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Piper T, Geyer H, Haenelt N, Huelsemann F, Schaenzer W, Thevis M. Current Insights into the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:863-878. [PMID: 34049412 PMCID: PMC8445669 DOI: 10.1055/a-1481-8683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For decades, the class of anabolic androgenic steroids has represented the most frequently detected doping agents in athletes' urine samples. Roughly 50% of all adverse analytical findings per year can be attributed to anabolic androgenic steroids, of which about 2/3 are synthetic exogenous steroids, where a qualitative analytical approach is sufficient for routine doping controls. For the remaining 1/3 of findings, caused by endogenous steroid-derived analytical test results, a more sophisticated quantitative approach is required, as their sheer presence in urine cannot be directly linked to an illicit administration. Here, the determination of urinary concentrations and concentration ratios proved to be a suitable tool to identify abnormal steroid profiles. Due to the large inter-individual variability of both concentrations and ratios, population-based thresholds demonstrated to be of limited practicability, leading to the introduction of the steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport. The passport enabled the generation of athlete-specific individual reference ranges for steroid profile parameters. Besides an increase in sensitivity, several other aspects like sample substitution or numerous confounding factors affecting the steroid profile are addressed by the Athlete Biological Passport-based approach. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview on current prospects, supporting professionals in sports drug testing and steroid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Haenelt
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Huelsemann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schaenzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA)
Cologne/Bonn Germany
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2
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Obukhova EN, Buryak AK. Determination of Isomers in Doping Control by Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819090077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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de Oliveira FA, Casilli A, Piper T, da Silva TR, da Silva CA, da Silva RVS, Dal Sasso MA, Salgueiro GRDSG, Padilha MC, Pereira HMG, Thevis M, de Aquino Neto FR. Implementation and Performance of the Gas Chromatography/Combustion/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry-Based Method for the Confirmatory Analysis of Endogenous Anabolic Steroids during the Rio de Janeiro Olympic and Paralympic Games 2016. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11747-11756. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Azamor de Oliveira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Casilli
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research − Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Thais Reis da Silva
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Abrantes da Silva
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Raquel Vieira Santana da Silva
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio Dal Sasso
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Gutierri Ricardo dos Santos Gonçalves Salgueiro
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Henrique Marcelo Gualberto Pereira
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research − Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne 50933, Germany
| | - Francisco Radler de Aquino Neto
- Brazilian Doping Control Laboratory − LBCD, LADETEC, Av. Horácio Macedo, 1281 − Polo de Química − Bloco C − Cidade Universitária − Ιlha do Fundão, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro − UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil
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4
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Thai PK, O'Brien JW, Banks APW, Jiang G, Gao J, Choi PM, Yuan Z, Mueller JF. Evaluating the in-sewer stability of three potential population biomarkers for application in wastewater-based epidemiology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 671:248-253. [PMID: 30928753 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous chemicals specific to human metabolism have been suggested to be good candidates for markers of population size in wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). So far, creatinine is the only endogenous chemical to be assessed against the criteria of in-sewer stability. This study thus aimed to evaluate the fate of three other endogenous compounds, 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid (5-HIAA), cortisol and androstenedione, under different sewer conditions using laboratory-scale sewer reactors. The results showed that while all compounds were stable in wastewater only (i.e. without biofilm), cortisol and androstenedione degraded quickly in sewers with the presence of sewer biofilms. The degradation followed first-order kinetics similar to that of creatinine. In contrast, 5-HIAA was relatively stable in sewer reactors. This study also recognised the impact of wastewater pH on the detectability of 5-HIAA using a LC-MS/MS direct injection method. In samples acidified to pH 2, the method did not allow routine detection/quantification of 5-HIAA whereas in non-acidified samples the method was sufficiently sensitive for routine quantification of 5-HIAA. The stability of 5-HIAA in sewers and the possibility to measure it using a simple and rapid analytical method corroborate that 5-HIAA may be a suitable biomarker for estimation of population size in WBE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong K Thai
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Andrew P W Banks
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jack Gao
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phil M Choi
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- The University of Queensland, Advanced Water Management Centre, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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5
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Piper T, Putz M, Schänzer W, Pop V, McLeod MD, Uduwela DR, Stevenson BJ, Thevis M. Epiandrosterone sulfate prolongs the detectability of testosterone, 4-androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone misuse by means of carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1695-1703. [PMID: 28836353 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the course of investigations into the metabolism of testosterone (T) by means of deuterated T and hydrogen isotope ratio mass spectrometry, a pronounced influence of the oral administration of T on sulfoconjugated steroid metabolites was observed. Especially in case of epiandrosterone sulfate (EPIA_S), the contribution of exogenous T to the urinary metabolite was traceable up to 8 days after a single oral dose of 40 mg of T. These findings initiated follow-up studies on the capability of EPIA_S to extend the detection of T and T analogue misuse by carbon isotope ratio (CIR) mass spectrometry in sports drug testing. Excretion study urine samples obtained after transdermal application of T and after oral administration of 4-androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, and EPIA were investigated regarding urinary concentrations and CIR. With each administered steroid, EPIA_S was significantly depleted and prolonged the detectability when compared to routinely used steroidal target compounds by a factor of 2 to 5. In order to simplify the sample preparation procedure for sulfoconjugated compounds, enzymatic cleavage by Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatase was tested and implemented into CIR measurements for the first time. Further simplification was achieved by employing multidimensional gas chromatography to ensure the required peak purity for CIR determinations, instead of sample purification strategies using liquid chromatographic fractionation. Taking into account these results that demonstrate the unique and broad applicability of EPIA_S for the detection of illicit administrations of T or T-related steroids, careful consideration of how this steroid can be implemented into routine doping control analysis appears warranted. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marlen Putz
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valentin Pop
- Romanian Doping Control Laboratory, National Anti-Doping Agency, Bvd. Basarabia, nr. 37-39, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Dimanthi R Uduwela
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bradley J Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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6
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Piper T, Thevis M. Applications of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry in Sports Drug Testing Accounting for Isotope Fractionation in Analysis of Biological Samples. Methods Enzymol 2017; 596:403-432. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Piper T, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Genotype-dependent metabolism of exogenous testosterone - new biomarkers result in prolonged detectability. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1163-1173. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Köln Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Köln Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Köln Germany
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8
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Chiesa L, Pasquale E, Panseri S, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Pavlovic R, Arioli F. Pseudoendogenous presence of β-boldenone sulphate and glucuronide in untreated young bulls from the food chain. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:825-32. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1027965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Polet M, Van Eenoo P. GC-C-IRMS in routine doping control practice: 3 years of drug testing data, quality control and evolution of the method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:4397-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Zhang L, Thevis M, Piper T, Jochmann MA, Wolbert JB, Kujawinski DM, Wiese S, Teutenberg T, Schmidt TC. Carbon Isotope Ratio Analysis of Steroids by High-Temperature Liquid Chromatography-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:2297-302. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403353x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhang
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute
of Biochemistry,
Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark
Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Piper
- Institute
of Biochemistry,
Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark
Muengersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany
| | - Maik A. Jochmann
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - J. Benjamin Wolbert
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Dorothea M. Kujawinski
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Steffen Wiese
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology e.V., (IUTA), Bliersheimer Strasse 60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology e.V., (IUTA), Bliersheimer Strasse 60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Torsten C. Schmidt
- Instrumental
Analytical Chemistry, University Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
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11
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Bertocchi L, Dusi G, Ghidelli V, Hathaway T, Nassuato C, Casati A, Fidani M, Pompa G, Arioli F. Investigation on the origin of prednisolone in urine and adrenal glands of cows. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1055-62. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.781273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Piper T, Emery C, Thomas A, Saugy M, Thevis M. Combination of carbon isotope ratio with hydrogen isotope ratio determinations in sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5455-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Janssens G, Courtheyn D, Mangelinckx S, Prévost S, Bichon E, Monteau F, De Poorter G, De Kimpe N, Le Bizec B. Use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to differentiate between endogenous steroids and synthetic homologues in cattle: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 772:1-15. [PMID: 23540242 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although substantial technical advances have been achieved during the past decades to extend and facilitate the analysis of growth promoters in cattle, the detection of abuse of synthetic analogs of naturally occurring hormones has remained a challenging issue. When it became clear that the exogenous origin of steroid hormones could be traced based on the (13)C/(12)C isotope ratio of the substances, GC/C/IRMS has been successfully implemented to this aim since the end of the past century. However, due to the costly character of the instrumental setup, the susceptibility of the equipment to errors and the complex and time consuming sample preparation, this method is up until now only applied by a limited number of laboratories. In this review, the general principles as well as the practical application of GC/C/IRMS to differentiate between endogenous steroids and exogenously synthesized homologous compounds in cattle will be discussed in detail, and will be placed next to other existing and to be developed methods based on isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Finally, the link will be made with the field of sports doping, where GC/C/IRMS has been established within the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) approved methods as the official technique to differentiate between exogenous and endogenous steroids over the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Janssens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories, Brussels, Belgium.
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Abstract
Technical advances are being made in many areas of biotechnology and genetics that are facilitating the detection of doping in sport. These improvements have been catalyzed by the need to counter the ever-increasing sophistication of the community of athletes and their retinues who are intent on the illicit use of physical, pharmacological and genetic tools and methods to enhance athletic performance, in contravention of established international ethical and legal standards and of international treaty. The methods described in this article present a partial and general picture of only some of these advances.
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Piper T, Thomas A, Thevis M, Saugy M. Investigations on hydrogen isotope ratios of endogenous urinary steroids: reference-population-based thresholds and proof-of-concept. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:717-27. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University Lausanne; Ch. des Croisettes 22; CH-1066; Epalinges; Switzerland
| | - Andreas Thomas
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Köln; Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Köln; Germany
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University Lausanne; Ch. des Croisettes 22; CH-1066; Epalinges; Switzerland
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Cawley AT, George AV. Complementary stable carbon isotope ratio and amount of substance measurements in sports anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:897-911. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian V. George
- School of Chemistry; University of Sydney; Sydney; NSW; 2006; Australia
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Piper T, Baume N, Strahm E, Emery C, Saugy M. Influences of β-HCG administration on carbon isotope ratios of endogenous urinary steroids. Steroids 2012; 77:644-54. [PMID: 22369868 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several factors influencing the carbon isotope ratios (CIR) of endogenous urinary steroids have been identified in recent years. One of these should be the metabolism of steroids inside the body involving numerous different enzymes. A detailed look at this metabolism taking into account differences found between steroids excreted as glucuronides or as sulphates and hydrogen isotope ratios of different steroids pointed out possibility of unequal CIR at the main production sites inside the male body - the testes and the adrenal glands. By administration of β-HCG it is possible to strongly stimulate the steroid production within the testes without influencing the production at the adrenal glands. Therefore, this treatment should result in changed CIR of urinary androgens in contrast to the undisturbed pre-treatment values. Four male volunteers received three injections of β-HCG over a time course of 5 days and collected their urine samples at defined intervals after the last administration. Those samples showing the largest response in contrast to the pre-administration urines were identified by steroid profile measurements and subsequent analysed by GC/C/IRMS. CIR of androsterone, etiocholanolone, testosterone, 5α- and 5β-androstanediol and pregnanediol were compared. While pregnanediol was not influenced, most of the investigated androgens showed depleted values after treatment. The majority of differences were found to be statistically significant and nearly all showed the expected trend towards more depleted δ(13)C-values. These results support the hypothesis of different CIR at different production sites inside the human body. The impact of these findings on doping control analysis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University Lausanne, Ch. des Croisettes 22, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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18
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Zhang Y, Tobias HJ, Sacks GL, Brenna JT. Calibration and data processing in gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:912-22. [PMID: 22362612 DOI: 10.1002/dta.394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) by gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC-IRMS) is a powerful technique for the sourcing of substances, such as determination of the geographic or chemical origin of drugs and food adulteration, and it is especially invaluable as a confirmatory tool for detection of the use of synthetic steroids in competitive sport. We review here principles and practices for data processing and calibration of GCC-IRMS data with consideration to anti-doping analyses, with a focus on carbon isotopic analysis ((13)C/(12)C). After a brief review of peak definition, the isotopologue signal reduction methods of summation, curve-fitting, and linear regression are described and reviewed. Principles for isotopic calibration are considered in the context of the Δ(13)C = δ(13)C(M) - δ(13)C(E) difference measurements required for establishing adverse analytical findings for metabolites (M) relative to endogenous (E) reference compounds. Considerations for the anti-doping analyst are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Cornell University, Division of Nutritional Sciences, Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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19
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Kioussi MK, Angelis YS, Cawley AT, Koupparis M, Kazlauskas R, Brenna JT, Georgakopoulos CG. External calibration in Gas Chromatography–Combustion–Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry measurements of endogenous androgenic anabolic steroids in sports doping control. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:5675-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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21
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Recent developments in the use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry in sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:433-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2011; 3:1-14. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Piper T, Opfermann G, Thevis M, Schänzer W. Determination of (13)C/(12)C ratios of endogenous urinary steroids excreted as sulpho conjugates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:3171-3181. [PMID: 20941765 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The application of a comprehensive gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry-based method for the measurement of stable carbon isotopes of endogenous urinary steroids excreted as sulphates is presented. The key element in sample preparation is the consecutive cleanup with high-performance liquid chromatography of underivatized and acetylated steroids, which allows the isolation of seven analytes (pregn-5-ene-3β,17α,20α-triol, etiocholanolone, androsterone, epiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol and androst-5-ene-3β,17α-diol) from a single urine specimen. These steroids are of particular importance to doping controls as they should enable the sensitive and retrospective detection of DHEA abuse by athletes.Depending on the biological background, the determination limit for all steroids ranges from 5 to 10 ng/mL for a 10 mL specimen. The method is validated by means of linear mixing models for each steroid, which covers the items, repeatability and reproducibility. The specificity was further demonstrated by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for each analyte, and no influence of the sample preparation or the quantity of analyte on carbon isotope ratios was observed. In order to determine naturally occurring (13)C/(12)C ratios and urinary concentrations of all implemented steroids, a reference population of n = 67 subjects was measured to enable the calculation of reference limits for all relevant steroidal Δ values.The applicability of the developed method was tested by means of a DHEA excretion study. Despite the fact that orally ingested DHEA is preferentially converted into sulphated metabolites and that the renal clearance of sulphated steroids is slow, only the (13)C/(12)C ratio of EpiA demonstrated the potential to prolong the detection time for DHEA misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Cologne, Germany.
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