilitation clinic, (ii) 50 nondrug users and (iii) participants who touched 2 mg street heroin, before and after various hand cleaning procedures. Oral fluid was also taken from the patients. All samples were analyzed using a liquid chromatography—high resolution mass spectrometry method validated in previous work for heroin and 6-AM. The HRMS data were analyzed retrospectively for morphine, codeine, 6-acetylcodeine and noscapine. Heroin and 6-AM were detected in all fingerprint samples produced from contact with heroin, even after hand washing. In contrast, morphine, acetylcodeine and noscapine were successfully removed after hand washing. In patient samples, the detection of morphine, noscapine and acetylcodeine (alongside heroin and 6-AM) gave a closer agreement to patient testimony on whether they had recently used heroin than the detection of heroin and 6-AM alone. This research highlights the importance of washing hands prior to donating a fingerprint sample to distinguish recent contact with heroin from heroin use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Costa
- Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Mahado Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Derek Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Brian Gibson
- Forensic Science Ireland, Garda Headquarters, 8 Phoenix Park, Dublin DO8 HN3X, Ireland
| | - Roger Webb
- Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Melanie Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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11
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Measurement of three-dimensional distributions of drugs in nails using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry after micro-segmentation to elucidate drug uptake routes. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1108:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jang M, Costa C, Bunch J, Gibson B, Ismail M, Palitsin V, Webb R, Hudson M, Bailey MJ. On the relevance of cocaine detection in a fingerprint. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1974. [PMID: 32029797 PMCID: PMC7005170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The finding that drugs and metabolites can be detected from fingerprints is of potential relevance to forensic science and as well as toxicology and clinical testing. However, discriminating between dermal contact and ingestion of drugs has never been verified experimentally. The inability to interpret the result of finding a drug or metabolite in a fingerprint has prevented widespread adoption of fingerprints in drug testing and limits the probative value of detecting drugs in fingermarks. A commonly held belief is that the detection of metabolites of drugs of abuse in fingerprints can be used to confirm a drug has been ingested. However, we show here that cocaine and its primary metabolite, benzoylecgonine, can be detected in fingerprints of non-drug users after contact with cocaine. Additionally, cocaine was found to persist above environmental levels for up to 48 hours after contact. Therefore the detection of cocaine and benzoylecgonine (BZE) in fingermarks can be forensically significant, but do not demonstrate that a person has ingested the substance. In contrast, the data here shows that a drug test from a fingerprint (where hands can be washed prior to donating a sample) CAN distinguish between contact and ingestion of cocaine. If hands were washed prior to giving a fingerprint, BZE was detected only after the administration of cocaine. Therefore BZE can be used to distinguish cocaine contact from cocaine ingestion, provided donors wash their hands prior to sampling. A test based on the detection of BZE in at least one of two donated fingerprint samples has accuracy 95%, sensitivity 90% and specificity of 100% (n = 86).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - C Costa
- Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - J Bunch
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - B Gibson
- Forensic Science Ireland, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - M Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - V Palitsin
- Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - R Webb
- Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - M Hudson
- Intelligent Fingerprinting Limited, Milton Road, Impington, Cambridge, CB24 9NG, UK
| | - M J Bailey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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Abstract
The precise proof of a crime using objective evidence is becoming increasingly important as Japan's crime rate climbs. This need arises not only from the current high rate of anonymous crime, but also the introduction of a Saiban-in (citizen judge) system, and the increased silence of suspects following investigation visualization. Forensic science is an academic field that investigates legal (and illegal) matters using science, and subsequently applies research results to resolving real crime cases. Materials examined during forensic practice include both common specimens, such as fingerprints, footprints, blood stains, and hairs, and less common specimens, such as soils, plants, dust, and pollens. In the event of biological, chemical, or explosive terrorism, air and surface wipe specimens-possibly containing chemical warfare agents, microbes, and explosives-can become critical target materials. Alternatively, on discovering powders and/or liquids that are suspected to be illegal drugs, preliminary tests are performed at the crime scene itself. Subsequently, confirmatory examinations are performed at a forensic science laboratory. Current research efforts are underway to develop simpler and more reliable tools for on-site drug testing, and to develop analytical methods capable of differentiating regioisomers of drugs, performing drug metabolism studies as a way to identify drugs of abuse, and studying the organic synthesis of authentic standard compounds. In this review, we outline current state-of-the-art technologies in forensic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inoue
- Third Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science
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J. Bailey M, Costa C. Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Recovery of Forensic Intelligence from Fingermarks. EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF FORENSIC TRACES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-20542-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Inoue H. Different localizations of drugs simultaneously administered in a strand of hair by micro-segmental analysis. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:750-760. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | | | - Yuko T. Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Inoue H. Three-step drug extraction from a single sub-millimeter segment of hair and nail to determine the exact day of drug intake. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 948:40-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Inoue H. Time-course measurements of drug concentrations in hair and toenails after single administrations of pharmaceutical products. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:571-577. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Hajime Miyaguchi
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Yuko T. Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Kanamori
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Tadashi Yamamuro
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882 Japan
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