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Medina-Feliciano JG, Valentín-Tirado G, Luna-Martínez K, Miranda-Negrón Y, García-Arrarás JE. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the holothurian regenerating intestine reveals the pluripotency of the coelomic epithelium. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.01.601561. [PMID: 39005414 PMCID: PMC11244903 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.01.601561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
In holothurians, the regenerative process following evisceration involves the development of a "rudiment" or "anlage" at the injured end of the mesentery. This regenerating anlage plays a pivotal role in the formation of a new intestine. Despite its significance, our understanding of the molecular characteristics inherent to the constituent cells of this structure has remained limited. To address this gap, we employed state-of-the-art scRNA-seq and HCR-FISH analyses to discern the distinct cellular populations associated with the regeneration anlage. Through this approach, we successfully identified thirteen distinct cell clusters. Among these, two clusters exhibit characteristics consistent with putative mesenchymal cells, while another four show features akin to coelomocyte cell populations. The remaining seven cell clusters collectively form a large group encompassing the coelomic epithelium of the regenerating anlage and mesentery. Within this large group of clusters, we recognized previously documented cell populations such as muscle precursors, neuroepithelial cells and actively proliferating cells. Strikingly, our analysis provides data for identifying at least four other cellular populations that we define as the precursor cells of the growing anlage. Consequently, our findings strengthen the hypothesis that the coelomic epithelium of the anlage is a pluripotent tissue that gives rise to diverse cell types of the regenerating intestinal organ. Moreover, our results provide the initial view into the transcriptomic analysis of cell populations responsible for the amazing regenerative capabilities of echinoderms.
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2
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Sehring I, Weidinger G. Zebrafish Fin: Complex Molecular Interactions and Cellular Mechanisms Guiding Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a040758. [PMID: 34649924 PMCID: PMC9248819 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish caudal fin has become a popular model to study cellular and molecular mechanisms of regeneration due to its high regenerative capacity, accessibility for experimental manipulations, and relatively simple anatomy. The formation of a regenerative epidermis and blastema are crucial initial events and tightly regulated. Both the regenerative epidermis and the blastema are highly organized structures containing distinct domains, and several signaling pathways regulate the formation and interaction of these domains. Bone is the major tissue regenerated from the progenitor cells of the blastema. Several cellular mechanisms can provide source cells for blastemal (pre-)osteoblasts, including dedifferentiation of differentiated osteoblasts and de novo formation from other cell types, providing intriguing examples of cellular plasticity. In recent years, omics analyses and single-cell approaches have elucidated genetic and epigenetic regulation, increasing our knowledge of the surprisingly complex coordination of various mechanisms to achieve successful restoration of a seemingly simple structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Sehring
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Gilbert Weidinger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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3
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Regenerative Polarity of the Fin Ray in Zebrafish Caudal Fin and Related Tissue Formation on the Cut Surface. J Dev Biol 2021; 9:jdb9040050. [PMID: 34842743 PMCID: PMC8629015 DOI: 10.3390/jdb9040050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish caudal fin rays are used as a model system for regeneration because of their high regenerative ability, but studies on the regeneration polarity of the fin ray are limited. To investigate this regeneration polarity, we made a hole to excise part of the fin ray and analyzed the regeneration process. We confirmed that the fin rays always regenerated from the proximal margin toward the distal margin, as previously reported; however, regeneration-related genes were expressed at both the proximal and distal edges of the hole in the early stage of regeneration, suggesting that the regenerative response also occurs at the distal edge. One difference between the proximal and distal margins is a sheet-like tissue that is formed on the apical side of the regenerated tissue at the proximal margin. This sheet-like tissue was not observed at the distal edge. To investigate whether the distal margin was also capable of forming this sheet-like tissue and subsequent regeneration, we kept the distal margin separated from the proximal margin by manipulation. Consequently, the sheet-like tissue was formed at the distal margin and regeneration of the fin ray was also induced. The regenerated fin rays from the distal margin protruded laterally from the caudal fin and then bent distally, and their ends showed the same characteristics as those of the normal fin rays. These results suggest that fin rays have an ability to regenerate in both directions; however, under normal conditions, regeneration is restricted to the proximal margin because the sheet-like tissue is preferentially formed on the apical side of the regenerating tissue from the proximal margin.
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Lee Y, Kim D, Lee CJ. Suppressive effects of valproic acid on caudal fin regeneration in adult zebrafish. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2020; 24:349-358. [PMID: 33456719 PMCID: PMC7782361 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2020.1860126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish can regenerate fins following injury through an epimorphic process that includes the formation of new tissues and reconstruction of the original morphology. In this study, the effects of valproic acid (VPA), a widely used anti-epileptic drug, on fin regeneration were studied after the caudal fin amputation of adult zebrafish. In the control group, zebrafish formed new tissues and reconstructed the original rays 14 days after amputation (dpa). Meanwhile, VPA treatments between 20 and 200 µM following amputation suppressed fin regeneration in a dose-dependent manner and altered morphological characteristics, such as bifurcation and segmentation, in the rays. Compared to the control, VPA also delayed blastema formation and decreased cell proliferation in the mesenchymal area of the regenerated fin. The mRNA expression of lef1, a downstream signaling gene in the Wnt pathway, was transiently increased in the regenerated fin of the control at 2 dpa; the same increase was not observed in the VPA-treated zebrafish. Sodium butyrate (SB), an histone deacetylase activity (HDAC) inhibitor, suppressed the fin regeneration without affecting the morphological characteristics of the regenerated ray. Furthermore, the transient increase of lef1 mRNA was not suppressed in the SB-treated zebrafish. These results suggested that VPA's suppressive effects on fin regeneration are partly mediated through decreased cell proliferation and lef1 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dohee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Chang-Joong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
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5
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Caspase dependent apoptosis is required for anterior regeneration in Aeolosoma viride and its related gene expressions are regulated by the Wnt signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10692. [PMID: 32612157 PMCID: PMC7329817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although apoptosis has been widely observed during the regenerative process, the mechanisms by which it is regulated and its roles in regeneration remained unclear. In this study, we introduced Aeolosoma viride, a fresh water annelid with an extraordinary regenerative ability as our model organism to study the functions and regulations of apoptotic caspases. Here we showed that major events of apoptosis were detected near the wounded area and showed spatial correlation with the expression patterns of caspase gene namely Avi-caspase X and two apoptosis regulators namely Avi-Bax and Avi-Bcl-xL. Next, we investigated how Avi-caspase X gene expression and apoptosis influence regeneration following head amputation. RNA interference of Avi-caspase X reduced the amounts of apoptotic cells, as well as the percentage of successful regeneration, suggesting a critical role for apoptosis in anterior regeneration of A. viride. In addition, we also discovered that the expression of apoptotic caspases was regulated by the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Together, our study showed that caspase dependent apoptosis was critical to the anterior regeneration of A. viride, and could be regulated by the canonical Wnt signaling pathway.
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6
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Mierzwa AS, Nguyen F, Xue M, Jonz MG. Regeneration of the gill filaments and replacement of serotonergic neuroepithelial cells in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2020; 274:103366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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7
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Alibardi L. Immunogold labelling reveals intense distribution of hyaluronate in the regenerating fin blastema of the goldfish. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab Padova and Department of Biology University of Bologna Bologna Italy
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8
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Ereskovsky AV, Tokina DB, Saidov DM, Baghdiguian S, Le Goff E, Lavrov AI. Transdifferentiation and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition during regeneration in Demospongiae (Porifera). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 334:37-58. [PMID: 31725194 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Origin and early evolution of regeneration mechanisms remain among the most pressing questions in animal regeneration biology. Porifera have exceptional regenerative capacities and, as early Metazoan lineage, are a promising model for studying evolutionary aspects of regeneration. Here, we focus on reparative regeneration of the body wall in the Mediterranean demosponge Aplysina cavernicola. The epithelialization of the wound surface is completed within 2 days, and the wound is completely healed within 2 weeks. The regeneration is accompanied with the formation of a mass of undifferentiated cells (blastema), which consists of archaeocytes, dedifferentiated choanocytes, anucleated amoebocytes, and differentiated spherulous cells. The main mechanisms of A. cavernicola regeneration are cell dedifferentiation with active migration and subsequent redifferentiation or transdifferentiation of polypotent cells through the mesenchymal-to-epithelial transformation. The main cell sources of the regeneration are archaeocytes and choanocytes. At early stages of the regeneration, the blastema almost devoid of cell proliferation, but after 24 hr postoperation (hpo) and up to 72 hpo numerous DNA-synthesizing cells appear there. In contrast to intact tissues, where vast majority of DNA-synthesizing cells are choanocytes, all 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine-labeled cells in the blastema are mesohyl cells. Intact tissues, distant from the wound, retains intact level of cell proliferation during whole regeneration process. For the first time, the apoptosis was studied during the regeneration of sponges. Two waves of apoptosis were detected during A. cavernicola regeneration: The first wave at 6-12 hpo and the second wave at 48-72 hpo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Ereskovsky
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Avignon University, Marseille, France.,Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Evolution of Morphogenesis Laboratory, Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daria B Tokina
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie Marine et Continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, Station Marine d'Endoume, Rue de la Batterie des Lions, Avignon University, Marseille, France
| | - Danial M Saidov
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Emilie Le Goff
- ISEM, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrey I Lavrov
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Saint-Petersburg State University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.,Pertsov White Sea Biological Station, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Alibardi L. Organ regeneration evolved in fish and amphibians in relation to metamorphosis: Speculations on a post-embryonic developmental process lost in amniotes after the water to land transition. Ann Anat 2019; 222:114-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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McMillan SC, Zhang J, Phan HE, Jeradi S, Probst L, Hammerschmidt M, Akimenko MA. A regulatory pathway involving retinoic acid and calcineurin demarcates and maintains joint cells and osteoblasts in regenerating fin. Development 2018; 145:dev.161158. [PMID: 29752384 DOI: 10.1242/dev.161158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
During zebrafish fin regeneration, blastema cells lining the epidermis differentiate into osteoblasts and joint cells to reconstruct the segmented bony rays. We show that osteoblasts and joint cells originate from a common cell lineage, but are committed to different cell fates. Pre-osteoblasts expressing runx2a/b commit to the osteoblast lineage upon expressing sp7, whereas the strong upregulation of hoxa13a correlates with a commitment to a joint cell type. In the distal regenerate, hoxa13a, evx1 and pthlha are sequentially upregulated at regular intervals to define the newly identified presumptive joint cells. Presumptive joint cells mature into joint-forming cells, a distinct cell cluster that maintains the expression of these factors. Analysis of evx1 null mutants reveals that evx1 is acting upstream of pthlha and downstream of or in parallel with hoxa13a Calcineurin activity, potentially through the inhibition of retinoic acid signaling, regulates evx1, pthlha and hoxa13a expression during joint formation. Furthermore, retinoic acid treatment induces osteoblast differentiation in mature joint cells, leading to ectopic bone deposition in joint regions. Overall, our data reveal a novel regulatory pathway essential for joint formation in the regenerating fin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C McMillan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.,CAREG, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Jing Zhang
- CAREG, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.,Department of Biology, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Hue-Eileen Phan
- CAREG, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.,Department of Biology, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Shirine Jeradi
- Institute for Developmental Biology, Cologne University, Cologne 50674, Germany.,Institut Polytechnique Privé, Université Libre de Tunis, Tunis 1003, Tunisia
| | - Leona Probst
- CAREG, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5.,Department of Biology, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | | | - Marie-Andrée Akimenko
- CAREG, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5 .,Department of Biology, 30 Marie Curie, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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11
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Murciano C, Cazorla-Vázquez S, Gutiérrez J, Hijano JA, Ruiz-Sánchez J, Mesa-Almagro L, Martín-Reyes F, Fernández TD, Marí-Beffa M. Widening control of fin inter-rays in zebrafish and inferences about actinopterygian fins. J Anat 2018; 232:783-805. [PMID: 29441573 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The amputation of a teleost fin rapidly triggers an intricate maze of hierarchically regulated signalling processes which ultimately reconstruct the diverse tissues of the appendage. Whereas the generation of the fin pattern along the proximodistal axis brings with it several well-known developmental regulators, the mechanisms by which the fin widens along its dorsoventral axis remain poorly understood. Utilizing the zebrafish as an experimental model of fin regeneration and studying more than 1000 actinopterygian species, we hypothesized a connection between specific inter-ray regulatory mechanisms and the morphological variability of inter-ray membranes found in nature. To tackle these issues, both cellular and molecular approaches have been adopted and our results suggest the existence of two distinguishable inter-ray areas in the zebrafish caudal fin, a marginal and a central region. The present work associates the activity of the cell membrane potassium channel kcnk5b, the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and the sonic hedgehog pathway to the control of several cell functions involved in inter-ray wound healing or dorsoventral regeneration of the zebrafish caudal fin. This ray-dependent regulation controls cell migration, cell-type patterning and gene expression. The possibility that modifications of these mechanisms are responsible for phenotypic variations found in euteleostean species, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Murciano
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Salvador Cazorla-Vázquez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Gutiérrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Hijano
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Josefa Ruiz-Sánchez
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Laura Mesa-Almagro
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Flores Martín-Reyes
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Marí-Beffa
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Málaga, Spain
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12
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Alibardi L. Review: Biological and Molecular Differences between Tail Regeneration and Limb Scarring in Lizard: An Inspiring Model Addressing Limb Regeneration in Amniotes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2017; 328:493-514. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Department of Biology; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
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Chen CH, Puliafito A, Cox BD, Primo L, Fang Y, Di Talia S, Poss KD. Multicolor Cell Barcoding Technology for Long-Term Surveillance of Epithelial Regeneration in Zebrafish. Dev Cell 2016; 36:668-80. [PMID: 27003938 PMCID: PMC4806370 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Current fate mapping and imaging platforms are limited in their ability to capture dynamic behaviors of epithelial cells. To deconstruct regenerating adult epithelial tissue at single-cell resolution, we created a multicolor system, skinbow, that barcodes the superficial epithelial cell (SEC) population of zebrafish skin with dozens of distinguishable tags. With image analysis to directly segment and simultaneously track hundreds of SECs in vivo over entire surface lifetimes, we readily quantified the orchestration of cell emergence, growth, repositioning, and loss under homeostatic conditions and after exfoliation or appendage amputation. We employed skinbow-based imaging in conjunction with a live reporter of epithelial stem cell cycle activity and as an instrument to evaluate the effects of reactive oxygen species on SEC behavior during epithelial regeneration. Our findings introduce a platform for large-scale, quantitative in vivo imaging of regenerating skin and reveal unanticipated collective dynamism in epithelial cell size, mobility, and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Alberto Puliafito
- Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino 10060, Italy
| | - Ben D Cox
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Luca Primo
- Laboratory of Cell Migration, Candiolo Cancer Institute - FPO, IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino 10060, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino 10060, Italy
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kenneth D Poss
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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14
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Alibardi L. Cell proliferation in the amputated limb of lizard leading to scarring is reduced compared to the regenerating tail. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/azo.12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Alibardi
- Comparative Histolab and Dipartimento di Bigea; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 3 Bologna 40126 Italy
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15
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Duran I, Csukasi F, Taylor S, Krakow D, Becerra J, Bombarely A, Marí-Beffa M. Collagen duplicate genes of bone and cartilage participate during regeneration of zebrafish fin skeleton. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 19:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Chen CH, Merriman AF, Savage J, Willer J, Wahlig T, Katsanis N, Yin VP, Poss KD. Transient laminin beta 1a Induction Defines the Wound Epidermis during Zebrafish Fin Regeneration. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005437. [PMID: 26305099 PMCID: PMC4549328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The first critical stage in salamander or teleost appendage regeneration is creation of a specialized epidermis that instructs growth from underlying stump tissue. Here, we performed a forward genetic screen for mutations that impair this process in amputated zebrafish fins. Positional cloning and complementation assays identified a temperature-sensitive allele of the ECM component laminin beta 1a (lamb1a) that blocks fin regeneration. lamb1a, but not its paralog lamb1b, is sharply induced in a subset of epithelial cells after fin amputation, where it is required to establish and maintain a polarized basal epithelial cell layer. These events facilitate expression of the morphogenetic factors shha and lef1, basolateral positioning of phosphorylated Igf1r, patterning of new osteoblasts, and regeneration of bone. By contrast, lamb1a function is dispensable for juvenile body growth, homeostatic adult tissue maintenance, repair of split fins, or renewal of genetically ablated osteoblasts. fgf20a mutations or transgenic Fgf receptor inhibition disrupt lamb1a expression, linking a central growth factor to epithelial maturation during regeneration. Our findings reveal transient induction of lamb1a in epithelial cells as a key, growth factor-guided step in formation of a signaling-competent regeneration epidermis. Unlike mammals, adult teleost fish and urodele amphibians can fully regenerate lost appendages. Understanding what initiates regeneration in these vertebrates is of great interest to the scientific community. It has long been known that the epidermis that forms quickly over an amputated limb stump is critical for initiating regenerative programs. Yet, little of understood of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which a simple adult epithelium transforms into this key signaling source. Here, we performed a large-scale, unbiased genetic screen for epithelial signaling deficiencies during the regeneration of amputated adult zebrafish fins, from which we identified several new mutants. One gene identified from this screen disrupts a specific component of the extracellular matrix material Laminin, Laminin beta 1a, a factor that we find to be dispensable in uninjured adult animals but required for all stages fin regeneration. Transient induction of this component by amputation polarizes the basal layer of the nascent epithelium, and, in turn, facilitates the synthesis of signaling factors, the positioning of ligand receptors, and the patterning of new bone cells. We also find that normal induction of Laminin beta 1a by injury relies on the function of Fibroblast growth factors, secreted polypeptide signals that are released early upon injury. Our results identify key early steps in the endogenous program for vertebrate appendage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Chen
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexander F. Merriman
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah Savage
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jason Willer
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Taylor Wahlig
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Katsanis
- Center for Human Disease Modeling, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Viravuth P. Yin
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Davis Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cove, Maine, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Poss
- Department of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Chenais N, Lareyre JJ, Le Bail PY, Labbe C. Stabilization of gene expression and cell morphology after explant recycling during fin explant culture in goldfish. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:23-38. [PMID: 25929521 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of fin primary cell cultures for in vitro cellular and physiological studies is hampered by slow cell outgrowth, low proliferation rate, poor viability, and sparse cell characterization. Here, we investigated whether the recycling of fresh explants after a first conventional culture could improve physiological stability and sustainability of the culture. The recycled explants were able to give a supplementary cell culture showing faster outgrowth, cleaner cell layers and higher net cell production. The cells exhibited a highly stabilized profile for marker gene expression including a low cytokeratin 49 (epithelial marker) and a high collagen 1a1 (mesenchymal marker) expression. Added to the cell spindle-shaped morphology, motility behavior, and actin organization, this suggests that the cells bore stable mesenchymal characteristics. This contrast with the time-evolving expression pattern observed in the control fresh explants during the first 2 weeks of culture: a sharp decrease in cytokeratin 49 expression was concomitant with a gradual increase in col1a1. We surmise that such loss of epithelial features for the benefit of mesenchymal ones was triggered by an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) process or by way of a progressive population replacement process. Overall, our findings provide a comprehensive characterization of this new primary culture model bearing mesenchymal features and whose stability over culture time makes those cells good candidates for cell reprogramming prior to nuclear transfer, in a context of fish genome preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chenais
- INRA, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Lareyre
- INRA, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Le Bail
- INRA, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Labbe
- INRA, UR1037 Fish Physiology and Genomics, Campus de Beaulieu, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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18
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Pfefferli C, Jaźwińska A. The art of fin regeneration in zebrafish. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2015; 2:72-83. [PMID: 27499869 PMCID: PMC4895310 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish fin provides a valuable model to study the epimorphic type of regeneration, whereby the amputated part of the appendage is nearly perfectly replaced. To accomplish fin regeneration, two reciprocally interacting domains need to be established at the injury site, namely a wound epithelium and a blastema. The wound epithelium provides a supporting niche for the blastema, which contains mesenchyme-derived progenitor cells for the regenerate. The fate of blastemal daughter cells depends on their relative position with respect to the fin margin. The apical compartment of the outgrowth maintains its undifferentiated character, whereas the proximal descendants of the blastema progressively switch from the proliferation program to the morphogenesis program. A delicate balance between self-renewal and differentiation has to be continuously adjusted during the course of regeneration. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the cellular and molecular mechanisms of blastema formation, and discusses several studies related to the regulation of growth and morphogenesis during fin regeneration. A wide range of canonical signaling pathways has been implicated during the establishment and maintenance of the blastema. Epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in the regulation of cellular plasticity during the transition between differentiation states. Ion fluxes, gap-junctional communication and protein phosphatase activity have been shown to coordinate proliferation and tissue patterning in the caudal fin. The identification of the downstream targets of the fin regeneration signals and the discovery of mechanisms integrating the variety of input pathways represent exciting future aims in this fascinating field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pfefferli
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgCh. du Musée 101700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Anna Jaźwińska
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgCh. du Musée 101700FribourgSwitzerland
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19
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Abstract
Recent studies in Drosophila, Hydra, planarians, zebrafish, mice, indicate that cell death can open paths to regeneration in adult animals. Indeed injury can induce cell death, itself triggering regeneration following an immediate instructive mechanism, whereby the dying cells release signals that induce cellular responses over short and/or long-range distances. Cell death can also provoke a sustained derepressing response through the elimination of cells that suppress regeneration in homeostatic conditions. Whether common properties support what we name "regenerative cell death," is currently unclear. As key parameters, we review here the injury proapoptotic signals, the signals released by the dying cells, the cellular responses, and their respective timing. ROS appears as a common signal triggering cell death through MAPK and/or JNK pathway activation. But the modes of ROS production vary, from a brief pulse upon wounding, to repeated waves as observed in the zebrafish fin where ROS supports two peaks of cell death. Indeed regenerative cell death can be restricted to the injury phase, as in Hydra, Drosophila, or biphasic, immediate, and delayed, as in planarians and zebrafish. The dying cells release in a caspase-dependent manner a variety of signaling molecules, cytokines, growth factors, but also prostaglandins or ATP as recorded in Drosophila, Hydra, mice, and zebrafish, respectively. Interestingly, the ROS-producing cells often resist to cell death, implying a complex paracrine mode of signaling to launch regeneration, involving ROS-producing cells, ROS-sensing cells that release signaling molecules upon caspase activation, and effector cells that respond to these signals by proliferating, migrating, and/or differentiating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Vriz
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Paris, France; University Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Silke Reiter
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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20
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Hutchins ED, Markov GJ, Eckalbar WL, George RM, King JM, Tokuyama MA, Geiger LA, Emmert N, Ammar MJ, Allen AN, Siniard AL, Corneveaux JJ, Fisher RE, Wade J, DeNardo DF, Rawls JA, Huentelman MJ, Wilson-Rawls J, Kusumi K. Transcriptomic analysis of tail regeneration in the lizard Anolis carolinensis reveals activation of conserved vertebrate developmental and repair mechanisms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105004. [PMID: 25140675 PMCID: PMC4139331 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lizards, which are amniote vertebrates like humans, are able to lose and regenerate a functional tail. Understanding the molecular basis of this process would advance regenerative approaches in amniotes, including humans. We have carried out the first transcriptomic analysis of tail regeneration in a lizard, the green anole Anolis carolinensis, which revealed 326 differentially expressed genes activating multiple developmental and repair mechanisms. Specifically, genes involved in wound response, hormonal regulation, musculoskeletal development, and the Wnt and MAPK/FGF pathways were differentially expressed along the regenerating tail axis. Furthermore, we identified 2 microRNA precursor families, 22 unclassified non-coding RNAs, and 3 novel protein-coding genes significantly enriched in the regenerating tail. However, high levels of progenitor/stem cell markers were not observed in any region of the regenerating tail. Furthermore, we observed multiple tissue-type specific clusters of proliferating cells along the regenerating tail, not localized to the tail tip. These findings predict a different mechanism of regeneration in the lizard than the blastema model described in the salamander and the zebrafish, which are anamniote vertebrates. Thus, lizard tail regrowth involves the activation of conserved developmental and wound response pathways, which are potential targets for regenerative medical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D. Hutchins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Glenn J. Markov
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Walter L. Eckalbar
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rajani M. George
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jesse M. King
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Minami A. Tokuyama
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Geiger
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nataliya Emmert
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Ammar
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - April N. Allen
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ashley L. Siniard
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jason J. Corneveaux
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Rebecca E. Fisher
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Juli Wade
- Departments of Psychology and Zoology, Program in Neuroscience, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dale F. DeNardo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - J. Alan Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Huentelman
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jeanne Wilson-Rawls
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kenro Kusumi
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
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21
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Li L, Zhai S, Wang L, Si S, Wu H, Chang Z. Hsp60 in caudal fin regeneration from Paramisgurnus dabryanus: molecular cloning and expression characterization. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:401-408. [PMID: 24380831 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) is a kind of highly conserved immunogenic molecule involved in a wide range of biochemical processes in response to external stressors. Its multifunction in regulating immune responses and modulating signal pathway interests us in investigating its role in fin regeneration that has become an excellent and interesting model for studying the molecular basis of morphogenesis. We firstly clarified basical process and crucial period of caudal fins regeneration in Paramisgurnus dabryanus by histological analysis. Then we cloned full-length cDNA of hsp60 from P. dabryanus (designated as PdHsp60) by RACE method. The cDNA contains a 124 bp 5'UTR, a 1731 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 576 amino acids and a 510 bp 3'UTR (Accession no.: KF544774). The phylogenetic tree shows that the PdHsp60 fits within the hsp60 clade. And quantitative RT-PCR detected the PdHsp60 began to increase rapidly its expression at 1 dpa and reached its peak at 2 dpa. Next, spatial distribution analysis of PdHsp60 in fins showed that PdHsp60 located mainly in the deeper lay of regenerated epidermis when PdHsp60 expressed most. After the PdHsp60 had been cloned into the pET-32a vector, SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis confirmed that the PdHsp60 protein was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli BL21. These findings have revealed that PdHsp60, a highly conserved gene related to the innate immune system and stress response during vertebrate evolution, is involved in response to wounding stimulation--in the formation of wound epidermis which occurs as the first phase of fin regeneration after fin amputation in caudal fin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Shengna Zhai
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lele Wang
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Songbo Si
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Hailan Wu
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Zhongjie Chang
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China.
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22
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Eissa A, Zaki M, Saeid S, Abdelsalam M, Ali H, Moustafa A, Ibrahim T, Abumhara A. In vitro evaluation of the efficacy of hemodialysate (Solcoseryl ®) as a wound healing agent in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus). Int J Vet Sci Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijvsm.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A.E. Eissa
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 11221, Egypt
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya
| | - M.M. Zaki
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 11221, Egypt
| | - S. Saeid
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 11221, Egypt
| | - M. Abdelsalam
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 11221, Egypt
| | - H.M. Ali
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 11221, Egypt
| | - A.A. Moustafa
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 11221, Egypt
| | - T.B. Ibrahim
- Department of Hydrobiology, Veterinary Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - A.A. Abumhara
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tripoli University, Tripoli, Libya
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23
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Li L, Nan P, Zhai S, Wang L, Si S, Chang Z. Molecular cloning, characterization, and expression of hsp60 in caudal fin regeneration of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 387:143-50. [PMID: 24257806 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1879-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians and teleost fish are capable of nearly perfect regeneration of lost appendages. The fin constitutes an important model for studying the molecular basis of tissue regeneration. It has been known that heat shock protein 60 (Hsp60) is a multifunctional protein of the heat shock protein family. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of hsp60 as a part of a stress response system after fin injury or in fin regeneration. We firstly cloned full-length cDNA of hsp60 from Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (designated as MaHsp60) by RACE method. The cDNA contains a 83-bp 5'UTR, a 1,728-bp open reading frame encoding 492 amino acids and a 542-bp 3'UTR (Accession No.: KF537340). The phylogenetic tree shows that the MaHsp60 fits within the hsp60 clade. Then quantitative RT-PCR detected that MaHsp60 began to increase rapidly its expression at 1 dpa and reached its peak at 2 dpa. Next, spatial distribution analysis of MaHsp60 in fins showed that MaHsp60 located mainly in the deeper layer of regenerated epidermis when MaHsp60 expressed most. After the MaHsp60 had been cloned into the pET-32a vector, SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed that the MaHsp60 protein was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and adjustable with the temperature. These findings have revealed that MaHsp60, a highly conserved gene during vertebrate evolution as well as related to stress response, is involved in the formation of wound epidermis which occurs as the first phase of fin regeneration after fin amputation in caudal fin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
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24
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Gauron C, Rampon C, Bouzaffour M, Ipendey E, Teillon J, Volovitch M, Vriz S. Sustained production of ROS triggers compensatory proliferation and is required for regeneration to proceed. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2084. [PMID: 23803955 PMCID: PMC3694286 DOI: 10.1038/srep02084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A major issue in regenerative medicine is the role of injury in promoting cell plasticity. Here we explore the function of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced through lesions in adult zebrafish. We show that ROS production, following adult fin amputation, is tightly regulated in time and space for at least 24 hours, whereas ROS production remains transient (2 hours) in mere wound healing. In regenerative tissue, ROS signaling triggers two distinct parallel pathways: one pathway is responsible for apoptosis, and the other pathway is responsible for JNK activation. Both events are involved in the compensatory proliferation of stump epidermal cells and are necessary for the progression of regeneration. Both events impact the Wnt, SDF1 and IGF pathways, while apoptosis only impacts progenitor marker expression. These results implicate oxidative stress in regeneration and provide new insights into the differences between healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Gauron
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en Biologie-CIRB, CNRS UMR 7241/INSERM U1050/Collège de France, Paris, France
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25
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Blum N, Begemann G. The roles of endogenous retinoid signaling in organ and appendage regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3907-27. [PMID: 23479131 PMCID: PMC11113817 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to regenerate injured or lost body parts has been an age-old ambition of medical science. In contrast to humans, teleost fish and urodele amphibians can regrow almost any part of the body with seeming effortlessness. Retinoic acid is a molecule that has long been associated with these impressive regenerative capacities. The discovery 30 years ago that addition of retinoic acid to regenerating amphibian limbs causes "super-regeneration" initiated investigations into the presumptive roles of retinoic acid in regeneration of appendages and other organs. However, the evidence favoring or dismissing a role for endogenous retinoids in regeneration processes remained sparse and ambiguous. Now, the availability of genetic tools to manipulate and visualize the retinoic acid signaling pathway has opened up new routes to dissect its roles in regeneration. Here, we review the current understanding on endogenous functions of retinoic acid in regeneration and discuss key questions to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Blum
- Developmental Biology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gerrit Begemann
- Developmental Biology, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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26
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Stavri S, Zarnescu O. The expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and chondroitin sulfate during pectoral fin regeneration in Carassius auratus gibelio: a combined histochemical and immunohistochemical study. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:233-242. [PMID: 23302437 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927612013797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dermal bone is an important component of the teleost fins, and its ability to regenerate after fin amputation appears to be unlimited. The organic bone matrix contain type I collagen fibers, proteoglycans enriched in chondroitin sulfate, and noncollagenous matrix protein such as osteocalcin, osteopontin, and osteonectin. These molecules are synthesized by fin osteoblasts. Inorganic components chiefly consist of calcium and phosphate that form crystals of hydroxyapatite. Fin rays are described as models to study ossification. Due to this, the identification of the components involved in the synthesis of the organic and inorganic components of lepidotrichial bone are of great interest for the analysis of skeletal disorders in fish ossification. The present study investigates expression of alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and chondroitin sulfate during pectoral fin regeneration in Carassius auratus gibelio. Alkaline phosphatase reaction has been found in the epidermis covering the wound, proximal blastema, near the cells that surround newly-formed lepidotrichia matrix and the tips of regenerating fin rays. Osteopontin has been observed throughout the regeneration blastema but excluded from the scleroblasts lining the inner side of the lepidotrichia. Osteocalcin and chondroitin sulfate expression coincides with the onset of mineralization of lepidotrichial matrix, suggesting its involvement in bone mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Stavri
- Faculty of Biology, Laboratory of Histology and Developmental Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91-95, R-050095, Bucharest, Romania
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27
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In vivo cell and tissue dynamics underlying zebrafish fin fold regeneration. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51766. [PMID: 23284763 PMCID: PMC3527495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has a remarkable capacity to regenerate many organs and tissues. During larval stages the fin fold allows the possibility of performing long time-lapse imaging making this system very appealing to study the relationships between tissue movements, cell migration and proliferation necessary for the regeneration process. Results Through the combined use of transgenic fluorescently-labeled animals and confocal microscopy imaging, we characterized in vivo the complete fin fold regeneration process. We show, for the first time, that there is an increase in the global rate of epidermal growth as a response to tissue loss. Also enhanced significantly is cell proliferation, which upon amputation happens in a broad area concerning the amputation level and not in a blastema-restricted way. This reveals a striking difference with regard to the adult fin regeneration system. Finally, an accumulation of migratory, shape-changing fibroblasts occurs proximally to the wound area, resembling a blastemal-like structure, which may act as a signaling center for the regeneration process to proceed. Conclusions These findings provide a novel in vivo description of fundamental mechanisms occurring during the fin fold regeneration process, thereby contributing to a better knowledge of this regenerative system and to reveal variations in the epimorphic regeneration field.
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28
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Cutaneous wound healing: recruiting developmental pathways for regeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2059-81. [PMID: 23052205 PMCID: PMC3663196 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Following a skin injury, the damaged tissue is repaired through the coordinated biological actions that constitute the cutaneous healing response. In mammals, repaired skin is not identical to intact uninjured skin, however, and this disparity may be caused by differences in the mechanisms that regulate postnatal cutaneous wound repair compared to embryonic skin development. Improving our understanding of the molecular pathways that are involved in these processes is essential to generate new therapies for wound healing complications. Here we focus on the roles of several key developmental signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Hedgehog, Notch) in mammalian cutaneous wound repair, and compare this to their function in skin development. We discuss the varying responses to cutaneous injury across the taxa, ranging from complete regeneration to scar tissue formation. Finally, we outline how research into the role of developmental pathways during skin repair has contributed to current wound therapies, and holds potential for the development of more effective treatments.
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29
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Delorme SL, Lungu IM, Vickaryous MK. Scar-Free Wound Healing and Regeneration Following Tail Loss in the Leopard Gecko,Eublepharis macularius. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1575-95. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Idda ML, Kage E, Lopez-Olmeda JF, Mracek P, Foulkes NS, Vallone D. Circadian timing of injury-induced cell proliferation in zebrafish. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34203. [PMID: 22479565 PMCID: PMC3315524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In certain vertebrates such as the zebrafish, most tissues and organs including the heart and central nervous system possess the remarkable ability to regenerate following severe injury. Both spatial and temporal control of cell proliferation and differentiation is essential for the successful repair and re-growth of damaged tissues. Here, using the regenerating adult zebrafish caudal fin as a model, we have demonstrated an involvement of the circadian clock in timing cell proliferation following injury. Using a BrdU incorporation assay with a short labeling period, we reveal high amplitude daily rhythms in S-phase in the epidermal cell layer of the fin under normal conditions. Peak numbers of S-phase cells occur at the end of the light period while lowest levels are observed at the end of the dark period. Remarkably, immediately following amputation the basal level of epidermal cell proliferation increases significantly with kinetics, depending upon the time of day when the amputation is performed. In sharp contrast, we failed to detect circadian rhythms of S-phase in the highly proliferative mesenchymal cells of the blastema. Subsequently, during the entire period of outgrowth of the new fin, elevated, cycling levels of epidermal cell proliferation persist. Thus, our results point to a preferential role for the circadian clock in the timing of epidermal cell proliferation in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas S. Foulkes
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein, Germany
- * E-mail: (NSF); (DV)
| | - Daniela Vallone
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein, Germany
- * E-mail: (NSF); (DV)
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31
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Stewart S, Stankunas K. Limited dedifferentiation provides replacement tissue during zebrafish fin regeneration. Dev Biol 2012; 365:339-49. [PMID: 22426105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Unlike humans, some vertebrate animals are able to completely regenerate damaged appendages and other organs. For example, adult zebrafish will regenerate the complex structure of an amputated caudal fin to a degree that the original and replacement fins are indistinguishable. The blastema, a mass of cells that uniquely forms following appendage amputation in regenerating animals, is the major source of regenerated tissue. However, the cell lineage(s) that contribute to the blastema and their ultimate contribution(s) to the regenerated fin have not been definitively characterized. It has been suggested that cells near the amputation site dedifferentiate forming multipotent progenitors that populate the blastema and then give rise to multiple cell types of the regenerated fin. Other studies propose that blastema cells are non-uniform populations that remain restricted in their potential to contribute to different cell lineages. We tested these models by using inducible Cre-lox technology to generate adult zebrafish with distinct, isolated groups of genetically labeled cells within the caudal fin. We then tracked populations of several cell types over the entire course of fin regeneration in individual animals. We found no evidence for the existence of multipotent progenitors. Instead, multiple cell types, including epidermal cells, intra-ray fibroblasts, and osteoblasts, contribute to the newly regenerated tissue while remaining highly restricted with respect to their developmental identity. Our studies further demonstrate that the regenerating fin consists of many repeating blastema "units" dedicated to each fin ray. These blastemas each have an organized structure of lineage restricted, dedifferentiated cells that cooperate to regenerate the caudal fin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Stewart
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1229, USA.
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Sousa S, Afonso N, Bensimon-Brito A, Fonseca M, Simões M, Leon J, Roehl H, Cancela ML, Jacinto A. Differentiated skeletal cells contribute to blastema formation during zebrafish fin regeneration. Development 2011; 138:3897-905. [PMID: 21862555 DOI: 10.1242/dev.064717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The origin of cells that generate the blastema following appendage amputation has been a long-standing question in epimorphic regeneration studies. The blastema is thought to originate from either stem (or progenitor) cells or differentiated cells of various tissues that undergo dedifferentiation. Here, we investigate the origin of cells that contribute to the regeneration of zebrafish caudal fin skeletal elements. We provide evidence that the process of lepidotrichia (bony rays) regeneration is initiated as early as 24 hours post-amputation and that differentiated scleroblasts acquire a proliferative state, detach from the lepidotrichia surface, migrate distally, integrate into the blastema and dedifferentiate. These findings provide novel insights into the origin of cells in epimorphic appendage regeneration in zebrafish and suggest conservation of regeneration mechanisms between fish and amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
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García-Arrarás JE, Valentín-Tirado G, Flores JE, Rosa RJ, Rivera-Cruz A, San Miguel-Ruiz JE, Tossas K. Cell dedifferentiation and epithelial to mesenchymal transitions during intestinal regeneration in H. glaberrima. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:61. [PMID: 22004330 PMCID: PMC3207902 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Determining the type and source of cells involved in regenerative processes has been one of the most important goals of researchers in the field of regeneration biology. We have previously used several cellular markers to characterize the cells involved in the regeneration of the intestine in the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima. RESULTS We have now obtained a monoclonal antibody that labels the mesothelium; the outer layer of the gut wall composed of peritoneocytes and myocytes. Using this antibody we studied the role of this tissue layer in the early stages of intestinal regeneration. We have now shown that the mesothelial cells of the mesentery, specifically the muscle component, undergo dedifferentiation from very early on in the regeneration process. Cell proliferation, on the other hand, increases much later, and mainly takes place in the mesothelium or coelomic epithelium of the regenerating intestinal rudiment. Moreover, we have found that the formation of the intestinal rudiment involves a novel regenerative mechanism where epithelial cells ingress into the connective tissue and acquire mesenchymal phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggest that the dedifferentiating mesothelium provides the initial source of cells for the formation of the intestinal rudiment. At later stages, cell proliferation supplies additional cells necessary for the increase in size of the regenerate. Our data also shows that the mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition provides many of the connective tissue cells found in the regenerating intestine. These results present some new and important information as to the cellular basis of organ regeneration and in particular to the process of regeneration of visceral organs.
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McLean KE, Vickaryous MK. A novel amniote model of epimorphic regeneration: the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2011; 11:50. [PMID: 21846350 PMCID: PMC3180301 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-11-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Epimorphic regeneration results in the restoration of lost tissues and structures from an aggregation of proliferating cells known as a blastema. Among amniotes the most striking example of epimorphic regeneration comes from tail regenerating lizards. Although tail regeneration is often studied in the context of ecological costs and benefits, details of the sequence of tissue-level events are lacking. Here we investigate the anatomical and histological events that characterize tail regeneration in the leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius. Results Tail structure and tissue composition were examined at multiple days following tail loss, revealing a conserved pattern of regeneration. Removal of the tail results in a consistent series of morphological and histological events. Tail loss is followed by a latent period of wound healing with no visible signs of regenerative outgrowth. During this latent period basal cells of the epidermis proliferate and gradually cover the wound. An additional aggregation of proliferating cells accumulates adjacent to the distal tip of the severed spinal cord marking the first appearance of the blastema. Continued growth of the blastema is matched by the initiation of angiogenesis, followed by the re-development of peripheral axons and the ependymal tube of the spinal cord. Skeletal tissue differentiation, corresponding with the expression of Sox9, and muscle re-development are delayed until tail outgrowth is well underway. Conclusions We demonstrate that tail regeneration in lizards involves a highly conserved sequence of events permitting the establishment of a staging table. We show that tail loss is followed by a latent period of scar-free healing of the wound site, and that regeneration is blastema-mediated. We conclude that the major events of epimorphic regeneration are highly conserved across vertebrates and that a comparative approach is an invaluable biomedical tool for ongoing regenerative research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E McLean
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Yoshinari N, Kawakami A. Mature and juvenile tissue models of regeneration in small fish species. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2011; 221:62-78. [PMID: 21876111 DOI: 10.1086/bblv221n1p62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The multitude of cells constituting organisms are fragile and easily damaged day by day. Therefore, maintenance of tissue morphology and function is fundamental for multicellular organisms to attain long life. For proper maintenance of tissue integrity, organisms must have mechanisms that detect the loss of tissue mass, activate the de novo production of cells, and organize those cells into functional tissues. However, these processes are only poorly understood. Here we give an overview of adult and juvenile tissue regeneration models in small fish species, such as zebrafish and medaka, and highlight recent advances at the molecular level. From these advances, we have come to realize that the epidermal and mesenchymal parts of the regenerating fish fin-that is, the wound epidermis and blastema, respectively-comprise heterogeneous populations of cells with different molecular identities that can be termed "compartments." These compartments and their mutual interactions are thought to play important roles in promoting the proper progression of tissue regeneration. We further describe the current understanding of these compartments and discuss the possible approaches to affording a better understanding of their roles and interactions during regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Yoshinari
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Japan
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Azevedo AS, Grotek B, Jacinto A, Weidinger G, Saúde L. The regenerative capacity of the zebrafish caudal fin is not affected by repeated amputations. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22820. [PMID: 21829525 PMCID: PMC3145768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The zebrafish has the capacity to regenerate many tissues and organs. The caudal fin is one of the most convenient tissues to approach experimentally due to its accessibility, simple structure and fast regeneration. In this work we investigate how the regenerative capacity is affected by recurrent fin amputations and by experimental manipulations that block regeneration. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that consecutive repeated amputations of zebrafish caudal fin do not reduce its regeneration capacity and do not compromise any of the successive regeneration steps: wound healing, blastema formation and regenerative outgrowth. Interfering with Wnt/ß-catenin signalling using heat-shock-mediated overexpression of Dickkopf1 completely blocks fin regeneration. Notably, if these fins were re-amputated at the non-inhibitory temperature, the regenerated caudal fin reached the original length, even after several rounds of consecutive Wnt/ß-catenin signalling inhibition and re-amputation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We show that the caudal fin has an almost unlimited capacity to regenerate. Even after inhibition of regeneration caused by the loss of Wnt/ß-catenin signalling, a new amputation resets the regeneration capacity within the caudal fin, suggesting that blastema formation does not depend on a pool of stem/progenitor cells that require Wnt/ß-catenin signalling for their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Azevedo
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular e Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- Centro de Neurociências e Biologia Celular, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Bartholomäus Grotek
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - António Jacinto
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular e Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gilbert Weidinger
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies, University of Technology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (LS); (GW)
| | - Leonor Saúde
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular e Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
- * E-mail: (LS); (GW)
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Knopf F, Hammond C, Chekuru A, Kurth T, Hans S, Weber CW, Mahatma G, Fisher S, Brand M, Schulte-Merker S, Weidinger G. Bone regenerates via dedifferentiation of osteoblasts in the zebrafish fin. Dev Cell 2011; 20:713-24. [PMID: 21571227 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
While mammals have a limited capacity to repair bone defects, zebrafish can completely regenerate amputated bony structures of their fins. Fin regeneration is dependent on formation of a blastema, a progenitor cell pool accumulating at the amputation plane. It is unclear which cells the blastema is derived from, whether it forms by dedifferentiation of mature cells, and whether blastema cells are multipotent. We show that mature osteoblasts dedifferentiate and form part of the blastema. Osteoblasts downregulate expression of intermediate and late bone differentiation markers and induce genes expressed by bone progenitors. Dedifferentiated osteoblasts proliferate in a FGF-dependent manner and migrate to form part of the blastema. Genetic fate mapping shows that osteoblasts only give rise to osteoblasts in the regenerate, indicating that dedifferentiation is not associated with the attainment of multipotency. Thus, bone can regenerate from mature osteoblasts via dedifferentiation, a finding with potential implications for human bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Knopf
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Regenerative Therapies, University of Technology Dresden, Tatzberg 47-49, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Abstract
Zebrafish fins have a proximal skeleton of endochondral bones and a distal skeleton of dermal bones. Recent experimental and genetic studies are discovering mechanisms to control fin skeleton morphogenesis. Whereas the endochondral skeleton has been extensively studied, the formation of the dermal skeleton requires further revision. The shape of the dermal skeleton of the fin is generated in its distal growing margin and along a proximal growing domain. In these positions, dermoskeletal fin morphogenesis can be explained by intertissue interactions and the function of several genetic pathways. These pathways regulate patterning, size, and cell differentiation along three axes. Finally, a common genetic control of late development, regeneration, and tissue homeostasis of the fin dermoskeleton is currently being analyzed. These pathways may be responsible for the similar shape obtained after each morphogenetic process. This provides an interesting conceptual framework for future studies on this topic. Developmental Dynamics 239:2779–2794, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Marí-Beffa
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, and Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Málaga, Spain.
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39
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Beraldo P, Canavese B. Recovery of opercular anomalies in gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata L.: morphological and morphometric analysis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:21-30. [PMID: 21166823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2010.01206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Opercular anomalies are very frequent in reared gilthead sea bream and these can negatively influence the product value. Field observations have suggested that opercular malformations can recover over time. In order to verify this hypothesis, 140-day-old gilthead sea bream with monolateral opercular anomalies were divided into three groups, according to the type and increasing seriousness of the opercular malformations, and another group was composed of fish with bilateral opercular anomalies. All groups were monitored for 16 months. In the group with monolateral anomalies, the opercular recovery process was documented by morphological (stereomicroscope) and morphometric analysis. For the latter analysis, two relevant areas, A and T, were identified in the cephalic region. The ratio (T - A)/T, tending to 1, represents the recovery index (RI) of anatomical integrity and quantifies the recovery level of opercular complex anomalies. Results suggested that the recovery process was considerable over the 16 months of investigation but should not be considered complete. At the end of the study, 61% of the gilthead sea bream population with monolateral opercular defects recovered external integrity, whereas the population with bilateral defects showed a poorer recovery capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Beraldo
- Department of Animal Science, Section of Biology and Animal Pathology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
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40
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Brown AM, Fisher S, Iovine MK. Osteoblast maturation occurs in overlapping proximal-distal compartments during fin regeneration in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2010; 238:2922-8. [PMID: 19842180 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
During fin regeneration, osteoblasts must continually differentiate for outgrowth of the bony fin rays. Bone maturity increases in a distal-proximal manner, and osteoblast maturation can be detected similarly when following gene expression. We find that early markers for osteoblast differentiation are expressed in a discrete domain at the distal end of the fin, just proximal to the adjacent germinal compartment of dividing cells. Matrix genes, required at later stages developmentally, are expressed in a population of cells proximally to the early genes. A marker for mature osteoblasts is expressed in cells further proximal. These domains of gene expression are partially overlapping, perhaps revealing additional levels of osteoblast maturity. We suggest a model for growth where new cells are continually added to the distal-most osteoblast compartment, while osteoblasts in more proximal locations differentiate, thus translating developmental time to location on the proximal-distal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Brown
- Lehigh University, Department of Biological Science, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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41
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Böckelmann PK, Ochandio BS, Bechara IJ. Histological study of the dynamics in epidermis regeneration of the carp tail fin (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758). BRAZ J BIOL 2010; 70:217-23. [DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842010000100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Teleostean fins when partially amputated suffer a regenerative process called epimorphic regeneration, characterized by the following stages: healing, based on the formation of a multistratified epidermal layer, the formation of a mass of pluripotent cells known as blastema, the differentiation of these cells, the synthesis and disposition of the extracellular matrix, morphological growth and restoration. The epidermis has a fundamental role in the regenerative process of fish fins, as the healing time of this structure leads it to a faster regenerative process and it also works as a defense against the external environment. In this sense, due to the fast regeneration shown by the epidermis, the aim of this paper is to study the histology of the regenerative dynamics of the carp fin tail (Cyprinus carpio), under the light and transmission electron microscope. Epidermic regeneration begins right in the first hours after the fin amputation and it continues throughout the regenerative process. After 24 hours, an apical epidermal cap is established. Cytoplasmatic prolongations and intercellular junctions are observed and the cells of the basal layer of the epidermis change from the cubic form to the cylindrical, due to the development of the cytoplasmatic organelles responsible for the synthesis of the basal membrane, lost after amputation. These results show the importance of histological studies in regenerative processes. We believe that the association of molecular biology with histological studies can throw further light onto these regenerative dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - BS. Ochandio
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Brazil
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42
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Shao J, Qian X, Zhang C, Xu Z. Fin regeneration from tail segment with musculature, endoskeleton, and scales. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2009; 312:762-9. [PMID: 19402133 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that fish caudal fins can be completely regenerated after fin amputation. Although much research on fin regeneration has been carried out, there have been very few reports regarding fin regeneration after tail amputation. In this study, we used grass carp, common carp, koi carp, and zebrafish as experimental organisms. Some caudal fins could be distinctly regenerated in 2 weeks after tail amputation. After all-trans-retinoic acid treatment and tail amputation, zebrafish were unable to regenerate caudal fins that could be seen with the naked eye. However, after tail amputation, more than half of the zebrafish tested were able to regenerate caudal fins. Caudal fin regeneration depended on the presence of musculature and endoskeleton at the site of amputation. These caudal fins arose from segments of the endoskeleton, which contrast with currently accepted knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Shao
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
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Böckelmann PK, Bechara IJ. The regeneration of the tail fin actinotrichia of carp (Cyprinus carpio, Linnaeus, 1758) under the action of naproxen. BRAZ J BIOL 2009; 69:1165-72. [PMID: 19967189 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842009000500022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A conglomerate of small, rigid, fusiform spicules known as actinotrichia sustains the edge of tail fins of teleost. After amputation, these structures show an extremely fast regenerative capacity. In this study we observed the effect of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, naproxen, used in the treatment of degenerative articular diseases, during the process of actinotrichia regeneration. For this purpose, regenerating tissue from animals in contact with the drug was submitted to histochemical and ultrastructural analysis in comparison to tissue from animals under normal conditions, i.e., not in contact with the drug in question. Actinotrichia regeneration was similar in both animals, indicating that naproxen, at the dose used in the present study, did not interfere with actinotrichia synthesis during the regenerative process of the tail fin. This could be because naproxen did not influence the expression of the genes required for the regeneration process, such as the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene, which is involved in actinotrichia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Böckelmann
- Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil
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44
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Kizil C, Otto GW, Geisler R, Nüsslein-Volhard C, Antos CL. Simplet controls cell proliferation and gene transcription during zebrafish caudal fin regeneration. Dev Biol 2009; 325:329-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mauger PE, Labbé C, Bobe J, Cauty C, Leguen I, Baffet G, Le Bail PY. Characterization of goldfish fin cells in culture: some evidence of an epithelial cell profile. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 152:205-15. [PMID: 19068235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive characterization of cultured cells in fish was little explored and cell origin is often deduced from morphological analogies with either epithelial of fibroblastic cells. This study aims to characterize cell origin in goldfish fin culture using morphological, immunochemical, and molecular approaches. Time lapse analysis revealed that cultured cell morphology changed within minutes. Therefore, cell morphology cannot predict whether cells are from fibroblastic or epithelial origin. The labeling pattern of heterologous anti-cytokeratin and anti-vimentin antibodies against goldfish epithelial cells and fibroblasts was first tested on skin sections and the corresponding labeling of the cultured cells was analyzed. No cell origin specificity could be obtained with the chosen antibodies. In the molecular approach, detection levels of three cytokeratin (CauK8-IIS, CauK49-IE and CauK50-Ie) and one vimentin transcripts were assessed on skin and fin samples. Specificity for epithelial cells of the most abundant mRNA, CauK49-Ie, was thereafter validated on skin sections by in situ hybridization. The selected markers were used afterwards to characterize fin cultures. CauK49-IE riboprobe labeled every cell in young cultures whereas no labeling was observed in older cultures. Accordingly, CauK49-IE transcript levels decreased after 15 days culture while CauK8-IIS ones increased. The use of homologous marker gave evidence that young cultured cells from goldfish fin are homogeneously of epithelial type and that cell characteristics may change over culture time.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-E Mauger
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR 1037 SCRIBE, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes cedex, France
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46
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Smith A, Zhang J, Guay D, Quint E, Johnson A, Akimenko MA. Gene expression analysis on sections of zebrafish regenerating fins reveals limitations in the whole-mount in situ hybridization method. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:417-25. [PMID: 18163531 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The caudal fin of adult zebrafish is used to study the molecular mechanisms that govern regeneration processes. Most reports of gene expression in regenerating caudal fins rely on in situ hybridization (ISH) on whole-mount samples followed by sectioning of the samples. In such reports, expression is mostly confined to cells other than those located between the dense collagenous structures that are the actinotrichia and lepidotrichia. Here, we re-examined the expression of genes by performing ISH directly on cryo-sections of regenerates. We detected expression of some of these genes in cell types that appeared to be non-expressing when ISH was performed on whole-mount samples. These results demonstrate that ISH reagents have a limited capacity to penetrate between the regenerating skeletal matrices and suggest that ISH performed directly on fin sections is a preferable method to study gene expression in fin regenerates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Smith
- Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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47
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Nakatani Y, Nishidate M, Fujita M, Kawakami A, Kudo A. Migration of mesenchymal cell fated to blastema is necessary for fish fin regeneration. Dev Growth Differ 2007; 50:71-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2007.00977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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48
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Murciano C, Pérez-Claros J, Smith A, Avaron F, Fernández TD, Durán I, Ruiz-Sánchez J, García F, Becerra J, Akimenko MA, Marí-Beffa M. Position dependence of hemiray morphogenesis during tail fin regeneration in Danio rerio. Dev Biol 2007; 312:272-83. [PMID: 17977526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The fins of actinopterygian can regenerate following amputation. Classical papers have shown that the ray, a structural unit of these fins, might regenerate independent of this appendage. Each fin ray is formed by two apposed contralateral hemirays. A hemiray may autonomously regenerate and segmentate in a position-independent manner. This is observed when heterotopically grafted into an interray space, after amputation following extirpation of the contralateral hemiray or when simply ablated. During this process, a proliferating hemiblastema is formed, as shown by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, from which the complete structure will regenerate. This hemiblastema shows a patterning of gene expression domain similar to half ray blastema. Interactions between contralateral hemiblastema have been studied by recombinant rays composed of hemirays from different origins on the proximo-distal or dorso-ventral axis of the caudal fin. Dye 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocianine perchlorate labeling of grafted tissues was used as tissular marker. Our results suggest both that there are contralateral interactions between hemiblastema of each ray, and that hemiblastema may vary its morphogenesis, always differentiating as their host region. These non-autonomous, position-dependent interactions control coordinated bifurcations, segment joints and ray length independently. A morphological study of the developing and regenerating fin of another long fin mutant zebrafish suggests that contralateral hemiblastema interactions are perturbed in this mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Murciano
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Málaga, 29071-Málaga, Spain
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Bubenshchikova E, Kaftanovskaya E, Motosugi N, Fujimoto T, Arai K, Kinoshita M, Hashimoto H, Ozato K, Wakamatsu Y. Diploidized eggs reprogram adult somatic cell nuclei to pluripotency in nuclear transfer in medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). Dev Growth Differ 2007; 49:699-709. [PMID: 17868280 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2007.00963.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reprogramming of adult somatic cell nuclei to pluripotency has been unsuccessful in non-mammalian animals, primarily because of chromosomal aberrations in nuclear transplants, which are considered to be caused by asynchrony between the cell cycles of the recipient egg and donor nucleus. In order to normalize the chromosomal status, we used diploidized eggs by retention of second polar body release, instead of enucleated eggs, as recipients in nuclear transfer of primary culture cells from the caudal fin of adult green fluorescent protein gene (GFP) transgenic medaka fish (Oryzias latipes). We found that 2.7% of the reconstructed embryos grew into adults that expressed GFP in various tissues in the same pattern as in the donor fish. Moreover, these fish were diploid, fertile and capable of passing the marker gene to the next generation in Mendelian fashion. We hesitate to call these fish 'clones' because we used non-enucleated eggs as recipients; in effect, they may be chimeras consisting of cells derived from diploid recipient nuclei and donor nuclei. In either case, fish adult somatic cell nuclei were reprogrammed to pluripotency and differentiated into a variety of cell types including germ cells via the use of diploidized recipient eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Bubenshchikova
- Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Stocks, Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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50
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Stoick-Cooper CL, Moon RT, Weidinger G. Advances in signaling in vertebrate regeneration as a prelude to regenerative medicine. Genes Dev 2007; 21:1292-315. [PMID: 17545465 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1540507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
While all animals have evolved strategies to respond to injury and disease, their ability to functionally recover from loss of or damage to organs or appendages varies widely damage to skeletal muscle, but, unlike amphibians and fish, they fail to regenerate heart, lens, retina, or appendages. The relatively young field of regenerative medicine strives to develop therapies aimed at improving regenerative processes in humans and is predicated on >40 years of success with bone marrow transplants. Further progress will be accelerated by implementing knowledge about the molecular mechanisms that regulate regenerative processes in model organisms that naturally possess the ability to regenerate organs and/or appendages. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the signaling pathways that regulate regeneration of amphibian and fish appendages, fish heart, and mammalian liver and skeletal muscle. While the cellular mechanisms and the cell types involved in regeneration of these systems vary widely, it is evident that shared signals are involved in tissue regeneration. Signals provided by the immune system appear to act as triggers of many regenerative processes. Subsequently, pathways that are best known for their importance in regulating embryonic development, in particular fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling (as well as others), are required for progenitor cell formation or activation and for cell proliferation and specification leading to tissue regrowth. Experimental activation of these pathways or interference with signals that inhibit regenerative processes can augment or even trigger regeneration in certain contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristi L Stoick-Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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