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Raymond-Hayling H, Lu Y, Kadler KE, Shearer T. A fibre tracking algorithm for volumetric microstructural data - application to tendons. Acta Biomater 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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2
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Tian X, Zhao K, Teng A, Li Y, Wang W. A rethinking of collagen as tough biomaterials in meat packaging: assembly from native to synthetic. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:957-977. [PMID: 35997287 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2111401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high moisture-associated typical rheology and the changeable and harsh processing conditions in the production process, packaging materials for meat products have higher requirements including a sufficient mechanical strength and proper ductility. Collagen, a highly conserved structural protein consisting of a triple helix of Gly-X-Y repeats, has been proved to be suitable packaging material for meat products. The treated animal digestive tract (i.e. the casing) is the perfect natural packaging material for wrapping meat into sausage. Its thin walls, strong toughness and impact resistance make it the oldest and best edible meat packaging. Collagen casing is another wisdom of meat packaging, which is made by collagen fibers from hide skin, presenting a rapid growth in casing market. To strengthen mechanical strength and barrier behaviors of collagen-based packaging materials, different physical, chemical, and biological cross-linking methods are springing up exuberantly, as well as a variety of reinforcement approaches including nanotechnology. In addition, the rapid development of biomimetic technology also provides a good research idea and means for the promotion of collagen's assembly and relevant mechanical properties. This review can offer some reference on fundamental theory and practical application of collagenous materials in meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - KaiXuan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Anguo Teng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenhang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, China
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3
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Gomez-Florit M, Labrador-Rached CJ, Domingues RM, Gomes ME. The tendon microenvironment: Engineered in vitro models to study cellular crosstalk. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114299. [PMID: 35436570 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a multi-faceted pathology characterized by alterations in tendon microstructure, cellularity and collagen composition. Challenged by the possibility of regenerating pathological or ruptured tendons, the healing mechanisms of this tissue have been widely researched over the past decades. However, so far, most of the cellular players and processes influencing tendon repair remain unknown, which emphasizes the need for developing relevant in vitro models enabling to study the complex multicellular crosstalk occurring in tendon microenvironments. In this review, we critically discuss the insights on the interaction between tenocytes and the other tendon resident cells that have been devised through different types of existing in vitro models. Building on the generated knowledge, we stress the need for advanced models able to mimic the hierarchical architecture, cellularity and physiological signaling of tendon niche under dynamic culture conditions, along with the recreation of the integrated gradients of its tissue interfaces. In a forward-looking vision of the field, we discuss how the convergence of multiple bioengineering technologies can be leveraged as potential platforms to develop the next generation of relevant in vitro models that can contribute for a deeper fundamental knowledge to develop more effective treatments.
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4
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Christensen KW, Turner J, Coughenour K, Maghdouri-White Y, Bulysheva AA, Sergeant O, Rariden M, Randazzo A, Sheean AJ, Christ GJ, Francis MP. Assembled Cell-Decorated Collagen (AC-DC) Fiber Bioprinted Implants with Musculoskeletal Tissue Properties Promote Functional Recovery in Volumetric Muscle Loss. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101357. [PMID: 34879177 PMCID: PMC8890793 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal tissue injuries, including volumetric muscle loss (VML), are commonplace and often lead to permanent disability and deformation. Addressing this healthcare need, an advanced biomanufacturing platform, assembled cell-decorated collagen (AC-DC) bioprinting, is invented to rapidly and reproducibly create living biomaterial implants, using clinically relevant cells and strong, microfluidic wet-extruded collagen microfibers. Quantitative analysis shows that the directionality and distribution of cells throughout AC-DC implants mimic native musculoskeletal tissue. AC-DC bioprinted implants further approximate or exceed the strength and stiffness of human musculoskeletal tissue and exceed collagen hydrogel tensile properties by orders of magnitude. In vivo, AC-DC implants are assessed in a critically sized muscle injury in the hindlimb, with limb torque generation potential measured over 12 weeks. Both acellular and cellular implants promote functional recovery compared to the unrepaired group, with AC-DC implants containing therapeutic muscle progenitor cells promoting the highest degree of recovery. Histological analysis and automated image processing of explanted muscle cross-sections reveal increased total muscle fiber count, median muscle fiber size, and increased cellularization for injuries repaired with cellularized implants. These studies introduce an advanced bioprinting method for generating musculoskeletal tissue analogs with near-native biological and biomechanical properties with the potential to repair myriad challenging musculoskeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia; Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | - Anna A. Bulysheva
- Depeartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Olivia Sergeant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia; Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Michael Rariden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia; Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Alessia Randazzo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia; Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Andrew J. Sheean
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, San Antonio Military Medical Center, USAF 59 MDW, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - George J. Christ
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia; Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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5
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Salvatore L, Gallo N, Natali ML, Terzi A, Sannino A, Madaghiele M. Mimicking the Hierarchical Organization of Natural Collagen: Toward the Development of Ideal Scaffolding Material for Tissue Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:644595. [PMID: 33987173 PMCID: PMC8112590 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.644595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological materials found in living organisms, many of which are proteins, feature a complex hierarchical organization. Type I collagen, a fibrous structural protein ubiquitous in the mammalian body, provides a striking example of such a hierarchical material, with peculiar architectural features ranging from the amino acid sequence at the nanoscale (primary structure) up to the assembly of fibrils (quaternary structure) and fibers, with lengths of the order of microns. Collagen plays a dominant role in maintaining the biological and structural integrity of various tissues and organs, such as bone, skin, tendons, blood vessels, and cartilage. Thus, "artificial" collagen-based fibrous assemblies, endowed with appropriate structural properties, represent ideal substrates for the development of devices for tissue engineering applications. In recent years, with the ultimate goal of developing three-dimensional scaffolds with optimal bioactivity able to promote both regeneration and functional recovery of a damaged tissue, numerous studies focused on the capability to finely modulate the scaffold architecture at the microscale and the nanoscale in order to closely mimic the hierarchical features of the extracellular matrix and, in particular, the natural patterning of collagen. All of these studies clearly show that the accurate characterization of the collagen structure at the submolecular and supramolecular levels is pivotal to the understanding of the relationships between the nanostructural/microstructural properties of the fabricated scaffold and its macroscopic performance. Several studies also demonstrate that the selected processing, including any crosslinking and/or sterilization treatments, can strongly affect the architecture of collagen at various length scales. The aim of this review is to highlight the most recent findings on the development of collagen-based scaffolds with optimized properties for tissue engineering. The optimization of the scaffolds is particularly related to the modulation of the collagen architecture, which, in turn, impacts on the achieved bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Salvatore
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Nunzia Gallo
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Natali
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Alberta Terzi
- Institute of Crystallography, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sannino
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Marta Madaghiele
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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6
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Giannopoulos A, Svensson RB, Yeung CYC, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Effects of genipin crosslinking on mechanical cell-matrix interaction in 3D engineered tendon constructs. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 119:104508. [PMID: 33857874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that cells can generate endogenous forces onto the extracellular matrix, but to what extent the mechanical properties of the matrix influences these endogenous cellular forces remains unclear. We therefore sought to quantify the influence of matrix rigidity on cell-matrix interactions by inducing cross-links using increasing concentrations of genipin (0.01-1 mM) or by blocking cross-link formation using beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) in engineered human tendon tissue constructs. The cell-matrix mechanics of the tendon constructs were evaluated as cell-generated tissue re-tensioning and stress-relaxation responses using a novel custom-made force monitor, which can apply and detect tensional forces in real-time in addition to mechanical failure testing. Genipin treatment had no influence on the biochemical profile (hydroxyproline, glycosaminoglycan and DNA content) of the constructs and cell viability was comparable between genipin-treated and control constructs, except at the highest genipin concentration. Endogenous re-tension after unloading was significantly decreased with increasing genipin concentrations compared to controls. Mechanical failure testing of tendon constructs showed increased (56%) peak stress at the highest genipin concentration but decreased (72%) with BAPN treatment when compared to controls. Tendon construct stiffness increased with high genipin concentrations (0.1 and 1 mM) and decreased by 70% in BAPN-treated constructs, relative to the controls. These data demonstrate that human tendon fibroblasts regulate their force exertion inversely proportional to increased cross-link capacity but did so independently of matrix stiffness. Overall, these findings support the notion of an interaction between cell force generation and cross-linking, and thus a role for this interplay in mechanical homeostasis of the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giannopoulos
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - R B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Y C Yeung
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S P Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Puetzer JL, Ma T, Sallent I, Gelmi A, Stevens MM. Driving Hierarchical Collagen Fiber Formation for Functional Tendon, Ligament, and Meniscus Replacement. Biomaterials 2021; 269:120527. [PMID: 33246739 PMCID: PMC7883218 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchical collagen fibers are the primary source of strength in musculoskeletal tendons, ligaments, and menisci. It has remained a challenge to develop these large fibers in engineered replacements or in vivo after injury. The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of restrained cell-seeded high density collagen gels to drive hierarchical fiber formation for multiple musculoskeletal tissues. We found boundary conditions applied to high density collagen gels were capable of driving tenocytes, ligament fibroblasts, and meniscal fibrochondrocytes to develop native-sized hierarchical collagen fibers 20-40 μm in diameter. The fibers organize similar to bovine juvenile collagen with native fibril banding patterns and hierarchical fiber bundles 50-350 μm in diameter by 6 weeks. Mirroring fiber organization, tensile properties of restrained samples improved significantly with time, reaching ~1 MPa. Additionally, tendon, ligament, and meniscal cells produced significantly different sized fibers, different degrees of crimp, and different GAG concentrations, which corresponded with respective juvenile tissue. To our knowledge, these are some of the largest, most organized fibers produced to date in vitro. Further, cells produced tissue specific hierarchical fibers, suggesting this system is a promising tool to better understand cellular regulation of fiber formation to better stimulate it in vivo after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Puetzer
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, And Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States, 23284.
| | - Tianchi Ma
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, And Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
| | - Ignacio Sallent
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, And Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
| | - Amy Gelmi
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, And Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Department of Bioengineering, And Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, SW7 2AZ.
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8
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Takahashi N, Kametani K, Ota R, Tangkawattana P, Iwasaki T, Hasegawa Y, Ueda H, Hosotani M, Watanabe T. Three-dimensional ultrastructure reconstruction of tendinous components at the bifurcation of the bovine superficial digital flexor tendon using array and STEM tomographies. J Anat 2021; 238:63-72. [PMID: 32794178 PMCID: PMC7754896 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons transmit force from muscle to bone for joint movement. Tenocytes are a specialized type of fibroblast that produces collagen fibrils in tendons. Their cytoplasmic processes form a network surrounding collagen fibrils to define a collagen fibre. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains link collagen fibrils and adhere at the D-band of the collagen fibril. In this study, we used array and scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) tomographies to reconstruct the three-dimensional ultrastructure of tenocytes, collagen fibres, collagen fibrils and GAG chains at the bifurcation of the bovine hindlimb superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Collagen fibrils comprising a collagen fibre were not aligned uniformly and had at least two running directions. Spindle-shaped tenocytes were arranged along the long axis of a plurality of collagen fibres, where two groups of collagen fibrils with oblique directions to each other exhibited an oblique overlap of the two collagen fibril layers. Collagen fibrils with different running directions were observed in separating layers of about 300 nm in thickness and had diameters of 0-200 nm. About 40% of all collagen fibrils had a peak in the range of 20-40 nm. STEM analysis of the same site where the crossing of collagen fibres was observed by transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the outline of collagen fibrils with a clear D-banding pattern at a regular interval. Collagen fibrils were reconstructed three-dimensionally using continuous images acquired by STEM tomography, which confirmed that the collagen fibrils at the crossing sites did not orientate in layers, but were woven one by one. Higher magnification observation of GAG chains attached between the crossing collagen fibrils revealed numerous GAG chains arranged either vertically or obliquely on collagen fibrils. Furthermore, GAG chains at the cross of collagen fibrils connected the closest D-bands. GAG chains are thought to be universally present between collagen fibrils of the tendon. These observations by array and STEM tomographies increase our knowledge of the anatomy in the bifurcation of the bovine hindlimb SDFT and demonstrate the utility of these new imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takahashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary AnatomySchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan,Present address:
Laboratory of VeterinaryCollege of Bioresource SciencesNihon UniversityFujisawaJapan
| | - Kiyokazu Kametani
- Laboratory of Veterinary AnatomySchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - Ryo Ota
- Center for Advanced Research of Energy and MaterialsFaculty of EngineeringHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Prasarn Tangkawattana
- Laboratory of Veterinary AnatomySchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan,Faculty of Veterinary MedicineKhon Kaen UniversityKhon KaenThailand
| | - Tomohito Iwasaki
- Department of Food Science and Human WellnessRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Food Science and Human WellnessRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - Hiromi Ueda
- Laboratory of Veterinary AnatomySchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - Marina Hosotani
- Laboratory of Veterinary AnatomySchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
| | - Takafumi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary AnatomySchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuJapan
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9
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Physicochemical characterization and self-assembly of human amniotic membrane and umbilical cord collagen: A comparative study. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2920-2933. [PMID: 33098903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The diverse application of collagen has created a need to discover renewable and economical sources with prevailing/improved physico-chemical properties. To address this scenario, the present study has extracted collagen from Human Amniotic Membrane (AM) and Umbilical cord, which are treated as medical waste and compared its physico-chemical properties. Collagen was extracted by pepsin solubilization using various salt concentrations (1 M, 2 M and 4 M). Umbilical Cord Collagen (UC) yield was 10% higher than Amniotic Membrane Collagen (AC). UC reported 58% higher sulphated glycosaminoglycan content than AC. Electrophoretic pattern of AC and UC in both disulphide bond reducing and non-reducing conditions showed bands corresponding to collagen type I, III, IV, V and XV. Collagen morphology was examined using SEM and the amino acid content was quantified by HPLC and LC-MS/MS. Triple helicity was confirmed by CD and FTIR spectra. Thermal transition temperature of AC and UC was found equivalent to animal collagen. Self-assembly, fibril morphology and spatial alignment was studied using AFM and DLS. Biocompatibility was analyzed using 3T3 fibroblast cells. In conclusion, UC with higher yield, presented with better physico-chemical, structural and biological properties than AC could serve as an efficient alternative to the existing animal collagen for diverse applications.
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10
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Wu YT, Wu YT, Huang TC, Su FC, Jou IM, Wu CC. Sequential inflammation model for Achilles tendinopathy by elastin degradation with treadmill exercise. J Orthop Translat 2020; 23:113-121. [PMID: 32642426 PMCID: PMC7322491 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objective Tendinopathy is a tendon disease with abnormal mechanical loading to induce chronic repetitive injury. However, lack of a comparable animal model to demonstrate clinical progressions has hindered the understanding of anatomical and pathological changes. The major extracellular matrix (ECM) in the tendon consists of abundant type I collagen (COL) and minimal amount of elastin (ELN). Methods To study the ECM breakdown and inflammation, rat Achilles tendon was harvested and ex vivo incubated with specific enzymes of elastase (ELNase) or collagenase (COLase). Results The ELNase broke down ELN, loosened the tendon structure, and increased the COL composition. Increases in cyclooxygenase-2 expression levels in tenocytes were revealed to induce inflammation with either ELNase or COLase. However, incubation of COLase for 12 hours severely digested the tendon. To create a proper ELN degradation in rats, the present study used high-frequency ultrasound to guide the injection of ELNase at the paratendon tissue of the Achilles tendon. The effect of mechanically triggered inflammatory responses was investigated by applying treadmill exercise (15 m/min for 20 min per day). After ELNase injection for 14 and 28 days, a significant loss of ELN was observed, and exercise further facilitated the pathological transition of COL. The dynamics of inflammatory cell recruitments was revealed by specific staining of CD-11b (neutrophils) and CD-68 (macrophage) after in vivo injection of ELNase or COLase for 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 days. The combination of ELNase and exercise caused early recruitment of neutrophil on day 1 and sequential expression of macrophage on day 7 in peritendinous tissue. Conclusion These results suggested that ELN degradation with repetitive mechanical loading may present a suitable model for the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. The Translational potential of this article This discover the role of elastin degradation in tendinopathy and the interaction of exercise in the histological changes. The established the pathological model mimicking the pathogenesis to the human disease by injecting the elastase using ultrasound guidance and then applying treadmill exercise. The loss of elastin and change of collagen composition in clinical tendinopathy samples were observed in the rats. In addition, the sequential inflammation cascades were observed in the histological outcomes with combination of elastase injection and treadmill exercise. Thus, this model may be used to test the clinical treatment of tendinopathy in different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Tzu Hui Institute of Technology, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Chieh Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Fong-Chin Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedics, E-Da Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan.,International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
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11
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Giannopoulos A, Svensson RB, Heinemeier KM, Schjerling P, Kadler KE, Holmes DF, Kjaer M, Magnusson SP. Cellular homeostatic tension and force transmission measured in human engineered tendon. J Biomech 2018; 78:161-165. [PMID: 30100218 PMCID: PMC6135935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tendons transmit contractile muscular force to bone to produce movement, and it is believed cells can generate endogenous forces on the extracellular matrix to maintain tissue homeostasis. However, little is known about the direct mechanical measurement of cell-matrix interaction in cell-generated human tendon constructs. In this study we examined if cell-generated force could be detected and quantified in engineered human tendon constructs, and if glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) contribute to tendon force transmission. Following de-tensioning of the tendon constructs it was possible to quantify an endogenous re-tensioning. Further, it was demonstrated that the endogenous re-tensioning response was markedly blunted after interference with the cytoskeleton (inhibiting non-muscle myosin-dependent cell contraction by blebbistatin), which confirmed that re-tensioning was cell generated. When the constructs were elongated and held at a constant length a stress relaxation response was quantified, and removing 27% of the GAG content of tendon did not alter the relaxation behavior, which indicates that GAGs do not play a meaningful role in force transmission within this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Giannopoulos
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rene B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja M Heinemeier
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - David F Holmes
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Kaufman G, Whitescarver RA, Nunes L, Palmer XL, Skrtic D, Tutak W. Effects of protein-coated nanofibers on conformation of gingival fibroblast spheroids: potential utility for connective tissue regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:025006. [PMID: 29364821 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa91d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deep wounds in the gingiva caused by trauma or surgery require a rapid and robust healing of connective tissues. We propose utilizing gas-brushed nanofibers coated with collagen and fibrin for that purpose. Our hypotheses are that protein-coated nanofibers will: (i) attract and mobilize cells in various spatial orientations, and (ii) regulate the expression levels of specific extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated proteins, determining the initial conformational nature of dense and soft connective tissues. Gingival fibroblast monolayers and 3D spheroids were cultured on ECM substrate and covered with gas-blown poly-(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanofibers (uncoated/coated with collagen and fibrin). Cell attraction and rearrangement was followed by F-actin staining and confocal microscopy. Thicknesses of the cell layers, developed within the nanofibers, were quantified by ImageJ software. The expression of collagen1α1 chain (Col1α1), fibronectin, and metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) encoding genes was determined by quantitative reverse transcription analysis. Collagen- and fibrin- coated nanofibers induced cell migration toward fibers and supported cellular growth within the scaffolds. Both proteins affected the spatial rearrangement of fibroblasts by favoring packed cell clusters or intermittent cell spreading. These cell arrangements resembled the structural characteristic of dense and soft connective tissues, respectively. Within three days of incubation, fibroblast spheroids interacted with the fibers, and grew robustly by increasing their thickness compared to monolayers. While the ECM key components, such as fibronectin and MMP2 encoding genes, were expressed in both protein groups, Col1α1 was predominantly expressed in bundled fibroblasts grown on collagen fibers. This enhanced expression of collagen1 is typical for dense connective tissue. Based on results of this study, our gas-blown, collagen- and fibrin-coated PLGA nanofibers are viable candidates for engineering soft and dense connective tissues with the required structural characteristics and functions needed for wound healing applications. Rapid regeneration of these layers should enhance healing of open wounds in a harsh oral environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gili Kaufman
- Volpe Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
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13
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Bertassoni LE. Dentin on the nanoscale: Hierarchical organization, mechanical behavior and bioinspired engineering. Dent Mater 2017; 33:637-649. [PMID: 28416222 PMCID: PMC5481168 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Knowledge of the structural organization and mechanical properties of dentin has expanded considerably during the past two decades, especially on a nanometer scale. In this paper, we review the recent literature on the nanostructural and nanomechanical properties of dentin, with special emphasis in its hierarchical organization. METHODS We give particular attention to the recent literature concerning the structural and mechanical influence of collagen intrafibrillar and extrafibrillar mineral in healthy and remineralized tissues. The multilevel hierarchical structure of collagen, and the participation of non-collagenous proteins and proteoglycans in healthy and diseased dentin are also discussed. Furthermore, we provide a forward-looking perspective of emerging topics in biomaterials sciences, such as bioinspired materials design and fabrication, 3D bioprinting and microfabrication, and briefly discuss recent developments on the emerging field of organs-on-a-chip. RESULTS The existing literature suggests that both the inorganic and organic nanostructural components of the dentin matrix play a critical role in various mechanisms that influence tissue properties. SIGNIFICANCE An in-depth understanding of such nanostructural and nanomechanical mechanisms can have a direct impact in our ability to evaluate and predict the efficacy of dental materials. This knowledge will pave the way for the development of improved dental materials and treatment strategies. CONCLUSIONS Development of future dental materials should take into consideration the intricate hierarchical organization of dentin, and pay particular attention to their complex interaction with the dentin matrix on a nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz E Bertassoni
- Division of Biomaterials and Biomechanics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, Portland, OR, USA.
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14
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Kharaz YA, Tew SR, Peffers M, Canty-Laird EG, Comerford E. Proteomic differences between native and tissue-engineered tendon and ligament. Proteomics 2017; 16:1547-56. [PMID: 27080496 PMCID: PMC5132062 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments (T/Ls) play key roles in the musculoskeletal system, but they are susceptible to traumatic or age‐related rupture, leading to severe morbidity as well as increased susceptibility to degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering represents an attractive therapeutic approach to treating T/L injury but it is hampered by our poor understanding of the defining characteristics of the two tissues. The present study aimed to determine differences in the proteomic profile between native T/Ls and tissue engineered (TE) T/L constructs. The canine long digital extensor tendon and anterior cruciate ligament were analyzed along with 3D TE fibrin‐based constructs created from their cells. Native tendon and ligament differed in their content of key structural proteins, with the ligament being more abundant in fibrocartilaginous proteins. 3D T/L TE constructs contained less extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and had a greater proportion of cellular‐associated proteins than native tissue, corresponding to their low collagen and high DNA content. Constructs were able to recapitulate native T/L tissue characteristics particularly with regard to ECM proteins. However, 3D T/L TE constructs had similar ECM and cellular protein compositions indicating that cell source may not be an important factor for T/L tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalda A Kharaz
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Simon R Tew
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
| | - Mandy Peffers
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK.,The MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK
| | - Elizabeth G Canty-Laird
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK.,The MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing (CIMA), Liverpool, UK
| | - Eithne Comerford
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, UK
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15
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Eliasson P, Svensson RB, Giannopoulos A, Eismark C, Kjær M, Schjerling P, Heinemeier KM. Simvastatin and atorvastatin reduce the mechanical properties of tendon constructs in vitro and introduce catabolic changes in the gene expression pattern. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172797. [PMID: 28264197 PMCID: PMC5339395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment with lipid-lowering drugs, statins, is common all over the world. Lately, the occurrence of spontaneous tendon ruptures or tendinosis have suggested a negative influence of statins upon tendon tissue. But how statins might influence tendons is not clear. In the present study, we investigated the effect of statin treatment on mechanical strength, cell proliferation, collagen content and gene expression pattern in a tendon-like tissue made from human tenocytes in vitro. Human tendon fibroblasts were grown in a 3D tissue culture model (tendon constructs), and treated with either simvastatin or atorvastatin, low or high dose, respectively, for up to seven days. After seven days of treatment, mechanical testing of the constructs was performed. Collagen content and cell proliferation were also determined. mRNA levels of several target genes were measured after one or seven days. The maximum force and stiffness were reduced by both statins after 7 days (p<0.05), while the cross sectional area was unaffected. Further, the collagen content was reduced by atorvastatin (p = 0.01) and the cell proliferation rate was decreased by both types of statins (p<0.05). Statin treatment also introduced increased mRNA levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, TIMP-1 and decreased levels of collagen type 1 and 3. In conclusion, statin treatment appears to have a negative effect on tendon matrix quality as seen by a reduced strength of the tendon constructs. Further, activated catabolic changes in the gene expression pattern and a reduced collagen content indicated a disturbed balance in matrix production of tendon due to statin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernilla Eliasson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Rene B. Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Antonis Giannopoulos
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Eismark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjær
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja M. Heinemeier
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Dept of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Svensson RB, Herchenhan A, Starborg T, Larsen M, Kadler KE, Qvortrup K, Magnusson SP. Evidence of structurally continuous collagen fibrils in tendons. Acta Biomater 2017; 50:293-301. [PMID: 28063986 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tendons transmit muscle-generated force through an extracellular matrix of aligned collagen fibrils. The force applied by the muscle at one end of a microscopic fibril has to be transmitted through the macroscopic length of the tendon by mechanisms that are poorly understood. A key element in this structure-function relationship is the collagen fibril length. During embryogenesis short fibrils are produced but they grow rapidly with maturation. There is some controversy regarding fibril length in adult tendon, with mechanical data generally supporting discontinuity while structural investigations favor continuity. This study initially set out to trace the full length of individual fibrils in adult human tendons, using serial block face-scanning electron microscopy. But even with this advanced technique the required length could not be covered. Instead a statistical approach was used on a large volume of fibrils in shorter image stacks. Only a single end was observed after tracking 67.5mm of combined fibril lengths, in support of fibril continuity. To shed more light on this observation, the full length of a short tendon (mouse stapedius, 125μm) was investigated and continuity of individual fibrils was confirmed. In light of these results, possible mechanisms that could reconcile the opposing findings on fibril continuity are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Connective tissues hold all parts of the body together and are mostly constructed from thin threads of the protein collagen (called fibrils). Connective tissues provide mechanical strength and one of the most demanding tissues in this regard are tendons, which transmit the forces generated by muscles. The length of the collagen fibrils is essential to the mechanical strength and to the type of damage the tissue may experience (slippage of short fibrils or breakage of longer ones). This in turn is important for understanding the repair processes after such damage occurs. Currently the issue of fibril length is contentious, but this study provides evidence that the fibrils are extremely long and likely continuous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene B Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Herchenhan
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Starborg
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Larsen
- Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Klaus Qvortrup
- Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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Gehwolf R, Wagner A, Lehner C, Bradshaw AD, Scharler C, Niestrawska JA, Holzapfel GA, Bauer HC, Tempfer H, Traweger A. Pleiotropic roles of the matricellular protein Sparc in tendon maturation and ageing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32635. [PMID: 27586416 PMCID: PMC5009305 DOI: 10.1038/srep32635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic tendinopathies remain clinically challenging and tendons are predisposed to degeneration or injury with age. Despite the high prevalence of tendon disease in the elderly, our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying the age-dependent deterioration of tendon function remains very limited. Here, we show that Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (Sparc) expression significantly decreases in healthy-aged mouse Achilles tendons. Loss of Sparc results in tendon collagen fibrillogenesis defects and Sparc−/− tendons are less able to withstand force in comparison with their respective wild type counterparts. On the cellular level, Sparc-null and healthy-aged tendon-derived cells exhibited a more contracted phenotype and an altered actin cytoskeleton. Additionally, an elevated expression of the adipogenic marker genes PPARγ and Cebpα with a concomitant increase in lipid deposits in aged and Sparc−/− tendons was observed. In summary, we propose that Sparc levels in tendons are critical for proper collagen fibril maturation and its age-related decrease, together with a change in ECM properties favors lipid accretion in tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Gehwolf
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University - Spinal Cord Injury &Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University - Spinal Cord Injury &Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Lehner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University - Spinal Cord Injury &Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amy D Bradshaw
- Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - Cornelia Scharler
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Paracelsus Medical University Spinal Cord Injury &Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Hans-Christian Bauer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University - Spinal Cord Injury &Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University - Spinal Cord Injury &Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University - Spinal Cord Injury &Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Subramanian A, Schilling TF. Tendon development and musculoskeletal assembly: emerging roles for the extracellular matrix. Development 2016; 142:4191-204. [PMID: 26672092 DOI: 10.1242/dev.114777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendons and ligaments are extracellular matrix (ECM)-rich structures that interconnect muscles and bones. Recent work has shown how tendon fibroblasts (tenocytes) interact with muscles via the ECM to establish connectivity and strengthen attachments under tension. Similarly, ECM-dependent interactions between tenocytes and cartilage/bone ensure that tendon-bone attachments form with the appropriate strength for the force required. Recent studies have also established a close lineal relationship between tenocytes and skeletal progenitors, highlighting the fact that defects in signals modulated by the ECM can alter the balance between these fates, as occurs in calcifying tendinopathies associated with aging. The dynamic fine-tuning of tendon ECM composition and assembly thus gives rise to the remarkable characteristics of this unique tissue type. Here, we provide an overview of the functions of the ECM in tendon formation and maturation that attempts to integrate findings from developmental genetics with those of matrix biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Subramanian
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
| | - Thomas F Schilling
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, USA
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19
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Kim CL, Kim DE. Self-healing Characteristics of Collagen Coatings with Respect to Surface Abrasion. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20563. [PMID: 27010967 PMCID: PMC4806355 DOI: 10.1038/srep20563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A coating based on collagen with self-healing properties was developed for applications in mechanical components that are prone to abrasion due to contact with a counter surface. The inherent swelling behavior of collagen in water was exploited as the fundamental mechanism behind self-healing of a wear scar formed on the surface. The effects of freeze-drying process and water treatment of the collagen coatings on their mechanical and self-healing properties were analyzed. Water was also used as the medium to trigger the self-healing effect of the collagen coatings after the wear test. It was found that collagen coatings without freeze-drying did not demonstrate any self-healing effect whereas the coatings treated by freeze-drying process showed remarkable self-healing effect. Overall, collagen coatings that were freeze-dried and water treated showed the best friction and self-healing properties. Repeated self-healing ability of these coatings with respect to wear scar was also demonstrated. It was also confirmed that the self-healing property of the collagen coating was effective over a relatively wide range of temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Lae Kim
- Center for Nano-Wear, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Kim
- Center for Nano-Wear, School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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20
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Wells HC, Sizeland KH, Kirby N, Hawley A, Mudie S, Haverkamp RG. Collagen Fibril Structure and Strength in Acellular Dermal Matrix Materials of Bovine, Porcine, and Human Origin. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2015; 1:1026-1038. [PMID: 33429533 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Strength is an important characteristic of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) materials used for surgical scaffolds. Strength depends on the material's structure, which may vary with the source from which the product is produced, including species and animal age. Here, variations in the physical properties and structures of ADM materials from three species are investigated: bovine (fetal and neonatal), porcine, and human materials. Thickness normalized, the bovine materials have a similar strength (tear strength of 75-124 N/m) to the human material (79 N/m), and these are both stronger than the porcine material (43 N/m). Thickness-normalized tensile strengths were similar among all species (18-34 N/mm2 for bovine although higher in fetal material, 18 N/mm2 for human and 21 N/mm2 for porcine). Structure is investigated with synchrotron-based small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for collagen fibril orientation index (OI) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM reveals a more open structure in bovine ADM than in the porcine and human material. A correlation is found between OI and thickness-normalized tear strength in neonatal bovine material measured with the X-rays edge-on to the sample, but this relationship does not extend across species. The collagen fibril arrangement, viewed perpendicular to the surface, varies between species, with the human material having a unimodal distribution and rather isotropic (OI 0.08), the porcine being strongly bimodal and rather highly oriented (OI 0.61), the neonatal bovine between these two extremes with a bimodal distribution tending toward isotropic (OI 0.14-0.21) and the fetal bovine material being bimodal and less isotropic than neonatal (OI 0.24). The OI varies less through the thickness of the porcine and human materials than through the bovine materials. The similarities and differences in structure may inform the suitability of these materials for particular surgical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Wells
- School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Katie H Sizeland
- School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel Kirby
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian Hawley
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Mudie
- Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard G Haverkamp
- School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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21
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Dong S, Xie G, Zhang Y, Shen P, Huangfu X, Zhao J. Ligamentization of Autogenous Hamstring Grafts After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Midterm Versus Long-term Results. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:1908-17. [PMID: 26033971 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515584039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies, unimodal, small-diameter collagen fibrils have been commonly observed as the final collagen ultrastructure of the implanted grafts used in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. However, the native ACL and hamstring tendon show bimodal collagen fibril distribution, consisting of both large- and small-diameter collagen fibrils. HYPOTHESIS Bimodal collagen fibril distribution of the graft is a common phenomenon after ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendon grafts and is time dependent. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 52 patients who underwent double-bundle ACL reconstruction using autogenous hamstring tendons and who also underwent second-look arthroscopic surgery were enrolled. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the time interval between the 2 operations: the midterm group (27 patients), with a 13- to 30-month time interval between operations, and the long-term group (25 patients) with a 31- to 62-month interval. During the second-look arthroscopic procedures, ACL graft biopsies were performed. Normal ACL tissues were harvested from 9 patients who underwent total knee replacement, and biopsy specimens of the to-be-grafted semitendinosus tendon tissues were also harvested from another 9 patients who underwent ACL reconstruction with hamstring tendons, which were designated as normal controls. Graft vascularity, cellularity, metaplasia, cellular metabolism, and collagen fibril distribution were analyzed. RESULTS Large-diameter (>100 nm) collagen fibrils were detected in 81.5% of the specimens in the midterm group and in 68.0% of the specimens in the long-term group. A typical bimodal distribution mode was observed in 62.6% of the specimens in the midterm group and in 52.0% of the specimens in the long-term group. There was no significant difference between groups with respect to the presence of large-diameter collagen fibrils, bimodal distribution, graft vascularity, cellularity, metaplasia, or cellular metabolic status. CONCLUSION Graft ultrastructural maturation, characterized by large-diameter collagen fibrils and a bimodal collagen fibril distribution, is a common phenomenon and is not time dependent in the midterm to long term. CLINICAL RELEVANCE After hamstring tendon ACL reconstruction, the implanted grafts can transform into ACL-like tissue with a similar ultrastructure and metabolism, implying their usefulness as grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikui Dong
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoming Xie
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Shen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqiao Huangfu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinzhong Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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22
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Herchenhan A, Uhlenbrock F, Eliasson P, Weis M, Eyre D, Kadler KE, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. Lysyl Oxidase Activity Is Required for Ordered Collagen Fibrillogenesis by Tendon Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16440-50. [PMID: 25979340 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.641670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) are a family of copper-dependent oxido-deaminases that can modify the side chain of lysyl residues in collagen and elastin, thereby leading to the spontaneous formation of non-reducible aldehyde-derived interpolypeptide chain cross-links. The consequences of LOX inhibition in producing lathyrism are well documented, but the consequences on collagen fibril formation are less clear. Here we used β-aminoproprionitrile (BAPN) to inhibit LOX in tendon-like constructs (prepared from human tenocytes), which are an experimental model of cell-mediated collagen fibril formation. The improvement in structure and strength seen with time in control constructs was absent in constructs treated with BAPN. As expected, BAPN inhibited the formation of aldimine-derived cross-links in collagen, and the constructs were mechanically weak. However, an unexpected finding was that BAPN treatment led to structurally abnormal collagen fibrils with irregular profiles and widely dispersed diameters. Of special interest, the abnormal fibril profiles resembled those seen in some Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome phenotypes. Importantly, the total collagen content developed normally, and there was no difference in COL1A1 gene expression. Collagen type V, decorin, fibromodulin, and tenascin-X proteins were unaffected by the cross-link inhibition, suggesting that LOX regulates fibrillogenesis independently of these molecules. Collectively, the data show the importance of LOX for the mechanical development of early collagenous tissues and that LOX is essential for correct collagen fibril shape formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herchenhan
- From the Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark,
| | - Franziska Uhlenbrock
- Section for Experimental Animal Models, Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Pernilla Eliasson
- From the Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6500, and
| | - David Eyre
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6500, and
| | - Karl E Kadler
- Wellcome Trust Center for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- From the Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- From the Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen and Center for Healthy Ageing, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Herchenhan A, Bayer ML, Eliasson P, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. Insulin-like growth factor I enhances collagen synthesis in engineered human tendon tissue. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:13-19. [PMID: 25281191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isolated human tendon cells form 3D tendon constructs that demonstrate collagen fibrillogenesis and feature structural similarities to tendon when cultured under tensile load. The exact role of circulating growth factors for collagen formation in tendon is sparsely examined. We investigated the influence of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on tendon construct formation in 3D cell culture. DESIGN Tendon constructs were grown in 0.5 or 10% FBS with or without IGF-I (250 mg/ml) supplementation. Collagen content (fluorometric), mRNA levels (PCR) and fibril diameter (transmission electron microscopy) were determined at 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days. RESULTS IGF-I revealed a stimulating effect on fibril diameter (up to day 21), mRNA for collagen (to day 28), tenomodulin (to day 28) and scleraxis (at days 10 and 14), and on overall collagen content. 10% FBS diminished the development of fibril diameter (day 14), collagen content (at days 21 and 28) and mRNA expression for collagen, tenomodulin and scleraxis. CONCLUSION IGF-I supplementation promotes early onset of tensile load induced collagen formation and tendon structural arrangement, whereas the FBS concentration routinely used in cultures diminishes collagen expression, collagen content and fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herchenhan
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 8, 2nd floor, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Monika L Bayer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 8, 2nd floor, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernilla Eliasson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 8, 2nd floor, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 8, 2nd floor, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 8, 2nd floor, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Bayer ML, Schjerling P, Herchenhan A, Zeltz C, Heinemeier KM, Christensen L, Krogsgaard M, Gullberg D, Kjaer M. Release of tensile strain on engineered human tendon tissue disturbs cell adhesions, changes matrix architecture, and induces an inflammatory phenotype. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86078. [PMID: 24465881 PMCID: PMC3897642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading of tendon cells results in an upregulation of mechanotransduction signaling pathways, cell-matrix adhesion and collagen synthesis, but whether unloading removes these responses is unclear. We investigated the response to tension release, with regard to matrix proteins, pro-inflammatory mediators and tendon phenotypic specific molecules, in an in vitro model where tendon-like tissue was engineered from human tendon cells. Tissue sampling was performed 1, 2, 4 and 6 days after surgical de-tensioning of the tendon construct. When tensile stimulus was removed, integrin type collagen receptors showed a contrasting response with a clear drop in integrin subunit α11 mRNA and protein expression, and an increase in α2 integrin mRNA and protein levels. Further, specific markers for tendon cell differentiation declined and normal tendon architecture was disturbed, whereas pro-inflammatory molecules were upregulated. Stimulation with the cytokine TGF-β1 had distinct effects on some tendon-related genes in both tensioned and de-tensioned tissue. These findings indicate an important role of mechanical loading for cellular and matrix responses in tendon, including that loss of tension leads to a decrease in phenotypical markers for tendon, while expression of pro-inflammatory mediators is induced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika L Bayer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Herchenhan
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cedric Zeltz
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Katja M Heinemeier
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise Christensen
- Department of Pathology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Krogsgaard
- Section for Sports Traumatology, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Donald Gullberg
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wells HC, Edmonds RL, Kirby N, Hawley A, Mudie ST, Haverkamp RG. Collagen fibril diameter and leather strength. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:11524-11531. [PMID: 24199635 DOI: 10.1021/jf4041854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The main structural component of leather and skin is type I collagen in the form of strong fibrils. Strength is an important property of leather, and the way in which collagen contributes to the strength is not fully understood. Synchrotron-based small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is used to measure the collagen fibril diameter of leather from a range of animals, including sheep and cattle, that had a range of tear strengths. SAXS data were fit to a cylinder model. The collagen fibril diameter and tear strength were found to be correlated in bovine leather (r(2) = 0.59; P = 0.009), with stronger leather having thicker fibrils. There was no correlation between orientation index, i.e., fibril alignment, and fibril diameter for this data set. Ovine leather showed no correlation between tear strength and fibril diameter, nor was there a correlation across a selection of other animal leathers. The findings presented here suggest that there may be a different structural motif in skin compared with tendon, particularly ovine skin or leather, in which the diameter of the individual fibrils contributes less to strength than fibril alignment does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah C Wells
- School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand 4442
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Leung M, Jana S, Tsao CT, Zhang M. Tenogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stem cells via a combinatory effect of aligned chitosan–poly-caprolactone nanofibers and TGF-β3. J Mater Chem B 2013; 1:6516-6524. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb20825g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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