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Kurdi BA, Ababneh NA, Abuharfeil N, Al Demour S, Awidi AS. Use of conditioned media (CM) and xeno-free serum substitute on human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) differentiation into urothelial-like cells. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10890. [PMID: 33850639 PMCID: PMC8019311 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital abnormalities, cancers as well as injuries can cause irreversible damage to the urinary tract, which eventually requires tissue reconstruction. Smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and urothelial cells are the major cell types required for the reconstruction of lower urinary tract. Adult stem cells represent an accessible source of unlimited repertoire of untransformed cells. Aim Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is the most vital supplement in the culture media used for cellular proliferation and differentiation. However, due to the increasing interest in manufacturing xeno-free stem cell-based cellular products, optimizing the composition of the culture media and the serum-type used is of paramount importance. In this study, the effects of FBS and pooled human platelet (pHPL) lysate were assessed on the capacity of human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) to differentiate into urothelial-like cells. Also, we aimed to compare the ability of both conditioned media (CM) and unconditioned urothelial cell media (UCM) to induce urothelial differentiation of ADCS in vitro. Methods ADSCs were isolated from human lipoaspirates and characterized by flow cytometry for their ability to express the most common mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) markers. The differentiation potential was also assessed by differentiating them into osteogenic and adipogenic cell lineages. To evaluate the capacity of ADSCs to differentiate towards the urothelial-like lineage, cells were cultured with either CM or UCM, supplemented with either 5% pHPL, 2.5% pHPL or 10% FBS. After 14 days of induction, cells were utilized for gene expression and immunofluorescence analysis. Results ADSCs cultured in CM and supplemented with FBS exhibited the highest upregulation levels of the urothelial cell markers; cytokeratin-18 (CK-18), cytokeratin-19 (CK-19), and Uroplakin-2 (UPK-2), with a 6.7, 4.2- and a 2-folds increase in gene expression, respectively. Meanwhile, the use of CM supplemented with either 5% pHPL or 2.5% pHPL, and UCM supplemented with either 5% pHPL or 2.5% pHPL showed low expression levels of CK-18 and CK-19 and no upregulation of UPK-2 level was observed. In contrast, the use of UCM with FBS has increased the levels of CK-18 and CK-19, however to a lesser extent compared to CM. At the cellular level, CK-18 and UPK-2 were only detected in CM/FBS supplemented group. Growth factor analysis revealed an increase in the expression levels of EGF, VEGF and PDGF in all of the differentiated groups. Conclusion Efficient ADSCs urothelial differentiation is dependent on the use of conditioned media. The presence of high concentrations of proliferation-inducing growth factors present in the pHPL reduces the efficiency of ADSCs differentiation towards the urothelial lineage. Additionally, the increase in EGF, VEGF and PDGF during the differentiation implicates them in the mechanism of urothelial cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ban Al- Kurdi
- Cell Therapy Center, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Nizar Abuharfeil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Saddam Al Demour
- Department of Urology, School of medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdalla S Awidi
- Cell Therapy Center, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Jordan University Hospital, Amman, Jordan
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Sachs LM, Buchholz DR. Insufficiency of Thyroid Hormone in Frog Metamorphosis and the Role of Glucocorticoids. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:287. [PMID: 31143159 PMCID: PMC6521741 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is the most important hormone in frog metamorphosis, a developmental process which will not occur in the absence of TH but can be induced precociously by exogenous TH. However, such treatments including in-vitro TH treatments often do not replicate the events of natural metamorphosis in many organs, including lung, brain, blood, intestine, pancreas, tail, and skin. A potential explanation for the discrepancy between natural and TH-induced metamorphosis is the involvement of glucocorticoids (GCs). GCs are not able to advance development by themselves but can modulate the rate of developmental progress induced by TH via increased tissue sensitivity to TH. Global gene expression analyses and endocrine experiments suggest that GCs may also have direct actions required for completion of metamorphosis independent of their effects on TH signaling. Here, we provide a new review and analysis of the requirement and necessity of TH signaling in light of recent insights from gene knockout frogs. We also examine the independent and interactive roles GCs play in regulating morphological and molecular metamorphic events dependent upon TH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent M. Sachs
- Département Adaptation du Vivant, UMR 7221 CNRS, Muséum National d'histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Daniel R. Buchholz
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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Duran CL, Howell DW, Dave JM, Smith RL, Torrie ME, Essner JJ, Bayless KJ. Molecular Regulation of Sprouting Angiogenesis. Compr Physiol 2017; 8:153-235. [PMID: 29357127 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The term angiogenesis arose in the 18th century. Several studies over the next 100 years laid the groundwork for initial studies performed by the Folkman laboratory, which were at first met with some opposition. Once overcome, the angiogenesis field has flourished due to studies on tumor angiogenesis and various developmental models that can be genetically manipulated, including mice and zebrafish. In addition, new discoveries have been aided by the ability to isolate primary endothelial cells, which has allowed dissection of various steps within angiogenesis. This review will summarize the molecular events that control angiogenesis downstream of biochemical factors such as growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), and lipids. These and other stimuli have been linked to regulation of junctional molecules and cell surface receptors. In addition, the contribution of cytoskeletal elements and regulatory proteins has revealed an intricate role for mobilization of actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments in response to cues that activate the endothelium. Activating stimuli also affect various focal adhesion proteins, scaffold proteins, intracellular kinases, and second messengers. Finally, metalloproteinases, which facilitate matrix degradation and the formation of new blood vessels, are discussed, along with our knowledge of crosstalk between the various subclasses of these molecules throughout the text. Compr Physiol 8:153-235, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille L Duran
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - David W Howell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jui M Dave
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Melanie E Torrie
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Essner
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Kayla J Bayless
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas, USA
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Hiram-Bab S, Katz LS, Shapira H, Sandbank J, Gershengorn MC, Oron Y. Platelet-derived growth factor BB mimics serum-induced dispersal of pancreatic epithelial cell clusters. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:743-51. [PMID: 24129818 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We showed previously that proliferating human islet-derived de-differentiated cells (DIDs) exhibit many characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells. Dispersed DIDs can be induced by serum deprivation to undergo mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition and aggregate into epithelial cell clusters (ECCs). Conversely, ECCs can be induced to disperse and undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by re-addition of mammalian sera. In this study, we show that platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) mimics and mediates serum-induced ECCs' dispersal accompanied by accumulation of cytoplasmic β-catenin and a decrease in the levels of insulin and glucagon mRNAs. Moreover, we show that PDGF-BB-induced dispersal of ECCs is a more general phenomenon that occurs also with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and dermal fibroblasts (DFs). In DIDs, BM-MSCs, and DFs, PDGF decreased the levels of DKK1 mRNA, suggesting involvement of the Wnt signaling pathway. PDGF-BB stimulated a significant increase in S473 phosphorylation of Akt and the PI3K specific inhibitor (PIP828) partially inhibited PDGF-BB-induced ECC dispersal. Lastly, the PDGF-receptor (PDGF-R) antagonist JNJ-10198409 inhibited both PDGF-BB--and serum-induced ECC dispersal. Epidermal growth factor (EGF), which shares most of the PDGF signaling pathway, did not induce dispersal and only weakly stimulated Akt phosphorylation. Our data suggest that PDGF-BB mediates serum-induced DIDs dispersal, correlated with the activation of the PI3K-Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Hiram-Bab
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Ishizuya-Oka A, Hasebe T, Buchholz DR, Kajita M, Fu L, Shi YB. Origin of the adult intestinal stem cells induced by thyroid hormone in Xenopus laevis. FASEB J 2009; 23:2568-75. [PMID: 19299481 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-128124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the amphibian intestine during metamorphosis, de novo stem cells generate the adult epithelium analogous to the mammalian counterpart. Interestingly, to date the exact origin of these stem cells remains to be determined, making intestinal metamorphosis a unique model to study development of adult organ-specific stem cells. Here, to determine their origin, we made use of transgenic Xenopus tadpoles expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) for recombinant organ cultures. The larval epithelium separated from the wild-type (Wt) or GFP transgenic (Tg) intestine before metamorphic climax was recombined with homologous and heterologous nonepithelial tissues and was cultivated in the presence of thyroid hormone, the causative agent of metamorphosis. In all kinds of recombinant intestine, adult progenitor cells expressing markers for intestinal stem cells such as sonic hedgehog became detectable and then differentiated into the adult epithelium expressing intestinal fatty acid binding-protein, a marker for absorptive cells. Notably, whenever the epithelium was derived from Tg intestine, both the adult progenitor/stem cells and their differentiated cells expressed GFP, whereas neither of them expressed GFP in the Wt-derived epithelium. Our results provide direct evidence that stem cells that generate the adult intestinal epithelium originate from the larval epithelium, through thyroid hormone-induced dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Ishizuya-Oka
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, 2-297-2 Kosugi-cho, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-0063, Japan.
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Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) have served as prototypes for growth factor and receptor tyrosine kinase function for more than 25 years. Studies of PDGFs and PDGFRs in animal development have revealed roles for PDGFR-alpha signaling in gastrulation and in the development of the cranial and cardiac neural crest, gonads, lung, intestine, skin, CNS, and skeleton. Similarly, roles for PDGFR-beta signaling have been established in blood vessel formation and early hematopoiesis. PDGF signaling is implicated in a range of diseases. Autocrine activation of PDGF signaling pathways is involved in certain gliomas, sarcomas, and leukemias. Paracrine PDGF signaling is commonly observed in epithelial cancers, where it triggers stromal recruitment and may be involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, thereby affecting tumor growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. PDGFs drive pathological mesenchymal responses in vascular disorders such as atherosclerosis, restenosis, pulmonary hypertension, and retinal diseases, as well as in fibrotic diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, scleroderma, glomerulosclerosis, and cardiac fibrosis. We review basic aspects of the PDGF ligands and receptors, their developmental and pathological functions, principles of their pharmacological inhibition, and results using PDGF pathway-inhibitory or stimulatory drugs in preclinical and clinical contexts.
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Stock P, Monga D, Tan X, Micsenyi A, Loizos N, Monga SPS. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha: a novel therapeutic target in human hepatocellular cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:1932-41. [PMID: 17604334 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular cancer (HCC) is a disease of poor prognosis. Identifying novel molecular aberrations might present opportunities to identify new therapeutic targets. Due to the similarities between the processes of development and cancer, we used early developing livers to identify genes that might play a primary role in HCC. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRalpha) was identified from microarray using early developing mouse livers. Expression of PDGFRalpha and its upstream effectors, PDGF-AA and PDGF-CC, were examined in HCC tissues (n = 43) by Western blot, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Finally, effect of anti-PDGFRalpha antibody (mAb 3G3, ImClone Systems, Inc.) was examined on human hepatoma cells. A high expression of PDGFRalpha was observed during early liver development. HCCs (17 of 21) revealed cytoplasmic PDGFRalpha and activated PDGFRalpha (phospho-Tyr(754)) by immunohistochemistry. Additional HCCs (14 of 22) showed elevated PDGFRalpha levels when compared with the adjacent normal livers by Western blots. Of these 14 patients, 3 showed increased PDGFRalpha gene expression, 3 showed elevated PDGF-AA, and 4 had higher PDGF-CC levels in the tumors compared with adjacent livers. Multiple hepatoma cell lines, when treated with mAb 3G3, showed significant decreases in cell proliferation and survival (P < 0.05). In conclusion, approximately 70% of HCC tissues had elevated PDGFRalpha levels due to diverse mechanisms. PDGFRalpha inhibition in hepatoma cells led to diminution of tumor cell survival and proliferation and thus might be of therapeutic significance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Ligands
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/growth & development
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Mice
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/genetics
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Stock
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, S421-BST Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Chen W, Obara M, Ishida Y, Suzuki KI, Yoshizato K. Characterization of histone lysine-specific demethylase in relation to thyroid hormone-regulated anuran metamorphosis. Dev Growth Differ 2007; 49:325-34. [PMID: 17501908 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2007.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptor (THR) is a member of the nuclear transcription factor and plays a central role in regulating anuran metamorphosis. Previous studies with mammalian cells have suggested that THR is involved in chromatin remodeling through histone methylation. In the present study, we cloned cDNA of lysine-specific demethylase gene, xLSD1, from Xenopus laevis and examined its expression in relation to metamorphosis. Overexpression of xLSD1 in A6 cells, a Xenopus laevis cell line, resulted in the decrease of methylation status of lysine residues of histone H3, indicating that the protein of cloned xLSD1 was functionally active. The expression of LSD1 at mRNA levels was up-regulated in the body skin and the intestine during natural and thyroid hormone-induced metamorphosis. Larval epidermal basal cells and intestinal epithelial cells at the premetamorphic stage were identified as the xLSD1-expressing cells. At the metamorphic climax stage the progenitor cells of adult epidermal basal cells also expressed xLSD1, whereas those of the adult intestinal epithelial cells did not. We propose that LSD1 participates in the regulation of metamorphosis through THR- or another transcriptional factor-induced chromatin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Ji L, Domanski D, Skirrow RC, Helbing CC. Genistein prevents thyroid hormone-dependent tail regression ofRana catesbeiana tadpoles by targetting protein kinase C and thyroid hormone receptor α. Dev Dyn 2007; 236:777-90. [PMID: 17279574 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH)-regulated gene expression is mainly mediated by TH binding to nuclear thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). Despite extensive studies in mammalian cell lines that show that phosphorylation signaling pathways are important in TH action, little is known about their roles on TH signaling in vivo during development. Anuran metamorphosis is a postembryonic process that is absolutely dependent upon TH and tadpole tail resorption can be precociously induced by exogenous administration of 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)). We demonstrate that genistein (a major isoflavone in soy products and tyrosine kinase inhibitor) and the PKC inhibitor (H7) prevent T(3)-induced regression of the Rana catesbeiana tadpole tail. T(3)-induced protein kinase C tyrosine phosphorylation and kinase activity are inhibited by genistein while T(3)-induced up-regulation of TRbeta mRNA, but not TRalpha mRNA, is significantly attenuated, most likely through inhibition of T(3)-dependent phosphorylation of the TRalpha protein. This phosphorylation may be modulated through PKC. These data demonstrate that T(3) signaling in the context of normal cells in vivo includes phosphorylation as an important factor in establishing T(3)-dependent tail regression during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Yoshizato K. Molecular Mechanism and Evolutional Significance of Epithelial–Mesenchymal Interactions in the Body‐ and Tail‐Dependent Metamorphic Transformation of Anuran Larval Skin. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2007; 260:213-60. [PMID: 17482907 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(06)60005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis of an anuran larva is composed of apical and skein cells that are both mitotically active and self-renewed through larval life. In contrast, the epidermis of an adult frog, with typical stratified squamous epithelium composed of germinative basal, spinous, granular, and cornified cells, is histologically identical to the mammalian epidermis. Two important issues have not yet been addressed in the study of the development of anuran skin. One is the origin of adult basal cells in the larval epidermis and the other is the mechanism by which larval basal cells are transformed into adult basal cells in a region- (body- and tail-) dependent manner. The cell lineage relationship between the larval and adult epidermal cells was determined by examining the expression profiles of several genes that are expressed specifically in larval and/or adult epidermal cells and differentiation profiles of larval basal cells cultured in the presence of thyroid hormone (TH). Histological analyses using several markers led to the identification of the skin transformation center (STC) where the conversion of larval skin to the adult counterpart is taking place. The STC emerges at a specific place in the body skin and at a specific stage of larval development. The STC progressively "moves" into and "invades" the adjacent larval region of the trunk skin as a larva develops, converting the larval skin into the preadult skin, but never into the tail region. The larva to preadult skin conversion requires an epidermal-mesenchymal interaction. The genesis of preadult basal cells is suppressed in the tail epidermis due to the influence of underlying mesenchyme in the tail region. PDGF signaling is one of the molecular cues of epidermal-mesenchymal interactions. In addition, a unique feature of anuran skin metamorphosis is presented referring to the skin of other vertebrates. Histological comparisons of the skin among vertebrate species strongly suggested a similarity between the anuran larval skin and the teleost fish adult skin and between the anuran adult skin and the adult skin of other tetrapod species. Based on these similarities, the evolutional significance of anuran skin metamorphosis is proposed. Finally, studies are reviewed that reveal the molecular mechanism of anuran metamorphosis in relation to TH-TR-TRE signaling. The results of these studies suggest new aspects of the biological significance of TH, and also enable us to envision concerted regulations of the expression of a gene in the frame of the gene network responsible for metamorphic remodeling of larval tissues. The present review will contribute to an understanding of the molecular mechanism of region-dependent skin development of anurans from not only a metamorphic but also from an evolutional point of view, and will provide a new way to understand the biological significance of TH in anurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Yoshizato
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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Ishida Y, Suzuki KI, Utoh R, Obara M, Yoshizato K. Molecular identification of the skin transformation center of anuran larval skin using genes of Rana adult keratin (RAK) and SPARC as probes. Dev Growth Differ 2003; 45:515-26. [PMID: 14706076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2003.00719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anuran larval skin undergoes a process of metamorphosis into pre-adult and adult skin. Basal skein, larval basal and adult basal cells are basement membrane-attaching cells in the larval, pre-adult and adult epidermis, respectively, and are identified as cells expressing genes of RLK (Rana larval keratin), both RLK and RAK (Rana adult keratin), and RAK. Larval to pre-adult skin conversion takes place in the histological entity called the skin transformation center (STC). The present study performed a cDNA subtractive gene screening on cDNA of the larval and the pre-adult skin, and cloned the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) gene as an upregulated gene in the larva to pre-adult skin conversion. RAK gene-positive basal skein cells and fibroblasts in and around the STC were weakly and strongly sparc-positive, respectively. Using sparc and rak, we redefined the STC and visualized it on a histological section as an approximately 150 microm-long region that contained about 20 rak-negative and weakly sparc-positive basal cells. Intense sparc expression was observed in basal skein cells, but not in larval basal cells, suggesting that SPARC acts as a suppressor of rak during epidermal differentiation. This suggestion was tested by investigating the effect of SPARC on cultured larval basal cells. We observed that SPARC suppressed the expression of rak, but not rlk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Ishida
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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