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Pang B, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Liu ZF, Liu XJ, Feng XS. Recent Update on Pretreatment and Analysis Methods of Buprenorphine in Different Matrix. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024; 54:1243-1272. [PMID: 35979823 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is one of the most commonly used pain-killing drugs due to its lengthy duration of action and high potency. However, excessive usage of buprenorphine can be harmful to one's health and prolonged use might result in addiction. Additionally, an increasing number of cases have been documented involving the illegal use of buprenorphine. Therefore, a variety of effective and reliable methods for pretreatment and determination of buprenorphine and its main metabolite norbuprenorphine have been established. This review aims to update the current state of pretreatment and detection techniques for buprenorphine and norbuprenorphine from January 2010 to March 2022. Pretreatment methods include several traditional extraction methods, solid-phase extraction, QuECHERS, various micro-extraction techniques, etc. while analytical methods include LC-MS, LC coupled with other detectors, GC-MS, capillary electrophoresis, electrochemical sensors, etc. The pros and cons of various techniques were compared and summarized, and the prospects were provided.HIGHLIGHTSProgress in pretreatment and detection methods for buprenorphine is demonstrated.Pros and cons of different pretreatment and analysis methods are compared.New materials (such as nanomaterials and magnetic materials) used in buprenorphine pretreatment are summarized.Newly emerged environmental-friendly methods are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Fei Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Liu
- The Queen's University of Belfast Joint College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhao W, Alshogran OY, Zhang H, Joshi A, Krans EE, Caritis S, Shaik IH, Venkataramanan R. Simplified processing and rapid quantification of buprenorphine, norbuprenorphine, and their conjugated metabolites in human plasma using UPLC-MS/MS: Assessment of buprenorphine exposure during opioid use disorder treatment. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2024; 59:e5015. [PMID: 38501738 DOI: 10.1002/jms.5015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic neurobehavioral ailment and is prevalent in pregnancy. OUD is commonly treated with methadone or buprenorphine (BUP). Pregnancy is known to alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs and may lead to changes in drug exposure and response. A simple, specific, and sensitive analytical method for measuring the parent drug and its metabolites is valuable for assessing the impact of pregnancy on drug exposure. A new liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method that utilized a simple protein precipitation procedure for sample preparation and four deuterated internal standards for quantification was developed and validated for BUP and its major metabolites (norbuprenorphine [NBUP], buprenorphine-glucuronide [BUP-G], and norbuprenorphine-glucuronide [NBUP-G]) in human plasma. The standard curve was linear over the concentration range of 0.05-100 ng/mL for BUP and NBUP, and 0.1-200 ng/mL for BUP-G and NBUP-G. Intra- and inter-day bias and precision were within ±15% of nominal values for all the analytes. Quality controls assessed at four levels showed high recovery consistently for all the analytes with minimal matrix effect. Adequate analyte stability was observed at various laboratory conditions tested. Overall, the developed method is simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible, and was successfully applied for the quantification of BUP and its metabolites in plasma samples collected from pregnant women in a clinical study assessing BUP exposure during OUD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchen Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Osama Y Alshogran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Hongfei Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anand Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth E Krans
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, UPMC Magee-Women's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steve Caritis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, School of Medicine, UPMC Magee-Women's Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Imam H Shaik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Magee-Women's Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Farquharson S, Shende C, Newcomb J, Petrakis IL, Arias AJ. Analysis of Drugs in Saliva of US Military Veterans Treated for Substance Use Disorders Using Supported Liquid Extraction and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectral Analysis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052010. [PMID: 36903255 PMCID: PMC10004423 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the Center for Disease Control, there were more than 107,000 US drug overdose deaths in 2021, over 80,000 of which due to opioids. One of the more vulnerable populations is US military veterans. Nearly 250,000 military veterans suffer from substance-related disorders (SRD). For those seeking treatment, buprenorphine is prescribed to help treat opioid use disorder (OUD). Urinalysis is currently used to monitor buprenorphine adherence as well as to detect illicit drug use during treatment. Sometimes sample tampering occurs if patients seek to generate a false positive buprenorphine urine test or mask illicit drugs, both of which can compromise treatment. To address this problem, we have been developing a point-of-care (POC) analyzer that can rapidly measure both medications used for treatment and illicit drugs in patient saliva, ideally in the physi-cian's office. The two-step analyzer employs (1) supported liquid extraction (SLE) to isolate the drugs from the saliva and (2) surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detect the drugs. A prototype SLE-SERS-POC analyzer was used to quantify buprenorphine at ng/mL concentrations and identify illicit drugs in less than 1 mL of saliva collected from 20 SRD veterans in less than 20 min. It correctly detected buprenorphine in 19 of 20 samples (18 true positives, 1 true negative and 1 false negative). It also identified 10 other drugs in patient samples: acetaminophen, amphetamine, cannabidiol, cocaethylene, codeine, ibuprofen, methamphetamine, methadone, nicotine, and norbuprenorphine. The prototype analyzer shows evidence of accuracy in measuring treatment medications and relapse to drug use. Further study and development of the system is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Farquharson
- Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., Middletown, CT 06457, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-860-635-9800
| | - Chetan Shende
- Real-Time Analyzers, Inc., Middletown, CT 06457, USA
| | - Jenelle Newcomb
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Ismene L. Petrakis
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Albert J. Arias
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Mariottini C, Kriikku P, Ojanperä I. Investigation of buprenorphine-related deaths using urinary metabolite concentrations. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1696-1702. [PMID: 35834288 PMCID: PMC9796430 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analysis of postmortem urine, instead of blood, for buprenorphine and metabolites may provide additional evidence for the diagnosis of fatal buprenorphine poisoning. In this study, 247 autopsy urine samples, previously testing positive for buprenorphine or norbuprenorphine, were quantitatively reanalysed with a recently developed liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for unconjugated buprenorphine (BUP), norbuprenorphine (NBUP), naloxone (NAL), and their respective conjugated metabolites, buprenorphine glucuronide (BUPG), norbuprenorphine glucuronide (NBUPG), and naloxone glucuronide (NALG). The cases were divided, according to medical examiners' decision, to buprenorphine poisonings and other causes of death. The groups were compared for urinary concentrations and metabolite concentration ratios of the six analytes. All median concentrations were higher in the buprenorphine poisoning group. The median concentration of BUPG was significantly higher and the median metabolite ratios NBUP/BUP, NBUPG/BUPG, and NBUPtotal/BUPtotal were significantly lower in poisonings than in other causes of death. Naloxone-related concentrations and ratios were not significantly different between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mariottini
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland,Forensic Toxicology UnitFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Pirkko Kriikku
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland,Forensic Toxicology UnitFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- Department of Forensic MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland,Forensic Toxicology UnitFinnish Institute for Health and WelfareHelsinkiFinland
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Shan X, Cao C, Yang B. Analytical Approaches for the Determination of Buprenorphine, Methadone and Their Metabolites in Biological Matrices. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165211. [PMID: 36014451 PMCID: PMC9415157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The abuse of buprenorphine and methadone has grown into a rising worldwide issue. After their consumption, buprenorphine, methadone and their metabolites can be found in the human organism. Due to the difficulty in the assessment of these compounds by routine drug screening, the importance of developing highly sensitive analytical approaches is undeniable. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry is the preferable technique for the determination of buprenorphine, methadone and their metabolites in biological matrices including urine, plasma, nails or oral fluids. This research aims to review a critical discussion of the latest trends for the monitoring of buprenorphine, methadone and their metabolites in various biological specimens.
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