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Xu S, Ma B, Li J, Su W, Xu T, Zhang M. Europium Nanoparticles-Based Fluorescence Immunochromatographic Detection of Three Abused Drugs in Hair. TOXICS 2023; 11:toxics11050417. [PMID: 37235232 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse is becoming increasingly dangerous nowadays. Morphine (MOP), methamphetamine (MET) and ketamine (KET) are the most commonly abused drugs. The abuse of these drugs without supervision can cause serious harm to the human body and also endanger public safety. Developing a rapid and accurate method to screen drug suspects and thus control these drugs is essential to public safety. This paper presents a method for the simultaneous quantitative detection of these three drugs in hair by a europium nanoparticles-based fluorescence immunochromatographic assay (EuNPs-FIA). In our study, the test area of the nitrocellulose membrane was composed of three equally spaced detection lines and a quality control line. The test strip realized the quantitative analysis of the samples by detecting the fluorescence brightness of the europium nanoparticles captured on the test line within 15 min. For the triple test strip, the limits of detection of MOP, KET and MET were 0.219, 0.079 and 0.329 ng/mL, respectively. At the same time, it also showed strong specificity. The strip was stable and could be stored at room temperature for up to one year, and the average recovery rate was 85.98-115.92%. In addition, the EuNPs-FIA was validated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, and a satisfactory consistency was obtained. Compared to the current immunochromatographic methods used for detecting abused drugs in hair, this method not only increased the number of detection targets, but also ensured sensitivity, improving detection efficiency to a certain extent. The approach can also be used as an alternative to chromatography. It provides a rapid and accurate screening method for the detection of abused drugs in hair and has great application prospects in regard to public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Hangzhou Quickgene Sci-Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Wei Su
- Wenzhou MeiZhong Medical Laboratory, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Tianran Xu
- College of Life Science, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Mingzhou Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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2
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Peng W, Zong XQ, Xie TT, Zhou JW, Yue MF, Wen BY, Wang YH, Chen J, Zhang YJ, Li JF. Ultrafast and field-based detection of methamphetamine in hair with Au nanocake-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1235:340531. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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3
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Xu D, Ji J, Xiang P, Yan H, Duan G, Shen M. Time course of estazolam in single-strand hair based on micro-segmental analysis after controlled oral administration. Front Chem 2022; 10:996857. [PMID: 36324520 PMCID: PMC9619365 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.996857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of estazolam incorporation into hair was investigated by studying the time course of estazolam along single-strand hair after two oral administration of estazolam at 28 days interval. Estazolam in single hair segments 0.4 mm in length was verified and quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The distributions of estazolam within a strand of hair (collected at 12 h, 28 days, and 56 days post-administration) were visualized by micro-segmental analysis. The highest estazolam concentration (1.5-9.9 pg/mm) was detected in the hair bulb region (S1), and it then decreased through the hair shaft to the distal end, with a small fluctuation (0.3-3 pg/mm) near the junction of the hair roots and shafts (S4-S7) 12 h after drug intake. These findings suggested that the incorporation of estazolam occurred in two regions, mainly in the hair bulb and to a lesser extent in the upper dermis zone. Models using internal temporal markers (TIMs) and temporal intervals (TIs) were constructed to estimate the day of estazolam ingestion. The estimation accuracy was within an average error of 1.7 mm and 3.0 mm between the calculated and actual positions, based on the TIMs and TIs 56 days after estazolam intake. These findings can help in further elucidation of the drug incorporation mechanism, which is crucial for interpreting hair analysis results used to reveal individual drug-use history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoqi Xu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Ji
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine of Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gengli Duan
- Department of Phamaceutical Analysis, School of Phamacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
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4
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Pascali JP, Dagoli S, Antonioni M, Facetti O, Anzillotti L, Calò L, Affini GF, Cantarelli B, Cecchi R. Oral fluid analysis to monitor recent exposure to synthetic cannabinoids in a high-risk subpopulation. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:1932-1937. [PMID: 35642776 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among novel psychoactive substances, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRA) seem to have the widest diffusion in the population with no limitation to any particular demographic group. Information on drug consumption relies mostly on anonymized surveys and less on clinical or analytical data; notwithstanding, the huge efforts constantly made to enroll subjects to gather epidemiological data. In the present study, we collected 66 oral fluid samples from volunteers in a drug rehabilitation center in 2019 and early 2020. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method previously developed and validated by our Unit was applied to detect SCRA (n = 10) in oral fluid. Results proved the presence of synthetic cannabinoids at a positivity rate of almost 20%, with detection frequency HU211(5/13) > UR144/JWH122 (3/13) > JWH019/JWH081/AM2201 (1/13). Concentrations were in the range < LOQ -0.36 ng/ml. Synthetic cannabinoids consumption had not been declared by any volunteer. This study enabled for the unprecedent detection of synthetic cannabinoids use in the territory of Parma (Italy) in a high-risk subpopulation. The identified SCRA proved the persistence into the market of the "first-generation" JWH family into the Italian territory and the marketing of relatively new ones (AM-2201). Public health consequences represented by NPS consumption are still scarce; therefore, further studies are needed to understand the real diffusion in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer P Pascali
- Legal medicine and toxicology, Department of Cardiologic, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Dagoli
- Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Olivia Facetti
- Service for Pathological Dependencies (SerDp), Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Anzillotti
- Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Calò
- Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Rossana Cecchi
- Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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5
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Caballero-Casero N, Beza GN, Rubio S. Supramolecular solvent-based sample treatment workflow for determination of multi-class drugs of abuse in hair by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1673:463100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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6
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Rosado T, Gallardo E, Vieira DN, Barroso M. Microextraction by Packed Sorbent as a Novel Strategy for Sample Clean-Up in the Determination of Methadone and EDDP in Hair. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:840-850. [PMID: 32364610 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) procedure for rapid concentration of methadone and its primary metabolite (EDDP) in hair samples was developed. The miniaturized approach coupled to gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS) was successfully validated. Hair samples (50 mg) were incubated with 1 mL of 1 M sodium hydroxide for 45 min at 50°C, time after which the extract was neutralized by adding 100 μL of 20% formic acid. Subsequently, MEPS was applied using a M1 sorbent (4 mg; 80% C8 and 20% strong cation-exchange (SCX)), first conditioned with three 250-μL cycles of methanol and three 250-μL cycles of 2% formic acid. The extract load occurred with nine 150-μL cycles followed by a washing step involving three 50-μL cycles with 3.36% formic acid. For the elution of the analytes, six 100-μL cycles of 2.36% ammonium hydroxide in methanol were applied. The method was linear from 0.01 to 5 ng/mg, for both compounds, presenting determination coefficients greater than 0.99. Precision and accuracy were in accordance with the statements of international guidelines for method validation. This new miniaturized approach allowed obtaining recoveries ranging from 73 to 109% for methadone and 84 to 110% for EDDP, proving to be an excellent alternative to classic approaches, as well as other miniaturized procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - E Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Avenida Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal.,Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, Estrada Municipal 506, 6200-284 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - D N Vieira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas 3000-548
| | - M Barroso
- Serviço de Química e Toxicologia Forenses, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses - Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1150-219 Lisboa, Portugal
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Chen S, Ma J, Wang X, Geng P. UPLC–MS/MS simultaneous determination of methamphetamine, amphetamine, morphine, monoacetylmorphine, ketamine, norketamine, MDMA, and MDA in hair. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2019.00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hair is a stable specimen and has a longer detection window (from weeks to months) than blood and urine. Through the analysis of hair, the long-term information of the drug use of the identified person could be explored. Our work is to establish an ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC–MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of methamphetamine, amphetamine, morphine, monoacetylmorphine, ketamine, norketamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in hair. Methoxyphenamine was used as an internal standard. The chromatographic separation was performed on a UPLC ethylene bridged hybrid (BEH) C18 (2.1 mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile–water with 10 mmol/L ammonium acetate solution which containing 0.05% ammonium hydroxide. The multiple reaction monitoring in positive electrospray ionization was used for quantitative determination. The intra-day and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviation [RSD]) were below 15%. The accuracy ranged between 85.5% and 110.4%, the average recovery rate was above 72.9%, and the matrix effect ranged between 92.7% and 109.2%. Standard curves were in the range of 0.05–5.0 ng/mg, and the correlation coefficients were greater than 0.995. The established UPLC–MS/MS method was applied to analyze the hair samples successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Chen
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325035, China
- 2 Institute of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xianqin Wang
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325035, China
- 2 Institute of Forensic Science, Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325035, China
| | - Peiwu Geng
- 3 Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of LishuiLishui 323000, China
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8
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Jones NS, Comparin JH. Interpol review of controlled substances 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:608-669. [PMID: 33385148 PMCID: PMC7770462 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in controlled substances from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20Papers%202019.pdf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA
| | - Jeffrey H. Comparin
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
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Chan WS, Wong GF, Hung CW, Wong YN, Fung KM, Lee WK, Dao KL, Leung CW, Lo KM, Lee WM, Cheung BKK. Interpol review of toxicology 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:563-607. [PMID: 33385147 PMCID: PMC7770452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in toxicology from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20.Papers%202019.pdf.
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10
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Wang X, Cui J, Zhuo Y, Shen B, Zhang S, Liu W, Shen M, Xiang P. A Retrospective of Prevalence of Drugs of Abuse by Hair Analysis in Shanghai using LC–MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:482-489. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study presents a retrospective analysis of the prevalence of drug abuse in Shanghai by hair analysis. Files and toxicology analysis results of a total of 5,610 cases requesting for hair analysis of abused drugs at the Academy of Forensic Science (AFS) in Shanghai over 12 months between August 2018 and July 2019 were reviewed. All cases of drug abuse identified by hair analysis were from the public security organs in Shanghai, China. Hair samples were analyzed for drugs of abuse and related metabolites, mainly including amphetamine (AMP), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), ketamine (K), norketamine (NK), cocaine (COC), benzoylecgonine, morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, flunitrazepam, and 5-methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine (5-MeO-DIPT), using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS). Among the 5,610 cases, 1,713 (30.5%) were positive for drugs of abuse, with amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) (57%), including amphetamines (AMP and MA) (48%), MDMA and MDA (9%), being the most frequently detected drugs, followed by THC (14%), COC (8%), 5-MeO-DIPT (8%), and K (7%). The majority (75%) of positive hair samples were from male subjects. Overall, 77% of abusers were younger than 44 years old. The proportion of female subjects (22.3%) under 24 years was larger than that of male subjects (7.8%). There were 132 cases (7.7%) in which more than one type of drug was detected among 1,713 drug-positive cases. The most common combination was MDMA and K. The present study characterizes the current toxicological profile of drug abuse cases and provides a scientific basis for drug abuse prevention. Moreover, the hair concentration distributions of the commonly abused drugs in positive cases have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Forensic Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Baohua Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Sujing Zhang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Service Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
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Zhuo Y, Wang X, Wu J, Zhang S, Deng H, Liu W, Wu H, Xiang P, Shen M. Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Amphetamines, Opiates, Ketamine, Cocaine and Metabolites in Human Hair: Application to Forensic Cases of Drug Abuse. J Forensic Sci 2019; 65:563-569. [PMID: 31498435 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to simultaneously quantify amphetamines, opiates, ketamine, cocaine, and metabolites in human hair is described. Hair samples (50 mg) were extracted with methanol utilizing cryogenic grinding. Calibration curves for all the analytes were established in the concentration range 0.05-10 ng/mg. The recoveries were above 72%, except for AMP at the limit of quantification (LOQ), which was 48%. The accuracies were within ±20% at the LOQ (0.05 ng/mg) and between -11% and 13.3% at 0.3 and 9.5 ng/mg, respectively. The intraday and interday precisions were within 19.6% and 19.8%, respectively. A proficiency test was applied to the validated method with z-scores within ±2, demonstrating the accuracy of the method for the determination of drugs of abuse in the hair of individuals suspected of abusing drugs. The hair concentration ranges, means, and medians are summarized for abused drugs in 158 authentic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhuo
- Institute of Forensic Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.,Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjie Wu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Sujing Zhang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxiao Deng
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Hejian Wu
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai Forensic Science Platform, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai, China
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12
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Usman M, Naseer A, Baig Y, Jamshaid T, Shahwar M, Khurshuid S. Forensic toxicological analysis of hair: a review. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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