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Nalakath J, Rasik RP, Kadry A, Babu A, Waseem I, Ok P, Hebel C, Selvapalam N, Nagarajan ER. Characterizing Lomerizine metabolites in camel urine: High-resolution mass spectrometry method development and validation for enhanced doping control. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9846. [PMID: 38923663 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lomerizine (LMZ) is an antimigraine drug that works as a calcium channel blocker and has selective effects on the central nervous system. It is metabolized into trimetazidine (TMZ), which is a prohibited substance owing to its performance-enhancing effects in both human and animal sports. Effective doping control measures are imperative to distinguish the source of TMZ in samples to ensure integrity and fairness of the sport, therefore a comprehensive analysis of LMZ metabolites is essential to identify potential biomarkers in camel urine for effective doping control. METHODS Camel urine samples were collected from four healthy animals following a single oral administration of LMZ at a dosage of 1 mg/kg body weight. In vitro studies were conducted using homogenized camel liver samples. Lomerizine and its metabolites were extracted using solid-phase extraction and analyzed with a Thermo Fisher Orbitrap Exploris liquid chromatography mass spectrometry system. The acquired data was processed with the Compound Discoverer software. RESULTS The study conducted a comprehensive analysis of LMZ metabolites in camels and identified 10 phase I and one phase II metabolites. The primary pathway for the formation of phase I metabolites was de-alkylation, while phase II metabolite was formed through alkylation of the parent drug. The study provided valuable insights into the unique metabolic pathways of LMZ in camels under specific experimental conditions. CONCLUSION The developed method enables the detection and characterization of LMZ and its metabolites in camels. The identified metabolites has the potential to act as marker metabolites for the distinctive detection of LMZ in camel urine to ensure efficient analytical strategies for routine doping control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahfar Nalakath
- Camel Forensic Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
- Department of Chemistry, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnan Kovil, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Ahmed Kadry
- Camel Forensic Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Ansar Babu
- Camel Forensic Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Ibrahim Waseem
- Camel Forensic Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Praseen Ok
- Camel Forensic Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Christiana Hebel
- Camel Forensic Laboratory, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Narayanan Selvapalam
- Department of Chemistry, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnan Kovil, Tamil Nadu, India
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Okano M, Miyamoto A, Ota M, Kageyama S, Sato M. Doping control analysis of trimetazidine in dried blood spot. Drug Test Anal 2024; 16:766-776. [PMID: 36417202 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dried blood spot (DBS) analysis has been an inherent part of sports drug testing through the technological advancements of the past decade. Trimetazidine, a non-threshold banned substance, is excreted into urine after a dose of the permitted drug lomerizine. Therefore, a lomerizine-specific metabolite (M6) is analyzed to confirm the origin of trimetazidine in traditional urine analysis. Application studies were conducted to develop an analytical method for trimetazidine applicable to DBS. These studies comprise (1) the effect of different sampling sites on the detection of trimetazidine, (2) the determination of the appropriate trimetazidine level required for DBS analysis, and (3) differentiating between trimetazidine and lomerizine use. A high-resolution mass spectrometric method for detecting trimetazidine in DBS was validated. After oral administration of trimetazidine (n = 7), venous and capillary blood (fingertip and upper arm) were spotted on cellulose paper. Trimetazidine could be identified in DBS in all subjects up to 60 h after administration. The limit of detection was 0.05 ng/ml, and the limit of identification was 0.06 ng/ml, suggesting the minimum required performance level of 0.2 ng/ml. In the fingertip capillary blood, biases of 9.7% (vs. upper arm) and 13.0% (vs. vein) were observed in the trimetazidine intensity; however, there were no concerns in the qualitative analysis. After administering lomerizine (n = 10), the intact lomerizine has a strong peak intensity in blood compared to trimetazidine. Contrary to urine analysis, the M6 was less detectable in blood. Laboratories should confirm intact lomerizine whenever trimetazidine is identified in DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Okano
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Miyamoto
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Ota
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kageyama
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Sato
- Anti-Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
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Nalakath J, Pt R, Kadry A, Palathinkal AB, Praseen OK, Nelliyott I, Hebel C, Selvapalam N, Nagarajan ER. Comprehensive metabolite profiling of trimetazidine in camels using high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry: Implications for doping control. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9626. [PMID: 37799033 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Trimetazidine and its metabolites are prohibited substances in sports. With a growing number of adverse findings in human athletes, it is crucial to develop doping control strategies that include screening for trimetazidine in animal sports. This study aims to detect and characterize trimetazidine and its metabolites for doping control in camel racing. METHODS Camel urine and plasma samples were collected from four healthy animals following a single oral dose of trimetazidine. In vitro investigations were conducted using camel liver samples. Liquid-liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction techniques were employed for the extraction of trimetazidine metabolites from plasma and urine matrices. The metabolites were analyzed using a Thermo Orbitrap Exploris LC-MS system with optimized settings to achieve maximum sensitivity and accurate mass measurements. RESULTS Comprehensive metabolite profiling of trimetazidine in camels revealed the identification of seven phase I and five phase II metabolites. Phase I metabolites were primarily formed through dealkylation, while phase II metabolites were dominated by glucuronide conjugation of demethylated trimetazidine. The findings provided insights into the distinct metabolic pathways and biotransformation patterns of trimetazidine in camels under the experimental conditions. CONCLUSION The developed method enables detection and characterization of trimetazidine and its metabolites in camels. The identified metabolites have the potential to serve as marker metabolites for trimetazidine abuse in camel racing. This study provides valuable insights into the metabolism of trimetazidine in camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jahfar Nalakath
- Camel Forensic Laboratory - Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
- Department of Chemistry, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnan Kovil, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rasik Pt
- Camel Forensic Laboratory - Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - Ahmed Kadry
- Camel Forensic Laboratory - Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | | | | | | | - Christiana Hebel
- Camel Forensic Laboratory - Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, UAE
| | - N Selvapalam
- Department of Chemistry, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnan Kovil, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - E R Nagarajan
- Department of Chemistry, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnan Kovil, Tamil Nadu, India
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Self-Declared and Measured Prevalence of Glucocorticoid Use in Polish Athletes. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are included in the list of prohibited substances and methods in sport published annually by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In its 2022 update, the WADA list prohibits all injectable routes of administration of GCs for use during in-competition periods. Previously, GCs were prohibited in-competition when administered by oral, intravenous, intramuscular, or rectal routes, but local injections (in addition to topical applications) were allowed. This study first investigated the prevalence of GC use by athletes in Poland, declared in 2130 doping control forms, and the related 2130 urine samples analysed at the Polish Anti-Doping Laboratory. Second, the validity of the analytical methodology to detect GCs was evaluated with the updated WADA requirement for substance-specific minimum reporting levels and considering the proposed washout periods. Despite the new regulation in place, the use of 30 different GC preparations were declared in a total of 162 occurrences (8% of the tests) with therapeutic purposes. Laboratory analyses resulted in the presence of GCs in 16 occurrences with only two samples with a concentration triggering an adverse analytical finding. Our study allowed us to confirm that the applied methodology for the determination of GCs in urine samples (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) remains fully valid after the latter regulation change while the challenge to assess the timing and administration route for GCs persists.
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Interest of HRMS systems in analytical toxicology: Focus on doping products. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Identification and characterization of the human urinary metabolites of trimetazidine using liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry, an anti-doping perspective. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Thevis M, Walpurgis K, Thomas A. Analytical Approaches in Human Sports Drug Testing: Recent Advances, Challenges, and Solutions. Anal Chem 2019; 92:506-523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
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Okano M, Sato M, Kageyama S. Lomerizine, trimetazidine and bis‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐methylpiperazine in human urine after oral administration of lomerizine dihydrochloride: analysis by liquid chromatography‐high resolution‐tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1689-1697. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Okano
- Anti‐Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation Tokyo Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Sato
- Anti‐Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinji Kageyama
- Anti‐Doping Laboratory, LSI Medience Corporation Tokyo Japan
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:6-29. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses; University Center of Legal Medicine; Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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