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Alaoui Mansouri M, Kharbach M, Bouklouze A. Current Applications of Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) in Pharmaceutical Analysis: Review. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:856-865. [PMID: 38072117 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The present review encompasses various applications of multivariate curve resolution- alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) as a promising data handling, which is issued by analytical techniques in pharmaceutics. It involves different sections starting from a concise theory of MCR-ALS and four detailed applications in drugs analysis. Dissolution, stability, polymorphism, and quantification are the main four detailed applications. The data generated by analytical techniques associated with MCR-ALS deals accurately with different challenges compared to other chemometric tools. For each reviewed purpose, it was explained how MCR-ALS was applied and detailed information was given. Different approaches were introduced to overcome challenges that limit the use of MCR-ALS efficiently in pharmaceutical mixture were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alaoui Mansouri
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; University of Liege (ULiege), CIRM, Vibra-Santé HUB, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, CHU, B36, B-4000, Liege, Belgium.
| | - Mourad Kharbach
- Research Unit of Mathematical Sciences, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland.
| | - Abdelaziz Bouklouze
- Bio-Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Analysis Research Team, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
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2
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Mazivila SJ, Santos JL. A review on multivariate curve resolution applied to spectroscopic and chromatographic data acquired during the real-time monitoring of evolving multi-component processes: From process analytical chemistry (PAC) to process analytical technology (PAT). Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ioele G, Muzzalupo R, Gündüz MG, De Luca M, Mazzotta E, Grande F, Occhiuzzi MA, Garofalo A, Ragno G. Use of Pluronic Surfactants in Gel Formulations of Photosensitive 1,4-Dihydropyridine Derivatives: A Potential Approach in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040527. [PMID: 33920090 PMCID: PMC8070562 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
1,4-Dihydropyridines (DHPs) are the most important class of L-type calcium channel blockers that are employed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, particularly hypertension. Various modifications on this scaffold lead to the discovery of new DHPs blocking different types of calcium channels. Among them, the T-type calcium channel has recently attracted great interest due to its role in chronic pain conditions. In this study, we selected three newly synthesized DHPs (HM8, HM10 and MD20) with different selectivity profiles to the T-type calcium channel and formulated them in micellar solutions and micellar-in-gel matrices to be tested for potential topical use in the treatment of neuropathic pain. To prevent the well-known sensitivity to light of the DHPs, the studied compounds were entrapped in colloidal aggregates obtained by using edible Pluronic® surfactants and adding α-tocopherol as an antioxidant. All the prepared formulations were exposed to stressing light, according to international rules. Along with the degradation experiments, the concentrations of the parent compounds and by-products were calculated by multivariate curve resolution—alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) applied to the spectral data. The defined formulations proved suitable as light-stable matrices for the DHP compounds, showing an increase in stability for HM8 and MD20 and an almost complete photoprotection for HM10, compared to ethanol solutions and standard gel formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0984-493268
| | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Miyase Gözde Gündüz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, 06100 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Occhiuzzi
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Antonio Garofalo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy; (R.M.); (M.D.L.); (E.M.); (F.G.); (M.A.O.); (A.G.); (G.R.)
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De Luca M, Ioele G, Grande F, Platikanov S, Tauler R, Ragno G. Photostability study of multicomponent drug formulations via MCR-ALS: The case of the hydrochlorothiazide-amiloride mixture. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 186:113332. [PMID: 32387749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics and photodegradation mechanism of the pharmaceutical mixture of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and amiloride (AML) has been studied in depth using a chemometric approach. Water solutions of HCT and AML, separately or in binary mixtures, were irradiated with forced light at different pH values (3, 7, 9 and 12). Multivariate Curve Resolution - Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) modelling has been applied to the experimental data recorded by UV spectrophotometry and HPLC-UV/MS. 78 data sets were collected and their chemometric processing has allowed the simultaneous determination of the behaviour of the two drugs in the mixture when exposed to light and the dependence of their photodegradation kinetics on pH. MCR-ALS has been applied using three different implementations. Soft-MCR-ALS and hybrid Hard/Soft-MCR-ALS have been used to resolve the experimental data and to get the equilibrium and kinetic parameters of the investigated chemical processes. A third implementation of the MCR-ALS method has been used in the analysis of the incomplete data sets obtained when UV spectrophotometric and HPLC-UV/MS data were simultaneously analysed, using a row- and column-wise incomplete augmented data matrix arrangement. In these matrices, information from HPLC-UV detector was used as a bridge between the data recorded by UV spectrophotometry (acid-base and kinetic reactions monitoring) and the data obtained by HPLC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Stefan Platikanov
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romà Tauler
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, C/Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
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Grande F, Ragno G, Muzzalupo R, Occhiuzzi MA, Mazzotta E, De Luca M, Garofalo A, Ioele G. Gel Formulation of Nabumetone and a Newly Synthesized Analog: Microemulsion as a Photoprotective Topical Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050423. [PMID: 32380748 PMCID: PMC7284650 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photostability studies were performed on topical formulations containing the anti-inflammatory drug Nabumetone and an analog newly synthesized in order to achieve better photostability and pharmacokinetic profile. Stability tests, according to the International Conference on Harmonization rules, were applied on ethanol solutions and topical gel formulations of both compounds. The photodegradation profiles were monitored by Multivariate curve resolution applied to the UV spectral data. The inclusion of the compounds in microemulsion was investigated to improve light stability and, at the same time, to ensure a sustained release system for skin delivery. All the formulations in solution, gel, microemulsion, and microemulsion-in-gel were exposed to a forced irradiation of 350 W/m2, corresponding to a 21 kJ/m2 min, for up to 300 min. Photostability increased significantly for both drugs in the liquid microemulsion and microemulsion-in-gel, compared to the ethanol solution and plain gel, reaching a residual drug of 97% and 98% for Nabumetone and analog in microemulsion-in-gel, respectively. Permeation experiments on the microemulsion-in-gel showed a better performance of the analog formulated at 0.2%, compared to the same formulation of Nabumetone at 0.7%. These results highlight the potential of the designed matrices as delayed drug delivery systems along with the use of lower drug doses leading to reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (G.I.); Tel.: +39-0984-493268 (G.I.)
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Yang Y, Cao Y, Li Z, Zhukova A, Yang S, Wang J, Tang Z, Cao Y, Zhang Y, Wang D. Interactive effects of exogenous melatonin and Rhizophagus intraradices on saline-alkaline stress tolerance in Leymus chinensis. MYCORRHIZA 2020; 30:357-371. [PMID: 32095881 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-020-00942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin, a ubiquitous molecule found in almost all organisms, is considered an important regulator in plant growth. However, little is known about the interactive effect of melatonin and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on plant resistance against soil salinity and alkalinity. To fill in such a gap in knowledge, we conducted three experiments to explore (1) whether exogenous melatonin and an AM fungus had interactive effects on plant response to saline-alkaline stress, (2) whether the influence of melatonin on mycorrhizal plant stress tolerance was attributable to effect on the AM fungus, and (3) whether the effect of melatonin application was due to changes in soil salinity and alkalinity. We found interactive effects between melatonin and the AM fungus on alleviating ROS burst, decreasing malondialdehyde content and protecting Leymus chinensis photosynthetic activity through activation of antioxidant enzyme and gene expression (superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and glutathione reductase) in plant shoots and roots. Our results showed that exogenous melatonin promoted spore germination and hyphal length of the AM fungus under Petri-dish conditions. However, exogenous melatonin application did not exhibit significant effects on soil salinity and alkalinity. This study provides an insight into the beneficial effects of exogenous melatonin on saline-alkaline stress tolerance in mycorrhizal L. chinensis through regulating antioxidant systems, protecting photosynthetic activity, and promoting associated AM fungal growth without changing soil salinity and alkalinity. It also reveals potential applications of exogenous melatonin and AM fungi for the restoration of saline-alkaline degraded grassland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yaping Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zhenxin Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Anastasiia Zhukova
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
- Ecological Faculty, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Songtao Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jinlong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Zhanhui Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yonghong Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Academy of Forestry Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Deli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Key Laboratory for Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration and Ecosystem Management, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, China.
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Pranil T, Moongngarm A, Loypimai P. Influence of pH, temperature, and light on the stability of melatonin in aqueous solutions and fruit juices. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03648. [PMID: 32258489 PMCID: PMC7109460 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to predict melatonin stability during food processing or storage is important. Therefore, the degradation of melatonin in both aqueous solutions and fruit juice samples was investigated. The pH values of aqueous solutions were set over a pH range from 1 to 13 and at four different temperatures (60, 70, 80 and 90 °C). The highest remaining melatonin (CR) was observed in the lowest pH solution (pH = 1, CR > 65%). Melatonin concentrations decreased with rising pH levels from pH 4 to 13 during storage time. The thermal degradation rate constant of melatonin (k) values obtained followed the order: k90°C (0.175) >k80°C (0.123) >k70°C (0.082) >k60°C (0.027). Thermal degradation kinetics followed the first-order reaction model with a high range of coefficients of determination (0.9744 < R2 < 0.995). The temperature also affected on melatonin degradation in fruit juices which the degradation rate was increased with the presence of light and high temperature. Our results can be used as guidelines to develop a processing method that predicts melatonin degradation during thermal processing of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorung Pranil
- Research Unit of Nutrition for Life, Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Anuchita Moongngarm
- Research Unit of Nutrition for Life, Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Technology, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Patiwit Loypimai
- Division of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchapraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10600, Thailand
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Takamura A, Watanabe D, Shimada R, Ozawa T. Comprehensive modeling of bloodstain aging by multivariate Raman spectral resolution with kinetics. Commun Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s42004-019-0217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractBlood, as a cardinal biological system, is a challenging target for biochemical characterization because of sample complexity and a lack of analytical approaches. To reveal and evaluate aging process of blood compositions is an unexplored issue in forensic analysis, which is useful to elucidate the details of a crime. Here we demonstrate a spectral deconvolution model of near-infrared Raman spectra of bloodstain to comprehensively describe the aging process based on the chemical mechanism, particularly the kinetics. The bloodstain spectra monitored over several months at different temperatures are decomposed into significant spectral components by multivariate calculation. The kinetic schemes of the spectral components are explored and subsequently incorporated into the developed algorithm for the optimal spectral resolution. Consequently, the index of bloodstain aging is proposed, which can be used under different experimental conditions. This work provides a novel perspective on the chemical mechanisms in bloodstain aging and facilitates forensic applications.
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De Luca M, Ioele G, Ragno G. 1,4-Dihydropyridine Antihypertensive Drugs: Recent Advances in Photostabilization Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11020085. [PMID: 30781584 PMCID: PMC6409574 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1,4-dihydropyridine (DHP) drugs are nowadays the most used drugs in the treatment of hypertension. However, all the structures in this series present a significant sensitivity to light, leading to the complete loss of pharmacological activity. This degradation is particularly evident in aqueous solution, so much so that almost all DHP drugs on the market are formulated in solid preparations, especially tablets. The first and main process of photodegradation consists in the aromatization of the dihydropyridine ring, after which secondary processes can take place on the various substituents. A potential danger can result from the formation of single oxygen and superoxide species that can in turn trigger phototoxic reactions. Several strategies for the photostabilisation of DHP drugs have been proposed in recent years, in particular with the aim to formulate these drugs in liquid preparations, as well as to limit any toxicity problems related to light degradation. This review summarizes and describes the main aspects of the studies conducted in recent years to obtain photostable formulations of DHP drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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Spatari C, Ioele G, Ragno G, Grande F, De Luca M. Photo and thermal stress of linseed oil and stabilization strategies. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2019; 56:614-623. [PMID: 30906019 PMCID: PMC6400740 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The thermal and light stability of linseed oil has been studied by monitoring the concentrations of fatty acids and lignans, as main nutraceutical components. Linseed oil was subjected to stressing light and temperature conditions, in accordance with the ICH international rules, and monitored by UV-vis spectroscopy and HPLC-DAD. The change of UV spectra along the photodegradation tests, setting the irradiation power at 350 W/m2, confirmed a significant overall sensitivity of linseed oil to light. At the same time, the HPLC determination of the major fatty acids showed a marked variation in their concentration up to a residual concentration of 62.3 and 67.2% for α-linolenic and linoleic acid, respectively, after 18 h. In contrast, thermal tests at 60 °C showed some stability, with a concentration of residual fatty acids in the range 82-95% after 48 h. The examined lignans showed significant stability when exposed to both light and heat. Several photoprotection approaches have been also studied to increase the photostability of linseed oil. A significant increase in the stability of fatty acids has been observed using amber glass containers or ascorbic acid or by combining the two protection factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Spatari
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
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Ioele G, Gündüz MG, Spatari C, De Luca M, Grande F, Ragno G. A New Generation of Dihydropyridine Calcium Channel Blockers: Photostabilization of Liquid Formulations Using Nonionic Surfactants. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11010028. [PMID: 30641992 PMCID: PMC6359235 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability profile of a new 1,4-dihydropyridine derivative (DHP), representative of a series with a hexahydroquinoline ring, was studied to design light-stable liquid formulations. This molecule, named M3, has been shown among the analogs to have a high capacity to block both L- and T-type calcium channels. The ethanol solution of the drug was subjected to a photodegradation test, in accordance with standard rules. The concentrations of the drug and its byproducts were estimated using multivariate curve resolution, applied to the spectral data collected during the test. The improvement of both the photostability and water solubility of M3 was investigated by adding the surfactant polysorbate 20 in a 1:5 ratio to aqueous solutions of the drug. These formulations were exposed to stressing light in containers of bleu polyethylene terephthalate (PET), amber PET, and covered amber PET. The best results were obtained when using the covered amber PET container, reaching a degradation percentage of the drug less than 5% after 12 h under an irradiance power of 450 W/m2. The stability of the compound was compared to that of nimodipine (NIM) under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Miyase Gözde Gündüz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey.
| | - Claudia Spatari
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Fedora Grande
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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Dinç E, Büker E. Spectrochromatographic determination of dorzolamide hydrochloride and timolol maleate in an ophthalmic solution using three-way analysis methods. Talanta 2019; 191:248-256. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Light-sensitive drugs in topical formulations: stability indicating methods and photostabilization strategies. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1795-1808. [PMID: 28925725 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Photostability tests applied on commercial specialties for topical use have demonstrated a greater vulnerability of several drugs, due to greater exposure to light than other pharmaceutical forms. Photodegradation of a drug can considerably modify its pharmacokinetic behavior by varying the therapeutic index. The evaluation of the degradation profile of a drug, according to the ICH rules, is of primary importance in developing an appropriate topical formulation. Advanced strategies have been proposed to increase the protection from the light of the photolabile drugs. Supramolecular systems have been investigated to improve both pharmacokinetic profile and photostability. In this review, the more recent stability-monitoring methods for the analysis of drugs in topical formulations are collected and the main approaches for the drug photostabilization are discussed.
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De Luca M, Ioele G, Spatari C, Ragno G. A single MCR-ALS model for drug analysis in different formulations: Application on diazepam commercial preparations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 134:346-351. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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De Luca M, Ioele G, Spatari C, Ragno G. Photostabilization studies of antihypertensive 1,4-dihydropyridines using polymeric containers. Int J Pharm 2016; 505:376-82. [PMID: 27085645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1,4-dihydropyridine antihypertensives (DHPs) are almost all dispensed in solid pharmaceutical formulations for their easy lability when exposed to light. This paper reports a study on the photoprotective effect of containers in different glassy or polymeric matrices with regard to four known DHPs when in solutions. The samples were subjected to forced degradation by means of a Xenon lamp, in accordance with the international rules on drug stability evaluation. The simultaneous determination of the drugs and their photoproducts was carried out by applying the multivariate curve resolution (MCR) methodology to the spectral data recorded along the irradiation test. This technique was able to determine the kinetic parameters and resolve the spectra of the photoproducts. The time required to reduce by 10% the concentration of the drug (t0.1) was adopted as a criterion to compare the protective ability of the containers. A significant photoprotection for all drugs tested was obtained by the use of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers. The best result was achieved for the felodipine solution in blue PET transparent bottle of 0.6mm thickness, reaching an almost complete stabilization up to six hours under stressing irradiation. In contrast, the glass containers, whether or not coloured, did not provide a satisfactory photoprotection of the drugs, showing in any case t0.1 values under 24min. These results can be a good opportunity to design new photoprotective pharmaceutical packaging for DHPs in liquid dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Claudia Spatari
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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Photodegradation studies of 1,4-dihydropyridine compounds by MCR analysis on UV spectral data. Future Med Chem 2016; 8:107-15. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: 1,4-Dihydropyridines (DHPs) are well-known light-sensitive compounds. Photostability studies are necessary to ensure safety in therapy. Materials & Methods: Photodegradation experiments on 15 condensed DHP derivatives were made according to the International Conference on Harmonization rules. Degradation profiles were monitored by spectrophotometry and the data were processed by multivariate curve resolution analysis. Results: The analysis of the spectral data showed the formation of a single photoproduct from two DHPs, due to the aromatization of the pyridine ring. Traces of a second photoproduct were revealed in 12 DHPs and a third photoproduct was verified only in one case. Conclusion: DHPs showed high stability when fluorine was in the position R1 of the phenyl ring or simultaneously present in R1 and R2 positions. In contrast, the presence of chlorine in R1 or R2 strongly increased the degradation.
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Ianni F, Schoubben A, Montesano D, Wauthoz N, Cossignani L, Sardella R, Natalini B. Quantitative assay of capreomycin oleate levels in a drug formulation for inhalation with a fully validated HPLC method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 120:413-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Optimization of wavelength range and data interval in chemometric analysis of complex pharmaceutical mixtures. J Pharm Anal 2015; 6:64-69. [PMID: 29403964 PMCID: PMC5762457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of different chemometric approaches was evaluated in the spectrophotometric determination of pharmaceutical mixtures characterized by having the amount of components with a very high ratio. Principal component regression (PCR), partial least squares with one dependent variable (PLS1) or multi-dependent variables (PLS2), and multivariate curve resolution (MCR) were applied to the spectral data of a ternary mixture containing paracetamol, sodium ascorbate and chlorpheniramine (150:140:1, m/m/m), and a quaternary mixture containing paracetamol, caffeine, phenylephrine and chlorpheniramine (125:6. 25:1.25:1, m/m/m/m). The UV spectra of the calibration samples in the range of 200–320 nm were pre-treated by removing noise and useless data, and the wavelength regions having the most useful analytical information were selected using the regression coefficients calculated in the multivariate modeling. All the defined chemometric models were validated on external sample sets and then applied to commercial pharmaceutical formulations. Different data intervals, fixed at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 point/nm, were tested to optimize the prediction ability of the models. The best results were obtained using the PLS1calibration models and the quantification of the species of a lower amount was significantly improved by adopting 0.5 data interval, which showed accuracy between 94.24% and 107.76%.
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Ioele G, Tavano L, De Luca M, Ragno G, Picci N, Muzzalupo R. Photostability and ex-vivo permeation studies on diclofenac in topical niosomal formulations. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:490-7. [PMID: 26307262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Photostability studies were performed on topical formulations containing diclofenac (DC). Niosomal gels were designed as photostabilization systems and ascorbic acid was also added to the new topical formulations because of its antioxidant property. Photodegradation tests were applied on commercial formulations containing DC and novel prepared gels, according to the ICH rules. The experiments were monitored by spectrophotometry and the data processed by multivariate curve resolution analysis to estimate the spectra and concentration profiles of evolved components. Characterization of niosomes was evaluated by size and distribution measurement, morphological analysis and encapsulation efficiency. Permeation experiments were performed across rabbit ear skin up to 24 h. Photodegradation rate of DC was found very fast in commercial formulation, with a residual content of 90% after only 4.38 min under a radiant exposure of 450 W/m(2). Photostability resulted increased significantly when the drug was entrapped in niosomal systems. The best results were obtained by reaching a 10% degradation after 50.00 min of light exposure after incorporation of DC in niosomes in presence of 5% ascorbic acid. Moreover, niosomal gel also influenced the permeation capability of DC by enhancing the transdermal delivery of the drug. The cumulative dose permeated of DC from niosomal gel was about three times that obtained with the commercial gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy.
| | - Lorena Tavano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Nevio Picci
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Rita Muzzalupo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende (CS), Italy
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Ioele G, De Luca M, Tavano L, Ragno G. The difficulties for a photolabile drug in topical formulations: the case of diclofenac. Int J Pharm 2014; 465:284-90. [PMID: 24491531 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Topical commercial formulations containing diclofenac (DC) were submitted to photostability tests, according to the international rules, showing a clear degradation of the drug. The degradation process was monitored by applying the multivariate curve resolution technique to the UV spectral data from samples exposed to stressing irradiation. This method was able to estimate the number of components evolved as well as to draw their spectra and concentration profiles. Three photoproducts (PhPs) were resolved by the analysis of photodegradation kinetics, according to two consecutive reactions with a mechanism postulated as DC>PhP₁>PhP₂ and PhP₃. Photodegradation rate of DC in gel was found to be very fast, with a residual content of 90% only after 3.90 min under a radiant exposure of 450 Wm(-2). Because of a very slow skin uptake of DC, a prolonged time of exposure to light could lead to a significant decrease of drug available or the uptake of undesired photoproducts. New gel formulations were designed to increase the photostability of DC by incorporating chemical light-absorbers or entrapping the drug into cyclodextrin. Drug photostability resulted increased significantly in comparison with that of the commercial formulations. The gel containing the light-absorbers such as octisilate, octyl methoxycinnamate and a combination thereof showed a residual DC of 90% up to 12.22 min, 13.75 min and 15.71 min, respectively, under the same irradiation power. The best results were obtained by incorporating the drug in β-cyclodextrin with a degradation of 10% after 25.01 min of light exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Ioele
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Michele De Luca
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Lorena Tavano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
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De Luca M, Ioele G, Mas S, Tauler R, Ragno G. A study of pH-dependent photodegradation of amiloride by a multivariate curve resolution approach to combined kinetic and acid–base titration UV data. Analyst 2012; 137:5428-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an35799b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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