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Lyon GJ, Longo J, Garcia A, Inusa F, Marchi E, Shi D, Dörfel M, Arnesen T, Aldabe R, Lyons S, Nashat MA, Bolton D. Evaluating possible maternal effect lethality and genetic background effects in Naa10 knockout mice. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0301328. [PMID: 38713657 PMCID: PMC11075865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Amino-terminal (Nt-) acetylation (NTA) is a common protein modification, affecting approximately 80% of all human proteins. The human essential X-linked gene, NAA10, encodes for the enzyme NAA10, which is the catalytic subunit in the N-terminal acetyltransferase A (NatA) complex. There is extensive genetic variation in humans with missense, splice-site, and C-terminal frameshift variants in NAA10. In mice, Naa10 is not an essential gene, as there exists a paralogous gene, Naa12, that substantially rescues Naa10 knockout mice from embryonic lethality, whereas double knockouts (Naa10-/Y Naa12-/-) are embryonic lethal. However, the phenotypic variability in the mice is nonetheless quite extensive, including piebaldism, skeletal defects, small size, hydrocephaly, hydronephrosis, and neonatal lethality. Here we replicate these phenotypes with new genetic alleles in mice, but we demonstrate their modulation by genetic background and environmental effects. We cannot replicate a prior report of "maternal effect lethality" for heterozygous Naa10-/X female mice, but we do observe a small amount of embryonic lethality in the Naa10-/y male mice on the inbred genetic background in this different animal facility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholson J. Lyon
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Joseph Longo
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew Garcia
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
- Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Fatima Inusa
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Elaine Marchi
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel Shi
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - Max Dörfel
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas Arnesen
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rafael Aldabe
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Scott Lyons
- Stanley Institute for Cognitive Genomics, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Woodbury, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Nashat
- Human Genetics Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
| | - David Bolton
- Molecular Biology Department, New York State Institute for Basic Research (IBR) in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York, United States of America
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2
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Abstract
Sentrin/small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is protein modification pathway that regulates multiple biological processes, including cell division, DNA replication/repair, signal transduction, and cellular metabolism. In this review, we will focus on recent advances in the mechanisms of disease pathogenesis, such as cancer, diabetes, seizure, and heart failure, which have been linked to the SUMO pathway. SUMO is conjugated to lysine residues in target proteins through an isopeptide linkage catalyzed by SUMO-specific activating (E1), conjugating (E2), and ligating (E3) enzymes. In steady state, the quantity of SUMO-modified substrates is usually a small fraction of unmodified substrates due to the deconjugation activity of the family Sentrin/SUMO-specific proteases (SENPs). In contrast to the complexity of the ubiquitination/deubiquitination machinery, the biochemistry of SUMOylation and de-SUMOylation is relatively modest. Specificity of the SUMO pathway is achieved through redox regulation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or other posttranslational protein modification of the SUMOylation and de-SUMOylation enzymes. There are three major SUMOs. SUMO-1 usually modifies a substrate as a monomer; however, SUMO-2/3 can form poly-SUMO chains. The monomeric SUMO-1 or poly-SUMO chains can interact with other proteins through SUMO-interactive motif (SIM). Thus SUMO modification provides a platform to enhance protein-protein interaction. The consequence of SUMOylation includes changes in cellular localization, protein activity, or protein stability. Furthermore, SUMO may join force with ubiquitin to degrade proteins through SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbL). After 20 yr of research, SUMO has been shown to play critical roles in most, if not all, biological pathways. Thus the SUMO enzymes could be targets for drug development to treat human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Chang
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Edward T H Yeh
- Center for Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
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3
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Frank D, Sela-Donenfeld D. Hindbrain induction and patterning during early vertebrate development. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:941-960. [PMID: 30519881 PMCID: PMC11105337 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The hindbrain is a key relay hub of the central nervous system (CNS), linking the bilaterally symmetric half-sides of lower and upper CNS centers via an extensive network of neural pathways. Dedicated neural assemblies within the hindbrain control many physiological processes, including respiration, blood pressure, motor coordination and different sensations. During early development, the hindbrain forms metameric segmented units known as rhombomeres along the antero-posterior (AP) axis of the nervous system. These compartmentalized units are highly conserved during vertebrate evolution and act as the template for adult brainstem structure and function. TALE and HOX homeodomain family transcription factors play a key role in the initial induction of the hindbrain and its specification into rhombomeric cell fate identities along the AP axis. Signaling pathways, such as canonical-Wnt, FGF and retinoic acid, play multiple roles to initially induce the hindbrain and regulate Hox gene-family expression to control rhombomeric identity. Additional transcription factors including Krox20, Kreisler and others act both upstream and downstream to Hox genes, modulating their expression and protein activity. In this review, we will examine the earliest embryonic signaling pathways that induce the hindbrain and subsequent rhombomeric segmentation via Hox and other gene expression. We will examine how these signaling pathways and transcription factors interact to activate downstream targets that organize the segmented AP pattern of the embryonic vertebrate hindbrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Frank
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 31096, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 76100, Rehovot, Israel.
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4
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Zorzi V, Paciello F, Ziraldo G, Peres C, Mazzarda F, Nardin C, Pasquini M, Chiani F, Raspa M, Scavizzi F, Carrer A, Crispino G, Ciubotaru CD, Monyer H, Fetoni AR, M Salvatore A, Mammano F. Mouse Panx1 Is Dispensable for Hearing Acquisition and Auditory Function. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:379. [PMID: 29234270 PMCID: PMC5712377 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Panx1 forms plasma membrane channels in brain and several other organs, including the inner ear. Biophysical properties, activation mechanisms and modulators of Panx1 channels have been characterized in detail, however the impact of Panx1 on auditory function is unclear due to conflicts in published results. To address this issue, hearing performance and cochlear function of the Panx1−/− mouse strain, the first with a reported global ablation of Panx1, were scrutinized. Male and female homozygous (Panx1−/−), hemizygous (Panx1+/−) and their wild type (WT) siblings (Panx1+/+) were used for this study. Successful ablation of Panx1 was confirmed by RT-PCR and Western immunoblotting in the cochlea and brain of Panx1−/− mice. Furthermore, a previously validated Panx1-selective antibody revealed strong immunoreactivity in WT but not in Panx1−/− cochleae. Hearing sensitivity, outer hair cell-based “cochlear amplifier” and cochlear nerve function, analyzed by auditory brainstem response (ABR) and distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) recordings, were normal in Panx1+/− and Panx1−/− mice. In addition, we determined that global deletion of Panx1 impacts neither on connexin expression, nor on gap-junction coupling in the developing organ of Corti. Finally, spontaneous intercellular Ca2+ signal (ICS) activity in organotypic cochlear cultures, which is key to postnatal development of the organ of Corti and essential for hearing acquisition, was not affected by Panx1 ablation. Therefore, our results provide strong evidence that, in mice, Panx1 is dispensable for hearing acquisition and auditory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Zorzi
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy.,School of Medicine, Institute of Otolaryngology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabiola Paciello
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Gaia Ziraldo
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy.,School of Medicine, Institute of Otolaryngology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Peres
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Flavia Mazzarda
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy.,Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Nardin
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy.,Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Miriam Pasquini
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiani
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Marcello Raspa
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Carrer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy G. Galilei, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Crispino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy G. Galilei, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Hannah Monyer
- Department of Clinical Neurobiology, Deutches Krebforschungzentrum, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna R Fetoni
- School of Medicine, Institute of Otolaryngology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna M Salvatore
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Fabio Mammano
- CNR Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo, Italy.,Department of Physics and Astronomy G. Galilei, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.,Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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5
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McEllin JA, Alexander TB, Tümpel S, Wiedemann LM, Krumlauf R. Analyses of fugu hoxa2 genes provide evidence for subfunctionalization of neural crest cell and rhombomere cis-regulatory modules during vertebrate evolution. Dev Biol 2016; 409:530-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Bechara A, Laumonnerie C, Vilain N, Kratochwil CF, Cankovic V, Maiorano NA, Kirschmann MA, Ducret S, Rijli FM. Hoxa2 Selects Barrelette Neuron Identity and Connectivity in the Mouse Somatosensory Brainstem. Cell Rep 2015; 13:783-797. [PMID: 26489473 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse whiskers are somatotopically mapped in brainstem trigeminal nuclei as neuronal modules known as barrelettes. Whisker-related afferents form barrelettes in ventral principal sensory (vPrV) nucleus, whereas mandibular input targets dorsal PrV (dPrV). How barrelette neuron identity and circuitry is established is poorly understood. We found that ectopic Hoxa2 expression in dPrV neurons is sufficient to attract whisker-related afferents, induce asymmetrical dendrite arbors, and allow ectopic barrelette map formation. Moreover, the thalamic area forming whisker-related barreloids is prenatally targeted by both vPrV and dPrV axons followed by perinatal large-scale pruning of dPrV axons and refinement of vPrV barrelette input. Ectopic Hoxa2 expression allows topographically directed targeting and refinement of dPrV axons with vPrV axons into a single whisker-related barreloid map. Thus, a single HOX transcription factor is sufficient to switch dPrV into a vPrV barrelette neuron program and coordinate input-output topographic connectivity of a dermatome-specific circuit module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bechara
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Laumonnerie
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Vilain
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudius F Kratochwil
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vanja Cankovic
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nicola A Maiorano
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Moritz A Kirschmann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sebastien Ducret
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Filippo M Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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7
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Candlish M, Angelis RD, Götz V, Boehm U. Gene Targeting in Neuroendocrinology. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1645-76. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Hudson DM, Joeng KS, Werther R, Rajagopal A, Weis M, Lee BH, Eyre DR. Post-translationally abnormal collagens of prolyl 3-hydroxylase-2 null mice offer a pathobiological mechanism for the high myopia linked to human LEPREL1 mutations. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8613-22. [PMID: 25645914 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia, the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide, results from an increase in the axial length of the eyeball. Mutations in LEPREL1, the gene encoding prolyl 3-hydroxylase-2 (P3H2), have recently been identified in individuals with recessively inherited nonsyndromic severe myopia. P3H2 is a member of a family of genes that includes three isoenzymes of prolyl 3-hydroxylase (P3H), P3H1, P3H2, and P3H3. Fundamentally, it is understood that P3H1 is responsible for converting proline to 3-hydroxyproline. This limited additional knowledge also suggests that each isoenzyme has evolved different collagen sequence-preferred substrate specificities. In this study, differences in prolyl 3-hydroxylation were screened in eye tissues from P3h2-null (P3h2(n/n)) and wild-type mice to seek tissue-specific effects due the lack of P3H2 activity on post-translational collagen chemistry that could explain myopia. The mice were viable and had no gross musculoskeletal phenotypes. Tissues from sclera and cornea (type I collagen) and lens capsule (type IV collagen) were dissected from mouse eyes, and multiple sites of prolyl 3-hydroxylation were identified by mass spectrometry. The level of prolyl 3-hydroxylation at multiple substrate sites from type I collagen chains was high in sclera, similar to tendon. Almost every known site of prolyl 3-hydroxylation in types I and IV collagen from P3h2(n/n) mouse eye tissues was significantly under-hydroxylated compared with their wild-type littermates. We conclude that altered collagen prolyl 3-hydroxylation is caused by loss of P3H2. We hypothesize that this leads to structural abnormalities in multiple eye tissues, but particularly sclera, causing progressive myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hudson
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
| | - Kyu Sang Joeng
- the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Rachel Werther
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
| | - Abbhirami Rajagopal
- the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
| | - Brendan H Lee
- the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - David R Eyre
- From the Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195 and
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9
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Willaredt MA, Schlüter T, Nothwang HG. The gene regulatory networks underlying formation of the auditory hindbrain. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:519-535. [PMID: 25332098 PMCID: PMC11113740 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1759-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Development and evolution of auditory hindbrain nuclei are two major unsolved issues in hearing research. Recent characterization of transgenic mice identified the rhombomeric origins of mammalian auditory nuclei and unraveled genes involved in their formation. Here, we provide an overview on these data by assembling them into rhombomere-specific gene regulatory networks (GRNs), as they underlie developmental and evolutionary processes. To explore evolutionary mechanisms, we compare the GRNs operating in the mammalian auditory hindbrain with data available from the inner ear and other vertebrate groups. Finally, we propose that the availability of genomic sequences from all major vertebrate taxa and novel genetic techniques for non-model organisms provide an unprecedented opportunity to investigate development and evolution of the auditory hindbrain by comparative molecular approaches. The dissection of the molecular mechanisms leading to auditory structures will also provide an important framework for auditory processing disorders, a clinical problem difficult to tackle so far. These data will, therefore, foster basic and clinical hearing research alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Willaredt
- Neurogenetics group, Center of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Tina Schlüter
- Neurogenetics group, Center of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hans Gerd Nothwang
- Neurogenetics group, Center of Excellence Hearing4All, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
- Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany.
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10
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Hyper-SUMOylation of the Kv7 potassium channel diminishes the M-current leading to seizures and sudden death. Neuron 2014; 83:1159-71. [PMID: 25189211 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sudden unexplained death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the most common cause of premature mortality in epilepsy and was linked to mutations in ion channels; however, genes within the channel protein interactome might also represent pathogenic candidates. Here we show that mice with partial deficiency of Sentrin/SUMO-specific protease 2 (SENP2) develop spontaneous seizures and sudden death. SENP2 is highly enriched in the hippocampus, often the focus of epileptic seizures. SENP2 deficiency results in hyper-SUMOylation of multiple potassium channels known to regulate neuronal excitability. We demonstrate that the depolarizing M-current conducted by Kv7 channel is significantly diminished in SENP2-deficient hippocampal CA3 neurons, primarily responsible for neuronal hyperexcitability. Following seizures, SENP2-deficient mice develop atrioventricular conduction blocks and cardiac asystole. Both seizures and cardiac conduction blocks can be prevented by retigabine, a Kv7 channel opener. Thus, we uncover a disease-causing role for hyper-SUMOylation in the nervous system and establish an animal model for SUDEP.
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11
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Ryder E, Doe B, Gleeson D, Houghton R, Dalvi P, Grau E, Habib B, Miklejewska E, Newman S, Sethi D, Sinclair C, Vyas S, Wardle-Jones H, Bottomley J, Bussell J, Galli A, Salisbury J, Ramirez-Solis R. Rapid conversion of EUCOMM/KOMP-CSD alleles in mouse embryos using a cell-permeable Cre recombinase. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:177-85. [PMID: 24197666 PMCID: PMC3890051 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe here use of a cell-permeable Cre to efficiently convert the EUCOMM/KOMP-CSD tm1a allele to the tm1b form in preimplantation mouse embryos in a high-throughput manner, consistent with the requirements of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium-affiliated NIH KOMP2 project. This method results in rapid allele conversion and minimizes the use of experimental animals when compared to conventional Cre transgenic mouse breeding, resulting in a significant reduction in costs and time with increased welfare benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Ryder
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Brendan Doe
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Diane Gleeson
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Richard Houghton
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Priya Dalvi
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Evelyn Grau
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Bishoy Habib
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | | | - Stuart Newman
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Debarati Sethi
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Caroline Sinclair
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Sapna Vyas
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | | | | | - Joanna Bottomley
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - James Bussell
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Antonella Galli
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
| | - Jennifer Salisbury
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SA UK
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12
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Schulte D, Frank D. TALE transcription factors during early development of the vertebrate brain and eye. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:99-116. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Schulte
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute); University Hospital Frankfurt, J.W. Goethe University; Frankfurt Germany
| | - Dale Frank
- Department of Biochemistry; The Rappaport Family Institute for Research in the Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel
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13
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Di Bonito M, Narita Y, Avallone B, Sequino L, Mancuso M, Andolfi G, Franzè AM, Puelles L, Rijli FM, Studer M. Assembly of the auditory circuitry by a Hox genetic network in the mouse brainstem. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003249. [PMID: 23408898 PMCID: PMC3567144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhombomeres (r) contribute to brainstem auditory nuclei during development. Hox genes are determinants of rhombomere-derived fate and neuronal connectivity. Little is known about the contribution of individual rhombomeres and their associated Hox codes to auditory sensorimotor circuitry. Here, we show that r4 contributes to functionally linked sensory and motor components, including the ventral nucleus of lateral lemniscus, posterior ventral cochlear nuclei (VCN), and motor olivocochlear neurons. Assembly of the r4-derived auditory components is involved in sound perception and depends on regulatory interactions between Hoxb1 and Hoxb2. Indeed, in Hoxb1 and Hoxb2 mutant mice the transmission of low-level auditory stimuli is lost, resulting in hearing impairments. On the other hand, Hoxa2 regulates the Rig1 axon guidance receptor and controls contralateral projections from the anterior VCN to the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body, a circuit involved in sound localization. Thus, individual rhombomeres and their associated Hox codes control the assembly of distinct functionally segregated sub-circuits in the developing auditory brainstem. Sound perception and sound localization are controlled by two distinct circuits in the central nervous system. However, the cellular and molecular determinants underlying their development are poorly understood. Here, we show that a spatially restricted region of the brainstem, the rhombomere 4, and two members of the Hox gene family, Hoxb1 and Hoxb2, are directly implicated in the development of the circuit leading to sound perception and sound amplification. In the absence of Hoxb1 and Hoxb2 function, we found severe morphological defects in the hair cell population implicated in transducing the acoustic signal, leading ultimately to severe hearing impairments in adult mutant mice. In contrast, the expression in the cochlear nucleus of another Hox member, Hoxa2, regulates the guidance receptor Rig1 and contralateral connectivity in the sound localization circuit. Some of the auditory dysfunctions described in our mouse models resemble pathological hearing conditions in humans, in which patients have an elevated hearing threshold sensitivity, as recorded in audiograms. Thus, this study provides mechanistic insight into the genetic and functional regulation of Hox genes during development and assembly of the auditory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Di Bonito
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- INSERM UMR 1091, Nice, France
| | - Yuichi Narita
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Bice Avallone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Sequino
- Institute of Audiology, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Mancuso
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Gennaro Andolfi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Franzè
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “A. Buzzati Traverso” C.N.R., Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Filippo M. Rijli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail: (FMR); (MS)
| | - Michèle Studer
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- INSERM UMR 1091, Nice, France
- * E-mail: (FMR); (MS)
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14
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Abstract
Mouse genetic engineering has revolutionized our understanding of the molecular and genetic basis of heart development and disease. This technology involves conditional tissue-specific and temporal transgenic and gene targeting approaches, as well as introduction of polymorphisms into the mouse genome. These approaches are increasingly used to elucidate the genetic pathways underlying tissue homeostasis, physiology, and pathophysiology of adult heart. They have also led to the development of clinically relevant models of human cardiac diseases. Here, we review the technologies and their limitations in general and the cardiovascular research community in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doetschman
- BIO5 Institute and Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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15
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Doetschman T, Georgieva T, Li H, Reed TD, Grisham C, Friel J, Estabrook MA, Gard C, Sanford LP, Azhar M. Generation of mice with a conditional allele for the transforming growth factor beta3 gene. Genesis 2012; 50:59-66. [PMID: 22223248 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.20789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) pathway is involved in embryonic development and several inherited and acquired human diseases. The gene for TGFβ3 (Tgfb3) encodes one of the three ligands for TGFβ receptors. It is widely expressed in the embryo and its mutation or misexpression is found in human diseases. Tgfb3-/- mice die at birth from cleft palate, precluding functional studies in adults. Here, we generated mice in which exon 6 of Tgfb3 was flanked with LoxP sites (Tgfb3flox/flox). The adult mice were normal and fertile. EIIa-Cre-mediated deletion of exon 6 in Tgfb3flox/flox mice efficiently generated Tgfb3 conditional knockout (Tgfb3cko/cko) mice which died at birth from the same cleft palate defect as Tgfb3-/- mice, indicating that the conditional and knockout alleles are functionally equivalent. This Tgfb3cko allele will now enable studies of TGFβ3 function in different cell or tissue types in embryonic development and during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Doetschman
- BIO5 Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724-5217, USA
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16
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Meier ID, Bernreuther C, Tilling T, Neidhardt J, Wong YW, Schulze C, Streichert T, Schachner M. Short DNA sequences inserted for gene targeting can accidentally interfere with off-target gene expression. FASEB J 2010; 24:1714-24. [PMID: 20110269 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-140749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of genes in mice, a key approach to study development and disease, often leaves a neo cassette, loxP, or FRT sites inserted in the mouse genome. Insertion of neo can influence the expression of neighboring genes, but similar effects have not been reported for loxP sites. We therefore performed microarray analyses of mice in which the Ncam or the Tnr gene were targeted either by insertion of neo or loxP/FRT sites. In the case of Ncam, neo, but not loxP/FRT insertion, led to a 2-fold reduction in mRNA levels of 3 genes located at distances between 0.2 and 3.1 Mb from the target. In contrast, after introduction of loxP/FRT sites into introns of Tnr, we observed a 2.5- to 4-fold reduction in the transcript level of the Gas5 gene, 1.1 Mb away from Tnr, most probably due to disruption of a conserved regulatory element in Tnr. Insertion of short DNA sequences such as loxP/FRT can thus influence off-target mRNA levels if these sites are accidentally placed into regulatory elements. Our results imply that conditional knockout mice should be analyzed for genomic positional side effects that may influence the animals' phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo D Meier
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Hubert FX, Kinkel SA, Crewther PE, Cannon PZF, Webster KE, Link M, Uibo R, O'Bryan MK, Meager A, Forehan SP, Smyth GK, Mittaz L, Antonarakis SE, Peterson P, Heath WR, Scott HS. Aire-deficient C57BL/6 mice mimicking the common human 13-base pair deletion mutation present with only a mild autoimmune phenotype. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:3902-18. [PMID: 19265170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune regulator (AIRE) is an important transcription regulator that mediates a role in central tolerance via promoting the "promiscuous" expression of tissue-specific Ags in the thymus. Although several mouse models of Aire deficiency have been described, none has analyzed the phenotype induced by a mutation that emulates the common 13-bp deletion in human APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy) by disrupting the first plant homeodomain in exon 8. Aire-deficient mice with a corresponding mutation showed some disturbance of the medullary epithelial compartment, but at the phenotypic level their T cell compartment appeared relatively normal in the thymus and periphery. An increase in the number of activated T cells was evident, and autoantibodies against several organs were detected. At the histological level, lymphocytic infiltration of several organs indicated the development of autoimmunity, although symptoms were mild and the quality of life for Aire-deficient mice appeared equivalent to wild-type littermates, with the exception of male infertility. Vbeta and CDR3 length analysis suggested that each Aire-deficient mouse developed its own polyclonal autoimmune repertoire. Finally, given the prevalence of candidiasis in APECED patients, we examined the control of infection with Candida albicans in Aire-deficient mice. No increase in disease susceptibility was found for either oral or systemic infection. These observations support the view that additional genetic and/or environmental factors contribute substantially to the overt nature of autoimmunity associated with Aire mutations, even for mutations identical to those found in humans with APECED.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Xavier Hubert
- Division of Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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18
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Tümpel S, Wiedemann LM, Krumlauf R. Hox genes and segmentation of the vertebrate hindbrain. Curr Top Dev Biol 2009; 88:103-37. [PMID: 19651303 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(09)88004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the vertebrate central nervous system, the hindbrain is an important center for coordinating motor activity, posture, equilibrium, sleep patterns, and essential unconscious functions, such as breathing rhythms and blood circulation. During development, the vertebrate hindbrain depends upon the process of segmentation or compartmentalization to create and organize regional properties essential for orchestrating its highly conserved functional roles. The process of segmentation in the hindbrain differs from that which functions in the paraxial mesoderm to generate somites and the axial skeleton. In the prospective hindbrain, cells in the neural epithelia transiently alter their ability to interact with their neighbors, resulting in the formation of seven lineage-restricted cellular compartments. These different segments or rhombomeres each go on to adopt unique characters in response to environmental signals. The Hox family of transcription factors is coupled to this process. Overlapping or nested patterns of Hox gene expression correlate with segmental domains and provide a combinatorial code and molecular framework for specifying the unique identities of hindbrain segments. The segmental organization and patterns of Hox expression and function are highly conserved among vertebrates and, as a consequence, comparative studies between different species have greatly enhanced our ability to build a picture of the regulatory cascades that control early hindbrain development. The purpose of this chapter is to review what is known about the regulatory mechanisms which establish and maintain Hox gene expression and function in hindbrain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tümpel
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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19
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Sangiorgi E, Shuhua Z, Capecchi MR. In vivo evaluation of PhiC31 recombinase activity using a self-excision cassette. Nucleic Acids Res 2008; 36:e134. [PMID: 18829714 PMCID: PMC2582622 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkn627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene targeting allows precise tailoring of the mouse genome such that desired modifications can be introduced under precise temporal and spatial control. This can be achieved through the use of site-specific recombinases, which mediate deletion or inversion of genomic DNA flanked by recombinase-specific recognition sites, coupled with gene targeting to introduce the recombinase recognition sites at the desired genomic locations within the mouse genome. The introduction of multiple modifications at the same locus often requires use of multiple recombination systems. The most commonly used recombination system is Cre/lox. We here evaluated in vivo the ability of PhiC31 phage integrase to induce a genomic deletion in mouse. We engineered a self-excision cassette, modeled after one previously designed for Cre, containing a positive selection marker and PhiC31 driven by a testis-specific promoter, all flanked by PhiC31 specific attP/B sites. We found in vivo PhiC31 mediated self-excision in 38% of transmitted alleles, although 18% of these showed evidence of imprecise deletion. Furthermore, in the 69% of un-recombined cassettes, sequence analysis revealed that PhiC31 mediated an intra-molecular deletion of the attB site preventing any subsequent recombination. This study demonstrates that PhiC31 can be used to automatically remove Neo, in the male chimera germline, although it is not as efficient or as accurate as Cre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Sangiorgi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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20
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Altered neuronal lineages in the facial ganglia of Hoxa2 mutant mice. Dev Biol 2008; 314:171-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Abstract
Analysis of the Hoxa5(-/-) mutants has revealed the critical role of Hoxa5 in survival, specification of axial identity, and ontogeny of organs, including the respiratory tract. The presence of the selection cassette in the original Hoxa5(-/-) mutation may interfere with the interpretation of the phenotypes. To circumvent this aspect and to bypass the lethality of the Hoxa5 mutation, we have designed a conditional approach and generated Hoxa5 allelic variants. The conditional allele (Hoxa5(floxed)) behaves as a wild-type allele. In contrast, both the Hoxa5(Delta) and the Hoxa5(floxneo) alleles are characterized by the loss of the functional transcript and protein, the lethality due to lung defects and the skeletal homeotic transformations similar to those of the Hoxa5(-/-) mutants. Analysis of neighboring Hox gene expression patterns in the Hoxa5 mutants produced further confirmed that the Hoxa5 allelic variants are true null alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Tabariès
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de l'Université Laval, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec, Canada
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22
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Sugamori KS, Brenneman D, Wong S, Gaedigk A, Yu V, Abramovici H, Rozmahel R, Grant DM. Effect of Arylamine AcetyltransferaseNat3Gene Knockout onN-Acetylation in the Mouse. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1064-70. [PMID: 17403913 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.015396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NAT) catalyze the biotransformation of many important arylamine drugs and procarcinogens. NAT can either detoxify or activate procarcinogens, complicating the manner in which these enzymes may participate in enhancing or preventing toxic responses to particular agents. Mice possess three NAT isoenzymes: Nat1, Nat2, and Nat3. Whereas Nat1 and Nat2 can efficiently acetylate many arylamines, few substrates appear to be appreciably metabolized by Nat3. We generated a Nat3 knockout mouse strain and used it along with our double Nat1/2(-/-) knockout strain to further investigate the functional role of Nat3. Nat3(-/-) mice showed normal viability and reproductive capacity. Nat3 expression was very low in wild-type animals and completely undetectable in Nat3(-/-) mice. In contrast, greatly elevated expression of Nat3 transcript was observed in Nat1/2(-/-) mice. We used a transcribed marker polymorphism approach to establish that the increased expression of Nat3 in Nat1/2(-/-) mice is a positional artifact of insertion of the phosphoglycerate kinase-neomycin resistance cassette in place of the Nat1/Nat2 gene region and upstream of the intact Nat3 gene, rather than a biological compensatory mechanism. Despite the increase in Nat3 transcript, the N-acetylation of p-aminosalicylate, sulfamethazine, 2-aminofluorene, and 4-aminobiphenyl was undetectable either in vivo or in vitro in Nat1/2(-/-) animals. In parallel, no difference was observed in the in vivo clearance or in vitro metabolism of any of these substrates between wild-type and Nat3(-/-) mice. Thus, Nat3 is unlikely to play a significant role in the N-acetylation of arylamines either in wild-type mice or in mice lacking Nat1 and Nat2 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Sugamori
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Carter LL, Leach MW, Azoitei ML, Cui J, Pelker JW, Jussif J, Benoit S, Ireland G, Luxenberg D, Askew GR, Milarski KL, Groves C, Brown T, Carito BA, Percival K, Carreno BM, Collins M, Marusic S. PD-1/PD-L1, but not PD-1/PD-L2, interactions regulate the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 182:124-34. [PMID: 17182110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2006] [Revised: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 10/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between PD-1 and its two differentially expressed ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, attenuate T cell activation and effector function. To determine the role of these molecules in autoimmune disease of the CNS, PD-1-/-, PD-L1-/- and PD-L2-/- mice were generated and immunized to induce experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). PD-1-/- and PD-L1-/- mice developed more severe EAE than wild type and PD-L2-/- mice. Consistent with this, PD-1-/- and PD-L1-/- cells produced elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-gamma, TNF, IL-6 and IL-17. These results demonstrate that interactions between PD-1/PD-L1, but not PD-1/PDL-2, are crucial in attenuating T cell responses in EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- B7-1 Antigen/metabolism
- B7-H1 Antigen
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-17/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptides/deficiency
- Peptides/metabolism
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Ligand 2 Protein
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Carter
- Inflammation, Wyeth Research, 200 CambridgePark Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, United States.
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24
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Tümpel S, Cambronero F, Ferretti E, Blasi F, Wiedemann LM, Krumlauf R. Expression of Hoxa2 in rhombomere 4 is regulated by a conserved cross-regulatory mechanism dependent upon Hoxb1. Dev Biol 2006; 302:646-60. [PMID: 17113575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Hoxa2 gene is an important component of regulatory events during hindbrain segmentation and head development in vertebrates. In this study we have used sequenced comparisons of the Hoxa2 locus from 12 vertebrate species in combination with detailed regulatory analyses in mouse and chicken embryos to characterize the mechanistic basis for the regulation of Hoxa2 in rhombomere (r) 4. A highly conserved region in the Hoxa2 intron functions as an r4 enhancer. In vitro binding studies demonstrate that within the conserved region three bipartite Hox/Pbx binding sites (PH1-PH3) in combination with a single binding site for Pbx-Prep/Meis (PM) heterodimers co-operate to regulate enhancer activity in r4. Mutational analysis reveals that these sites are required for activity of the enhancer, suggesting that the r4 enhancer from Hoxa2 functions in vivo as a Hox-response module in combination with the Hox cofactors, Pbx and Prep/Meis. Furthermore, this r4 enhancer is capable of mediating a response to ectopic HOXB1 expression in the hindbrain. These findings reveal that Hoxa2 is a target gene of Hoxb1 and permit us to develop a gene regulatory network for r4, whereby Hoxa2, along with Hoxb1, Hoxb2 and Hoxa1, is integrated into a series of auto- and cross-regulatory loops between Hox genes. These data highlight the important role played by direct cross-talk between Hox genes in regulating hindbrain patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tümpel
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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25
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Akin ZN, Nazarali AJ. Hox genes and their candidate downstream targets in the developing central nervous system. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25:697-741. [PMID: 16075387 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-005-3971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 04/14/2004] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
1. Homeobox (Hox) genes were originally discovered in the fruit fly Drosophila, where they function through a conserved homeodomain as transcriptional regulators to control embryonic morphogenesis. Since then over 1000 homeodomain proteins have been identified in several species. In vertebrates, 39 Hox genes have been identified as homologs of the original Drosophila complex, and like their Drosophila counterparts they are organized within chromosomal clusters. Vertebrate Hox genes have also been shown to play a critical role in embryonic development as transcriptional regulators. 2. Both the Drosophila and vertebrate Hox genes have been shown to interact with various cofactors, such as the TALE homeodomain proteins, in recognition of consensus sequences within regulatory elements of their target genes. These protein-protein interactions are believed to contribute to enhancing the specificity of target gene recognition in a cell-type or tissue- dependent manner. The regulatory activity of a particular Hox protein on a specific regulatory element is highly variable and dependent on its interacting partners within the transcriptional complex. 3. In vertebrates, Hox genes display spatially restricted patterns of expression within the developing CNS, both along the anterioposterior and dorsoventral axis of the embryo. Their restricted gene expression is suggestive of a regulatory role in patterning of the CNS, as well as in cell specification. Determining the precise function of individual Hox genes in CNS morphogenesis through classical mutational analyses is complicated due to functional redundancy between Hox genes. 4. Understanding the precise mechanisms through which Hox genes mediate embryonic morphogenesis requires the identification of their downstream target genes. Although Hox genes have been implicated in the regulation of several pathways, few target genes have been shown to be under their direct regulatory control. Development of methodologies used for the isolation of target genes and for the analysis of putative targets will be beneficial in establishing the genetic pathways controlled by Hox factors. 5. Within the developing CNS various cell adhesion molecules and signaling molecules have been identified as candidate downstream target genes of Hox proteins. These targets play a role in processes such as cell migration and differentiation, and are implicated in contributing to neuronal processes such as plasticity and/or specification. Hence, Hox genes not only play a role in patterning of the CNS during early development, but may also contribute to cell specification and identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z N Akin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 116 Thorvaldson Building, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5C9, Canada
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26
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Perez FA, Palmiter RD. Parkin-deficient mice are not a robust model of parkinsonism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2174-9. [PMID: 15684050 PMCID: PMC548311 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409598102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, a heritable form of Parkinson's disease (PD). To determine whether mutations in the mouse parkin gene (Park2) also result in a parkinsonian phenotype, we generated mice with a targeted deletion of parkin exon 2. Using an extensive behavioral screen, we evaluated neurological function, motor ability, emotionality, learning, and memory in aged Parkin-deficient mice. The behavioral profile of Parkin-deficient mice on a B6;129S4 genetic background was strikingly similar to that of control mice, and most differences were not reproducible by using coisogenic mice on a 129S4 genetic background. Moreover, catecholamine levels in the striatum, olfactory bulb, and spinal cord of Parkin-deficient mice were normal. In contrast to previous studies using independently generated Parkin-deficient mice, we found no evidence for nigrostriatal, cognitive, or noradrenergic dysfunction. Understanding why Parkin-deficient mice do not exhibit robust signs of parkinsonism could advance knowledge and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Perez
- Graduate Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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27
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Remacle S, Abbas L, De Backer O, Pacico N, Gavalas A, Gofflot F, Picard JJ, Rezsöhazy R. Loss of function but no gain of function caused by amino acid substitutions in the hexapeptide of Hoxa1 in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:8567-75. [PMID: 15367676 PMCID: PMC516739 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.19.8567-8575.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeodomain containing transcription factors of the Hox family play critical roles in patterning the anteroposterior embryonic body axis, as well as in controlling several steps of organogenesis. Several Hox proteins have been shown to cooperate with members of the Pbx family for the recognition and activation of identified target enhancers. Hox proteins contact Pbx via a conserved hexapeptide motif. Previous biochemical studies provided evidence that critical amino acid substitutions in the hexapeptide sequence of Hoxa1 abolish its interaction with Pbx. As a result, these substitutions also abolish Hoxa1 activity on known target enhancers in cellular models, suggesting that Hoxa1 activity relies on its capacity to interact with Pbx. Here, we show that mice with mutations in the Hoxa1 hexapeptide display hindbrain, cranial nerve, and skeletal defects highly reminiscent of those reported for the Hoxa1 loss of function. Since similar hexapeptide mutations in the mouse Hoxb8 and the Drosophila AbdA proteins result in activity modulation and gain of function, our data demonstrate that the functional importance of the hexapeptide in vivo differs according to the Hox proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Remacle
- Unit of Developmental Genetics, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Lampe X, Picard JJ, Rezsohazy R. The Hoxa2 enhancer 2 contains a critical Hoxa2 responsive regulatory element. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 316:898-902. [PMID: 15033486 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.02.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rhombomeres are embryonic territories arising from the transient segmentation of the hindbrain. Their identity is specified by Hox genes from paralogous groups 1-4. Hoxa2 is the only Hox gene to be expressed in the second rhombomere and the regulatory cues leading to this region-specific expression have been poorly investigated. A 2.5-kb DNA fragment overlapping with the 3' end of Hoxa2 was previously shown to specifically direct the expression of a reporter gene in the second rhombomere and the rostral somites of mouse embryos. Here, we report that this enhancer region is activated in vitro by Hoxa2 and that this activation is strictly dependent on a short 10-bp sequence matching the consensus for Hox-Pbx recognition sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Lampe
- Unit of Developmental Genetics, Université catholique de Louvain, 73 (boîte 82) avenue Mounier, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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29
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Scarff KL, Ung KS, Sun J, Bird PI. A retained selection cassette increases reporter gene expression without affecting tissue distribution in SPI3 knockout/GFP knock-in mice. Genesis 2003; 36:149-57. [PMID: 12872246 DOI: 10.1002/gene.10210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The human serpin, proteinase inhibitor 6 (PI-6/SERPINB6), is a protease inhibitor expressed in many tissues. It inhibits a large number of proteases, including cathepsin G in granulocytes and monocytes. To determine the temporal and spatial distribution of PI-6, mice were generated in which exon 2 of the PI-6 ortholog SPI3 (Serpinb6) was replaced with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene. This placed GFP under the control of the regulatory elements and initiation codon of the SPI3 gene. The neomycin selection cassette was flanked by loxP sites to allow excision from the targeted allele. GFP expression in heterozygous and SPI3-deficient mice accurately reflected the tissue distribution of SPI3 in all organs tested and allowed precise comparisons of expression levels. Interestingly, retention of the neomycin cassette in targeted mice resulted in 2-10-fold increases of GFP in leukocytes, but without affecting tissue-specific expression patterns. This is the first example of selection cassette retention specifically increasing reporter gene expression in targeted mice and reinforces the view that selection cassettes must be removed to avoid confounding effects on reporter gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina L Scarff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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