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Bezuglov E, Morgans R, Khalikov R, Bertholz V, Emanov A, Talibov O, Astakhov E, Lazarev A, Shoshorina M. Effect of xenon and argon inhalation on erythropoiesis and steroidogenesis: A systematic review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15837. [PMID: 37215856 PMCID: PMC10192833 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Xenon and argon inhalation were included on the WADA Prohibited List in 2014 due to the reported positive effects on erythropoiesis and steroidogenesis that occur as a result of their application. Thus, the systematic review of studies supporting these notions is of interest. Methods A thorough search on the effects of xenon and argon inhalation on erythropoiesis and steroidogenesis, as well as their negative effects on human health and method detection was conducted. Pubmed and Google Scholar databases and the Cochrane Library were researched, as well as the WADA research section. The search was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. All articles written in English and published between 2000 and 2021 were analyzed, as well as reference studies meeting the search criteria. Results At present, there are only two publications in healthy human subjects evaluating the effects of xenon inhalation on erythropoiesis that found no conclusive evidence of a positive effect on erythropoiesis. This research was published following the inclusion of this gas on the WADA Prohibited List in 2014 and had a high risk of bias. There were no studies available on the effect of argon inhalation on erythropoiesis. Furthermore, no studies were found on the effect of xenon or argon inhalation on steroidogenesis in healthy subjects and no studies relating to the effects of xenon or argon inhalation on erythropoiesis and steroidogenesis were found on the WADA website. Conclusion There is still inconclusive evidence to support the administration of xenon and argon inhalations on erythropoiesis and steroidogenesis and their positive effects on health. Further research is warranted to establish the effects of these gases. Additionally, improved communication between anti-doping authorities and all key stakeholders is required to support the inclusion of various substances on recognized prohibited lists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- High Performance Sport Laboratory, Moscow Witte University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ruslan Khalikov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav Bertholz
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Oleg Talibov
- High Performance Sport Laboratory, Moscow Witte University, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Artemii Lazarev
- High Performance Sport Laboratory, Moscow Witte University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, USA
| | - Maria Shoshorina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Postnikov PV, Ishutenko GV, Polosin AV, Potapov SV, Zhovnerchuk EV, Mochalova ES. Study of a Possibility of the Direct Determination of Xenon in the Equilibrium Vapor Phase of Whole Blood and Plasma Samples by GC-MS/MS after Inhalation by Healthy Volunteers. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822140064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Moreira F, Carmo H, Guedes de Pinho P, Bastos MDL. Doping detection in animals: A review of analytical methodologies published from 1990 to 2019. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:474-504. [PMID: 33440053 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the impressive innate physical abilities of horses, camels, greyhounds, or pigeons, doping agents might be administered to these animals to improve their performance. To control these illegal practices, anti-doping analytical methodologies have been developed. This review compiles the analytical methods that have been published for the detection of prohibited substances administered to animals involved in sports over 30 years. Relevant papers meeting the search criteria that discussed analytical methods aiming to detect and/or quantify doping substances in animal biological matrices published from 1990 to 2019 were considered. A total of 317 studies were included, of which 298 were related to horses, demonstrating significant advances toward the development of doping detection methods for equine sports. However, analytical methods for the detection of doping agents in sports involving other species are lacking. Due to enhanced accuracy and specificity, chromatographic analysis coupled to mass spectrometry detection is preferred over immunoassays. Regarding biological matrices, blood and urine remain the first choice, although alternative biological matrices, such as hair and feces, have been considered. With the increasing number and type of drugs used as doping agents, the analytes addressed in the published papers are diverse. It is very important to continue to detect and quantify these drugs, recognizing those that are most frequently used, in order to punish the abusers, protect animals' health, and ensure a healthier and genuine competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Moreira
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Departamento de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Área Técnico-Científica de Farmácia, Escola Superior de Saúde, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Helena Carmo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lourdes Bastos
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Wong KS, Cheung HW, Choi TLS, Kwok WH, Curl P, Mechie SC, Prabhu A, Wan TSM, Ho ENM. Label-free Proteomics for Discovering Biomarker Candidates for Controlling Krypton Misuse in Castrated Horses (Geldings). J Proteome Res 2020; 19:1196-1208. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Frampas C, Augsburger M, Varlet V. Xenon: From medical applications to doping uses. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2017.03.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cawley AT, Keledjian J. Intelligence-based anti-doping from an equine biological passport. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1441-1447. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - John Keledjian
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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Klegerman ME, Moody MR, Hurling JR, Peng T, Huang SL, McPherson DD. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry measurement of xenon in gas-loaded liposomes for neuroprotective applications. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1-8. [PMID: 27689777 PMCID: PMC5154815 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have produced a liposomal formulation of xenon (Xe-ELIP) as a neuroprotectant for inhibition of brain damage in stroke patients. This mandates development of a reliable assay to measure the amount of dissolved xenon released from Xe-ELIP in water and blood samples. METHODS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to quantify xenon gas released into the headspace of vials containing Xe-ELIP samples in water or blood. In order to determine blood concentration of xenon in vivo after Xe-ELIP administration, 6 mg of Xe-ELIP lipid was infused intravenously into rats. Blood samples were drawn directly from a catheterized right carotid artery. After introduction of the samples, each vial was allowed to equilibrate to 37°C in a water bath, followed by 20 minutes of sonication prior to headspace sampling. Xenon concentrations were calculated from a gas dose-response curve and normalized using the published xenon water-gas solubility coefficient. RESULTS The mean corrected percent of xenon from Xe-ELIP released into water was 3.87 ± 0.56% (SD, n = 8), corresponding to 19.3 ± 2.8 μL/mg lipid, which is consistent with previous independent Xe-ELIP measurements. The corresponding xenon content of Xe-ELIP in rat blood was 23.38 ± 7.36 μL/mg lipid (n = 8). Mean rat blood xenon concentration after intravenous administration of Xe-ELIP was 14 ± 10 μM, which is approximately 15% of the estimated neuroprotective level. CONCLUSIONS Using this approach, we have established a reproducible method for measuring dissolved xenon in fluids. These measurements have established that neuroprotective effects can be elicited by less than 20% of the calculated neuroprotective xenon blood concentration. More work will have to be done to establish the protective xenon pharmacokinetic range. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin E. Klegerman
- University of Texas Health Science Center - Houston, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 1941 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, U.S.A
| | - Melanie R. Moody
- University of Texas Health Science Center - Houston, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 1941 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, U.S.A
| | - Jermaine R. Hurling
- University of Texas Health Science Center - Houston, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 1941 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, U.S.A
| | - Tao Peng
- University of Texas Health Science Center - Houston, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 1941 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, U.S.A
| | - Shao-Ling Huang
- University of Texas Health Science Center - Houston, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 1941 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, U.S.A
| | - David D. McPherson
- University of Texas Health Science Center - Houston, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, 1941 East Road, Houston, Texas 77054, U.S.A
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