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Gula G, Rumiński S, Niderla-Bielińska J, Jasińska A, Kiernozek E, Jankowska-Steifer E, Flaht-Zabost A, Ratajska A. Potential functions of embryonic cardiac macrophages in angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 155:117-132. [PMID: 33130914 PMCID: PMC7847984 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The role of cardiac tissue macrophages (cTMs) during pre- and postnatal developmental stages remains in many aspects unknown. We aimed to characterize cTM populations and their potential functions based on surface markers. Our in situ studies of immunostained cardiac tissue specimens of murine fetuses (from E11to E17) revealed that a significant number of embryonic cTMs (phenotyped by CD45, CD68, CD64, F4/80, CD11b, CD206, Lyve-1) resided mostly in the subepicardial space, not in the entire myocardial wall, as observed in adult individuals. cTMs accompanied newly developed blood and lymphatic vessels adhering to vessel walls by cellular processes. A subpopulation of CD68-positive cells was found to form accumulations in areas of massive apoptosis during the outflow tract remodeling and shortening. Flow cytometry analysis at E14 and E17 stages revealed newly defined three subpopulations:CD64low, CD64highCD206-and CD64highCD206+. The levels of mRNA expression for genes related to regulation of angiogenesis (VEGFa, VEGFb, VEGFc, bFGF), lymphangiogenesis (VEGFc) and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling (MMP13, Arg1, Ym1/Chil3, Retlna/FIZZ1) differed among the selected populations and/or embryonic stages. Our results demonstrate a diversity of embryonic cTMs and their tissue-specific locations, suggesting their various potential roles in regulating angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and ECM remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Gula
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Central Clinical Hospital of the MSWiA, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Rumiński
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Jasińska
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Student's Scientific Circle at Department of Pathology MUW, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Jankowska-Steifer
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Flaht-Zabost
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ratajska
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland.
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2
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Lioux G, Liu X, Temiño S, Oxendine M, Ayala E, Ortega S, Kelly RG, Oliver G, Torres M. A Second Heart Field-Derived Vasculogenic Niche Contributes to Cardiac Lymphatics. Dev Cell 2020; 52:350-363.e6. [PMID: 31928974 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian heart contains multiple cell types that appear progressively during embryonic development. Advance in determining cardiac lineage diversification has often been limited by the unreliability of genetic tracers. Here we combine clonal analysis, genetic lineage tracing, tissue transplantation, and mutant characterization to investigate the lineage relationships between epicardium, arterial mesothelial cells (AMCs), and the coronary vasculature. We report a contribution of the second heart field (SHF) to a vasculogenic niche composed of AMCs and sub-mesothelial cells at the base of the pulmonary artery. Sub-mesothelial cells from this niche differentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells and, in close association with AMC-derived cells, contribute to and are essential for the development of ventral cardiac lymphatics. In addition, regionalized epicardial/mesothelial retinoic acid signaling regulates lymphangiogenesis, contributing to the niche properties. These results uncover a SHF vasculogenic contribution to coronary lymphatic development through a local niche at the base of the great arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghislaine Lioux
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Susana Temiño
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Michael Oxendine
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Estefanía Ayala
- Mouse Genome Editing Core Unit, National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), CNIO, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Sagrario Ortega
- Mouse Genome Editing Core Unit, National Cancer Research Center (CNIO), CNIO, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Robert G Kelly
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS UMR 7288, IBDM, Marseille, France
| | - Guillermo Oliver
- Center for Vascular and Developmental Biology, Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Miguel Torres
- Cardiovascular Development Program, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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3
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Harrison MR, Feng X, Mo G, Aguayo A, Villafuerte J, Yoshida T, Pearson CA, Schulte-Merker S, Lien CL. Late developing cardiac lymphatic vasculature supports adult zebrafish heart function and regeneration. eLife 2019; 8:42762. [PMID: 31702553 PMCID: PMC6881116 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac lymphatic vascular system and its potentially critical functions in heart patients have been largely underappreciated, in part due to a lack of experimentally accessible systems. We here demonstrate that cardiac lymphatic vessels develop in young adult zebrafish, using coronary arteries to guide their expansion down the ventricle. Mechanistically, we show that in cxcr4a mutants with defective coronary artery development, cardiac lymphatic vessels fail to expand onto the ventricle. In regenerating adult zebrafish hearts the lymphatic vasculature undergoes extensive lymphangiogenesis in response to a cryoinjury. A significant defect in reducing the scar size after cryoinjury is observed in zebrafish with impaired Vegfc/Vegfr3 signaling that fail to develop intact cardiac lymphatic vessels. These results suggest that the cardiac lymphatic system can influence the regenerative potential of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rm Harrison
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Xidi Feng
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Guqin Mo
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Antonio Aguayo
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jessi Villafuerte
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Biology, California State University of San Bernardino, San Bernardino, United States
| | - Tyler Yoshida
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Caroline A Pearson
- Department of Neurobiology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Stefan Schulte-Merker
- Institute of Cardiovascular Organogenesis and Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,CiM Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003 CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ching-Ling Lien
- The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
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4
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Breslin JW, Yang Y, Scallan JP, Sweat RS, Adderley SP, Murfee WL. Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:207-299. [PMID: 30549020 PMCID: PMC6459625 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Joshua P. Scallan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - Richard S. Sweat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Shaquria P. Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
| | - W. Lee Murfee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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5
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Vuorio T, Tirronen A, Ylä-Herttuala S. Cardiac Lymphatics - A New Avenue for Therapeutics? Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:285-296. [PMID: 28087126 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in lymphatic vessel biology and in novel imaging techniques has established the importance of the lymphatic vasculature as part of the cardiovascular system. The lymphatic vessel network regulates many physiological processes important for heart function such as fluid balance, transport of extravasated proteins, and trafficking of immune cells. Therefore, lymphangiogenic therapy could be beneficial in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, for example by improving reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from atherosclerotic lesions or by resolving edema and fibrosis after myocardial infarction. In this review we first describe recent findings on the development and function of cardiac lymphatic vessels, and subsequently focus on the prospects of pro- and anti-lymphangiogenic therapies in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taina Vuorio
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annakaisa Tirronen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland; Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, PO Box 1777, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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6
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Epicardium is required for cardiac seeding by yolk sac macrophages, precursors of resident macrophages of the adult heart. Dev Biol 2016; 413:153-159. [PMID: 26988120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A subset of macrophages that reside in adult tissues originate from the fetal yolk sac, while others derive from circulating monocytes. These ontologically different macrophage subsets have distinct roles in tissue injury responses, with the embryonic population overall having beneficial activity in cardiac repair. Here we show that fetal yolk macrophages are recruited to a niche within and just below the epicardium, the mesothelial covering of the heart. The epicardium was required for establishment of yolk sac macrophages in this region of the fetal heart, and this function of epicardium depended on its expression of the transcription factor WT1. Thus, tissue-specific cues and transcriptional programs recruit or retain embryonic macrophages in their final abodes, where they help to shape organ homeostasis and injury responses.
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7
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Norman S, Riley PR. Anatomy and development of the cardiac lymphatic vasculature: Its role in injury and disease. Clin Anat 2015; 29:305-15. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.22638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Norman
- Department of Physiology; Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. Riley
- Department of Physiology; Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford United Kingdom
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8
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Klotz L, Norman S, Vieira JM, Masters M, Rohling M, Dubé KN, Bollini S, Matsuzaki F, Carr CA, Riley PR. Cardiac lymphatics are heterogeneous in origin and respond to injury. Nature 2015; 522:62-7. [PMID: 25992544 PMCID: PMC4458138 DOI: 10.1038/nature14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is a blind-ended network crucial for tissue fluid homeostasis, immune surveillance and lipid absorption from the gut. Recent evidence has proposed an entirely venous-derived mammalian lymphatic system. In contrast, we reveal here that cardiac lymphatic vessels have a heterogeneous cellular origin, whereby formation of at least part of the cardiac lymphatic network is independent of sprouting from veins. Multiple cre-lox based lineage tracing revealed a potential contribution from the hemogenic endothelium during development and discrete lymphatic endothelial progenitor populations were confirmed by conditional knockout of Prox1 in Tie2+ and Vav1+ compartments. In the adult heart, myocardial infarction (MI) promoted a significant lymphangiogenic response, which was augmented by treatment with VEGF-C resulting in improved cardiac function. These data prompt the re-evaluation of a century-long debate on the origin of lymphatic vessels and suggest that lymphangiogenesis may represent a therapeutic target to promote cardiac repair following injury.
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9
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10
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Vasculogenic and hematopoietic cellular progenitors are scattered within the prenatal mouse heart. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:153-69. [PMID: 25201347 PMCID: PMC4298664 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis are co-localized in the embryonic body, but precise phenotypes of the cells contributing to these processes are not defined. The aim of this study was to characterize phenotypic profiles and location of putative vasculogenic and hematopoietic cellular progenitors in the embryonic mouse heart. Confocal microscopy, as well as ultrastructural and stereomicroscopic analyses, was performed on immunohistochemical whole-mount-stained or sectioned hearts at stages 11.5–14 dpc. A FASC analysis was conducted to quantify putative vasculogenic and hematopoietic cells. We found subepicardial blood islands in the form of foci of accumulation of cells belonging to erythroblastic and megakaryocytic lineages at various stages of maturation, exhibiting phenotypes: GATA2+/CD41+, GATA2−/CD41+, GATA2+/CD71−, GATA2−/CD71+, Fli1+/CD71+, Fli1−/CD71+, with a majority of cells expressing the Ter119 antigen, but none of them expressing Flk1. The subepicardium and the outflow tract endothelium were recognized to be the areas where progenitor cells were scattered or adjoining the endothelial cells. These progenitor cells were characterized as possessing the following antigens: CD45+/Fli1+, CD41+/Flk1+, Flk1+/Fli1+. A FACS analysis demonstrated that the CD41/Flk1 double-positive population of cells constituted 2.68 % of total cell population isolated from 12.5 dpc hearts. Vessels and tubules were positive for CD31, Flk1, Fli1, Tie2, including blood islands endothelia. The endocardial wall endothelia were found to function as an anchoring apparatus for megakaryocytes releasing platelets into the cardiac cavities. Phenotypic characteristics of vasculogenic (Flk1+/Fli1+) and hematopoietic (GATA2+/CD71+, CD41+/GATA2+) progenitors, as well as the putative hemogenic endothelium (Flk1+/CD41+) in embryonic mouse hearts, have been presented. Cardiac blood islands, the subepicardium and endothelium of the outflow tract cushions have been defined as areas where these progenitor cells can be found.
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11
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Flaht-Zabost A, Gula G, Ciszek B, Czarnowska E, Jankowska-Steifer E, Madej M, Niderla-Bielińska J, Radomska-Leśniewska D, Ratajska A. Cardiac mouse lymphatics: developmental and anatomical update. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1115-30. [PMID: 24700724 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The adult mouse heart possesses an extensive lymphatic plexus draining predominantly the subepicardium and the outer layer of the myocardial wall. However, the development of this plexus has not been entirely explored, partially because of the lack of suitable methods for its visualization as well as prolonged lymphatic vessel formation that starts prenatally and proceeds during postnatal stages. Also, neither the course nor location of collecting vessels draining lymph from the mouse heart have been precisely characterized. In this article, we report that murine cardiac lymphatic plexus development that is limited prenatally only to the subepicardial area, postnatally proceeds from the subepicardium toward the myocardial wall with the base-to-apex gradient; this plexus eventually reaches the outer half of the myocardium with a predominant location around branches of coronary arteries and veins. Based on multiple marker immunostaining, the molecular marker-phenotype of cardiac lymphatic endothelial cells can be characterized as: Prox-1(+), Lyve-1(+), VEGFR3(+), Podoplanin(+), VEGFR2(+), CD144(+), Tie2(+), CD31(+), vWF(-), CD34(-), CD133(-). There are two major collecting vessels: one draining the right and left ventricles along the left conal vein and running upwards to the left side of the pulmonary trunk and further to the nearest lymph nodes (under the aortic arch and near the trachea), and the other one with its major branch running along the left cardiac vein and further on the surface of the coronary sinus and the left atrium to paratracheal lymph nodes. The extracardiac collectors gain the smooth muscle cell layer during late postnatal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Flaht-Zabost
- Department of Pathology, Center for Biostructure, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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12
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Comparative and developmental anatomy of cardiac lymphatics. ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:183170. [PMID: 24592145 PMCID: PMC3926219 DOI: 10.1155/2014/183170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the cardiac lymphatic system has been recently appreciated since lymphatic disturbances take part in various heart pathologies. This review presents the current knowledge about normal anatomy and structure of lymphatics and their prenatal development for a better understanding of the proper functioning of this system in relation to coronary circulation. Lymphatics of the heart consist of terminal capillaries of various diameters, capillary plexuses that drain continuously subendocardial, myocardial, and subepicardial areas, and draining (collecting) vessels that lead the lymph out of the heart. There are interspecies differences in the distribution of lymphatic capillaries, especially near the valves, as well as differences in the routes and number of draining vessels. In some species, subendocardial areas contain fewer lymphatic capillaries as compared to subepicardial parts of the heart. In all species there is at least one collector vessel draining lymph from the subepicardial plexuses and running along the anterior interventricular septum under the left auricle and further along the pulmonary trunk outside the heart and terminating in the right venous angle. The second collector assumes a different route in various species. In most mammalian species the collectors run along major branches of coronary arteries, have valves and a discontinuous layer of smooth muscle cells.
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13
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Update March 2013. Lymphat Res Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2013.1113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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14
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Blei F. Update September 2012. Lymphat Res Biol 2012. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2012.1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francine Blei
- Hassenfeld Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders of NYU Medical Center, New York, New York
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