1
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Affiliation(s)
- David Love
- United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Special Testing and Research Laboratory, USA
| | - Nicole S. Jones
- RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA,70113th Street, N.W., Suite 750, Washington, DC, 20005-3967, USA,Corresponding author. RTI International, Applied Justice Research Division, Center for Forensic Sciences, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 22709-2194, USA.
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2
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Thanh BX, Vu GT, Hue TTT, Zheng Q, Chan G, Anh NTK, Thai PK. Assessing changes in nicotine consumption over two years in a population of Hanoi by wastewater analysis with benchmarking biomarkers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157310. [PMID: 35839874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the actual change in consumption of nicotine (a proxy for smoking) in the population is essential for formulating tobacco control policies. In recent years, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been applied as an alternative method to estimate changes in consumption of tobacco and other substances in different communities around the world, with high potential to be used in resource-scarce settings. This study aimed to conduct a WBE analysis in Hanoi, Vietnam, a lower-middle-income-country setting known for high smoking prevalence. Wastewater samples were collected at two sites along a sewage canal in Hanoi during three periods: Period 1 (September 2018), Period 2 (December 2018-January 2019), and Period 3 (December 2019-January 2020). Concentrations of cotinine, 3-hydroxycotinine, and nicotine ranged from 0.73 μg/L to 3.83 μg/L, from 1.09 μg/L to 5.07 μg/L, and from 0.97 μg/L to 9.90 μg/L, respectively. The average mass load of cotinine estimated for our samples was 0.45 ± 0.09 mg/day/person, which corresponds to an estimated daily nicotine consumption of 1.28 ± 0.25 mg/day/person. No weekly trend was detected over the three monitoring periods. We found the amount of nicotine consumption in Period 1 to be significantly lower than in Period 2 and Period 3. Our WBE estimates of smoking prevalence were slightly lower than the survey data. The analysis of benchmarking biomarkers confirmed that cotinine was stable in the samples similar to acesulfame, while paracetamol degraded along the sewer canal. Further refinement of the WBE approach may be required to improve the accuracy of analyzing tobacco consumption in the poor sewage infrastructure setting of Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bui Xuan Thanh
- Department of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh, Viet Nam
| | - Giang T Vu
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tran Thi Thanh Hue
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Drug Quality Control, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Viet Nam
| | - Qiuda Zheng
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Gary Chan
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Nguyen Thi Kieu Anh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Toxicology, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Viet Nam.
| | - Phong K Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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3
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Chen X, Liu S, Jiang R, Luan T, Ouyang G. Rapid detection and speciation of illicit drugs via a thin-film microextraction approach for wastewater-based epidemiology study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156888. [PMID: 35753476 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High detection frequency of illicit drugs in water samples urges the development of rapid detection method for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) study. Here, we first developed a fast, convenient, and cost-effective method by combining thin-film microextraction (TFME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for sensing illicit drugs in wastewater sample. A divinylbenzene particle-loaded membrane was prepared by dip coating on a copper mesh. The sampling conditions of three illicit drugs were optimized and the performance of the proposed method was evaluated. The limit of detection was 5.5 2.0, and 1.1 ng L-1 for methamphetamine (MAMP), ketamine (KET), and methaqualone (MEQA), respectively, with acceptable precision (< 6.1 % for membrane to membrane reproducibility) and recovery from influent water (95 % - 111 %). Then, the proposed method was applied to study the occurrence and distribution of the target compounds in a wastewater treatment plant. The presence of methamphetamine, ketamine, and methaqualone was confirmed and their concentrations in the influent sample were 57 ± 8, 40 ± 4, and 75 ± 2 ng L-1, respectively. The speciation of the target compounds in different ponds was also investigated. Results showed that the content of organic matter and the pH of the sample significantly affected the binding state of the compounds. This work provides an efficient and accurate analytical protocol for WBE investigation of illicit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlv Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and safety, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China; KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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4
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Du H, Lai M, Zhuang D, Fu D, Zhou Y, Chen S, Wang F, Xu Z, Liu H, Wang Y, Xu P, Zhou W. A comparison of reinforcing effectiveness and drug-seeking reinstatement of 2-fluorodeschloroketamine and ketamine in self-administered rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:972798. [PMID: 36172262 PMCID: PMC9510746 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.972798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (2F-DCK), a structural analog of ketamine, has been reported to cause impaired consciousness, agitation, and hallucination in abuse cases. It has similar reinforcing and discriminative effects as ketamine. However, the reinforcing efficacy and drug-seeking reinstatement of this analog have not been clarified to date. In this study, the effectiveness of 2F-DCK and ketamine was compared using a behavioral economics demand curve. The reinstatement of 2F-DCK- and ketamine-seeking behaviors induced by either conditioned cues or self-priming was also analyzed. Rats were intravenously self-administered 2F-DCK and ketamine at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/infusion under a reinforcing schedule of fixed ratio 1 (FR1) with 4 h of daily training for at least 10 consecutive days. The elasticity coefficient parameter α and the essential value of the demand curve in the two groups were similar. Both groups of rats showed significant drug-seeking behavior induced either by conditional cues or by 2F-DCK and ketamine priming. Moreover, the α parameter was inversely related to the degree of reinstatement induced by cues or drug priming in both groups. In total, the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein (p-CREB) in the nucleus accumbens in both extinguished and reinstated rats were significantly lower than those in the control. The expression of total Akt, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) also decreased, but p-Akt, p-GSK-3β, p-mTOR, and p-ERK levels increased in both extinguished and reinstated rats. This is the first study to demonstrate that 2F-DCK has similar reinforcing efficacy, effectiveness, and post-withdrawal cravings as ketamine after repeated use. These data suggest that the downregulation of CREB/BDNF and the upregulation of the Akt/mTOR/GSK-3β signaling pathway in the nucleus accumbens may be involved in ketamine or 2F-DCK relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Du
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Miaojun Lai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dingding Zhuang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Dan Fu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yiying Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fangmin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Huifen Liu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Youmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Xu
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction Research, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Wenhua Zhou
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Li F, Du H, Wu B, Wei J, Qiao Y, Lai M, Zhou W, Shen H, Wang Y, Xu P, Di B. 2-Fluorodeschloroketamine has similar abuse potential as ketamine. Addict Biol 2022; 27:e13171. [PMID: 35470563 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK) as a substitute for ketamine has emerged among drug abusers in recent years. However, 2-FDCK has not been controlled or regulated in many countries, which may be partly related to the lack of evidence on its abuse potential. In this study, we evaluated the abuse potential of 2-FDCK via the tests of the conditioned place preference (CPP), locomotor sensitization, drug self-administration and drug discrimination using ketamine as a reference. 2-FDCK induced significant CPP at a minimum dose of 3 mg/kg in mice, an effect comparable with that of ketamine (3 mg/kg). Acute injections of 2-FDCK or ketamine at 30 mg/kg enhanced locomotor activity. Repeated treatments with this dose of 2-FDCK and ketamine induced locomotor sensitization after withdrawal. 2-FDCK readily induced self-administration with 0.5 mg/kg/infusion, the same dose for ketamine, and induced the highest seeking response at 1 mg/kg. Drug discrimination test showed that 2-FDCK dose-dependently substitute for ketamine with comparable ED50 to ketamine in substitution testing. Taken together, these results strongly suggested that 2-FDCK has an abuse potential comparable with ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control Beijing China
| | - Han Du
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Bo Wu
- School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Drug Laboratory of Narcotic Control Division Nanjing Public Security Bureau Nanjing China
| | - Jiayun Wei
- School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control Beijing China
| | - Yanling Qiao
- School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center Ministry of Public Security Beijing China
| | - Miaojun Lai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Addiction, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Haowei Shen
- Faculty of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine Ningbo University Ningbo China
| | - Youmei Wang
- School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center Ministry of Public Security Beijing China
| | - Peng Xu
- School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control Beijing China
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center Ministry of Public Security Beijing China
| | - Bin Di
- School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
- Office of China National Narcotics Control Commission China Pharmaceutical University Joint Laboratory on Key Technologies of Narcotics Control Beijing China
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Luo X, Zhang D, Luo Q, Huang K, Liu X, Yang N, Qin Z, Feng C, Li J. Structure identification and analysis of the suspected chemical precursor of 2-fluorodeschloroketamine and its decomposition products. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1065-1078. [PMID: 35088572 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this work, 1-[(2"-fluorophenyl)(methylimino) methyl]cyclopentan-1-ol (2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine) was identified as a suspected chemical precursor of 2-fluorodeschloroketamine (2-FDCK) using GC-MS and GC-Q/TOF-MS and comparing the data with those of ketamine and its chemical precursor, hydroxylimine. Furthermore, the entire fragmentation pathway of 2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine was theorized from the GC-MS spectrum recorded using an electron ionization (EI) source, and the mechanisms and decomposition pathways of 2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine were elucidated. In protic solvents, the nitrogen atom in the C=N group of 2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine underwent a protonation reaction. Thereafter, the traces of water present in protic solvents promoted the hydrolysis of the protonated imine, and a carbon cation was obtained following the loss of methylamine. The carbon cation could follow the classical decomposition mechanism of imines and yield an α-hydroxyl ketone, which was the major decomposition product, (2'-fluorophenyl)(1"-hydroxycyclopentyl) methanone. The cation could also undergo a loop expansion rearrangement and yield another α-hydroxyl ketone, 2-(2'-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxycyclohexan-1-one. The structures of the two aforementioned decomposition products were elucidated using several techniques including theoretical calculation, GC-MS, NMR, the prediction and assistance elucidation functions of ACDLabs-Structure Elucidator Suite, and the virtual separation technology of diffusion-ordered spectroscopy. The aforementioned study revealed important information about the chemical precursor of 2-FDCK and its decomposition. Furthermore, a set of methods for the qualitative analysis of 2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine was established, which facilitated accurate analysis of 2-fluorodeschlorohydroxylimine samples following decomposition or destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China.,Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry Technology and Resource Development, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Qiulian Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Kejian Huang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Public Security Department of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Public Security Department of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ning Yang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Public Security Department of Guangxi, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Zuzeng Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Chunli Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Li
- Anti-drug detachment, Public Security Bureau of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
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Gicquel T, Pelletier R, Richeval C, Gish A, Hakim F, Ferron PJ, Mesli V, Allorge D, Morel I, Gaulier JM. Metabolite elucidation of 2-fluoro-deschloroketamine (2F-DCK) using molecular networking across three complementary in vitro and in vivo models. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:144-153. [PMID: 34515415 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This work first aims to investigate metabolites of 2-fluoro-deschloroketamine (2F-DCK), a new arylcyclohexylamine derivatives (a group of dissociative ketamine-based substances) using two in vitro experimental approaches, and to compare obtained results by means of molecular networking. Metabolites of 2F-DCK were investigated using both human liver microsomes (HLMs) and hepatic (HepaRG) cell line incubates using molecular networking approach: 2F-DCK pure substance was incubated with HLMs for up to 1 h at two concentrations (100 and 500 μM) and with HepaRG cells for two time periods (8 and 24 h) at one concentration (20 μM). In vitro obtained results were subsequently applied to a 2F-DCK-related fatality case. In vitro-produced metabolites were investigated using high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry using Orbitrap mass analyzer technology. Thirteen metabolites were in vitro produced and several metabolic pathways can be postulated. Seven additional metabolites were found in post-mortem samples (bile and urine) of the case, comprising three Phase II metabolites, which appear to be minor in vivo metabolites. HLMs and HepaRG cell models appear to be complementary and obtained data allowed the identification of several specific 2F-DCK metabolites in biological samples. In practical terms, observed metabolic ratios suggested that nor-2F-DCK (208.1137 m/z) and a hydrogenated metabolite (224.1443 m/z) could be proposed as reliable metabolites to be recorded in HRMS libraries in order to improve detection of 2F-DCK use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gicquel
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,NuMeCan Institute (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Camille Richeval
- Toxicology Functional Unit, CHU Lille, Lille, France.,ULR 4483-IMPECS-IMPACT of the Chemical Environment on Human Health, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Alexandr Gish
- Toxicology Functional Unit, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Florian Hakim
- Toxicology Functional Unit, CHU Lille, Lille, France.,ULR 4483-IMPECS-IMPACT of the Chemical Environment on Human Health, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Ferron
- NuMeCan Institute (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Vadim Mesli
- Legal Medicine Service, CHU Lille, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Allorge
- Toxicology Functional Unit, CHU Lille, Lille, France.,ULR 4483-IMPECS-IMPACT of the Chemical Environment on Human Health, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Morel
- Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France.,NuMeCan Institute (Nutrition, Metabolisms and Cancer), Univ Rennes, INSERM, INRAE, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- Toxicology Functional Unit, CHU Lille, Lille, France.,ULR 4483-IMPECS-IMPACT of the Chemical Environment on Human Health, Univ. Lille, Lille, France
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