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Henion J, Hao C, Eikel D, Beck O, Stambeck P. An analytical approach for on-site analysis of breath samples for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e4987. [PMID: 38108556 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Increased acceptance of cannabis containing the psychoactive component, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), raises concerns about the potential for impaired drivers and increased highway accidents. In contrast to the "breathalyzer" test, which is generally accepted for determining the alcohol level in a driver, there is no currently accepted roadside test for THC in a motorist. There is a need for an easily collectible biological sample from a potentially impaired driver coupled with an accurate on-site test to measure the presence and quantity of THC in a driver. A novel breath collection device is described, which includes three separate sample collectors for collecting identical A, B, and C breath samples from a subject. A simple one-step ethanol extraction of the "A" breath collector sample can be analyzed by UHPLC/selected ion monitoring (SIM) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) to provide qualitative and quantitative determination of THC in breath sample in less than 4 min for samples collected up to 6 h after smoking a cannabis cigarette. SIM LC/MS bioanalyses employed d3-THC as the stable isotope internal standard fortified in negative control breath samples for quantitation including replicates of six calibrator standards and three quality control (QC) samples. Subsequent confirmation of the same breath sample in the B collectors was then confirmed by a reference lab by LC/MS/MS analysis. Fit-for-purpose bioanalytical validation consistent with pharmaceutical regulated bioanalyses produced pharmacokinetic (PK) curves for the two volunteer cannabis smokers. These results produced PK curves, which showed a rapid increase of THC in the breath of the subjects in the first hour followed by reduced THC levels in the later time points. A simpler single-point calibration curve procedure with calibrators and QC prepared in ethanol provided similar results. Limitations to this approach include the higher cost and operator skill sets for the instrumentation employed and the inability to actually determine driver impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Henion
- Advion Interchim Scientific, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Daniel Eikel
- Advion Interchim Scientific, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Olof Beck
- Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Requena-Tutusaus L, Anselmo I, Alechaga É, Bergés R, Ventura R. Achieving routine application of dried blood spots for erythropoietin receptor agonist analysis in doping control: low-volume single-spot detection at minimum required performance level. Bioanalysis 2023; 15:1235-1246. [PMID: 37676639 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Erythropoietin receptor agonists (ERAs) are substances prohibited in sports and currently monitored in urine and blood. There is a great interest in new matrices like dried blood spots (DBSs). Method: A direct method for the detection of ERAs in DBSs using one single spot of 25 μl has been optimized and validated. Results: Limits of detection close or equal to those required by the World Anti-Doping Agency for serum/plasma samples were achieved, using a volume 20-times lower. All analytes were stable for at least 90 days at room temperature. Conclusion: Method performance was comparable to the requirements established for blood samples and, thus, monitoring of ERAs is reliable in DBSs in the context of doping control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lídia Requena-Tutusaus
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Indira Anselmo
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Élida Alechaga
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental & Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Bergés
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Catalonian Antidoping Laboratory, Doping Control Research Group, Fundació IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Thevis M, Walpurgis K, Thomas A. DropWise: current role and future perspectives of dried blood spots (DBS), blood microsampling, and their analysis in sports drug testing. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:41-62. [PMID: 35938300 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2103085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For decades, blood testing has been an integral part of routine doping controls. The breadth of information contained in blood samples has become considerably more accessible for anti-doping purposes over the last 10 years through technological advancements regarding analytical instrumentation as well as enhanced sample collection systems. Particularly, microsampling of whole blood and serum, for instance as dried blood spots (DBS), has opened new avenues in sports drug testing and substantially increased the availability and cost-effectiveness of doping control specimens. Thus, microvolume blood specimens possess the potential to improve monitoring of blood hormone and drug levels, support evaluation of circulating drug concentrations in competition, and enhance the stability of labile markers and target analytes in blood passport analyses as well as peptide hormone and steroid ester detection. Further, the availability of the fraction of lysed erythrocytes for anti-doping purposes warrants additional investigation, considering the sequestering capability of red blood cells (RBCs) for certain substances, as a complementary approach in support of the clean sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Bonn, Germany
| | - Katja Walpurgis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned-substance review: Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing 2020/2021. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:7-30. [PMID: 34788500 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Most core areas of anti-doping research exploit and rely on analytical chemistry, applied to studies aiming at further improving the test methods' analytical sensitivity, the assays' comprehensiveness, the interpretation of metabolic profiles and patterns, but also at facilitating the differentiation of natural/endogenous substances from structurally identical but synthetically derived compounds and comprehending the athlete's exposome. Further, a continuously growing number of advantages of complementary matrices such as dried blood spots have been identified and transferred from research to sports drug testing routine applications, with an overall gain of valuable additions to the anti-doping field. In this edition of the annual banned-substance review, literature on recent developments in anti-doping published between October 2020 and September 2021 is summarized and discussed, particularly focusing on human doping controls and potential applications of new testing strategies to substances and methods of doping specified in the World Anti-Doping Agency's 2021 Prohibited List.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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Kleijne VD, Kohler I, C Heijboer A, Ackermans MT. Solutions for hematocrit bias in dried blood spot hormone analysis. Bioanalysis 2021; 13:1293-1308. [PMID: 34470479 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2021-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last years, dried blood spot (DBS) sampling has gained significant interest due to development of analytical techniques combined with DBS, the simplicity and low cost of the method. Despite its wide use, DBS sampling can lead to inaccurate results due to the impact of the hematocrit (Hct) on the analysis. Some analytes have shown to be hardly impacted by Hct values. However, in other cases, a significant impact of Hct is observed, which requires the use of alternative approaches to circumvent this issue. This review describes the possible impact of Hct-related bias in DBS sampling in the context of hormone analysis and discusses the different methodologies that can be used to overcome this bias to ensure accurate results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera de Kleijne
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular & Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte T Ackermans
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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