1
|
Anderson G, Cosway EJ, James KD, Ohigashi I, Takahama Y. Generation and repair of thymic epithelial cells. J Exp Med 2024; 221:e20230894. [PMID: 38980292 PMCID: PMC11232892 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20230894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate immune system, thymus stromal microenvironments support the generation of αβT cells from immature thymocytes. Thymic epithelial cells are of particular importance, and the generation of cortical and medullary epithelial lineages from progenitor stages controls the initiation and maintenance of thymus function. Here, we discuss the developmental pathways that regulate thymic epithelial cell diversity during both the embryonic and postnatal periods. We also examine how thymus microenvironments respond to injury, with particular focus on mechanisms that ensure regeneration of thymic epithelial cells for the restoration of thymus function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Anderson
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Emilie J. Cosway
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kieran D. James
- Institute for Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Izumi Ohigashi
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Thymus Biology Section, Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ruiz VL, Robert J. The amphibian immune system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220123. [PMID: 37305914 PMCID: PMC10258673 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphibians are at the forefront of bridging the evolutionary gap between mammals and more ancient, jawed vertebrates. Currently, several diseases have targeted amphibians and understanding their immune system has importance beyond their use as a research model. The immune system of the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, and that of mammals is well conserved. We know that several features of the adaptive and innate immune system are very similar for both, including the existence of B cells, T cells and innate-like T cells. In particular, the study of the immune system at early stages of development is benefitted by studying X. laevis tadpoles. The tadpoles mainly rely on innate immune mechanisms including pre-set or innate-like T cells until after metamorphosis. In this review we lay out what is known about the innate and adaptive immune system of X. laevis including the lymphoid organs as well as how other amphibian immune systems are similar or different. Furthermore, we will describe how the amphibian immune system responds to some viral, bacterial and fungal insults. This article is part of the theme issue 'Amphibian immunity: stress, disease and ecoimmunology'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vania Lopez Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Jiang N, Liu W, Zhou Y, Xue M, Zhong Q, Li Z, Fan Y. Rag1 and Rag2 Gene Expressions Identify Lymphopoietic Tissues in Larvae of Rice-Field Eel (Monopterus albus). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147546. [PMID: 35886885 PMCID: PMC9324350 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In immature lymphocytes, recombination activating genes 1 and 2 are necessary for antigen receptor V (D) J recombination, representing immature lymphocyte biomarkers. Herein, we cloned and sequenced rice-field eel rag1 and rag2 genes. Their expressions in the thymus, liver, and kidney were significant from 0 days post hatching (dph) to 45 dph, peaking at 45 dph in these three tissues. In situ hybridization detected high rag1 and rag2 expressions in the liver, kidney, and thymus of rice-field eel from 2 to 45 dph, suggesting that multiple tissues of rice-field eel contain lymphocyte lineage cells and undergo lymphopoiesis. Tissue morphology was used to observe lymphopoiesis development in these three tissues. The thymus primordium began to develop at 2 dph, while the kidney and liver have generated. Our findings verified that the thymus is the primary lymphopoietic tissue and suggested that, in rice-field eel, lymphocyte differentiation also occurs in the liver and kidney.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
| | - Qiwang Zhong
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Zhong Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (Y.L.); (N.J.); (W.L.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
- Correspondence: (Z.L.); (Y.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that forms the linings of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, and their associated organs, during embryonic development. Xenopus embryology experiments have provided fundamental insights into how the endoderm develops in vertebrates, including the critical role of TGFβ-signaling in endoderm induction,elucidating the gene regulatory networks controlling germ layer development and the key molecular mechanisms regulating endoderm patterning and morphogenesis. With new genetic, genomic, and imaging approaches, Xenopus is now routinely used to model human disease, discover mechanisms underlying endoderm organogenesis, and inform differentiation protocols for pluripotent stem cell differentiation and regenerative medicine applications. In this chapter, we review historical and current discoveries of endoderm development in Xenopus, then provide examples of modeling human disease and congenital defects of endoderm-derived organs using Xenopus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Edwards
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang Y, Zhang B, Kropp J, Morozova N. Inference on tissue transplantation experiments. J Theor Biol 2021; 520:110645. [PMID: 33640451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2021.110645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We review studies on tissue transplantation experiments for various species: one piece of the donor tissue is excised and transplanted into a slit in the host tissue, then observe the behavior of this grafted tissue. Although we have known the results of some transplantation experiments, there are many more possible experiments with unknown results. We develop a penalty function-based method that uses the known experimental results to infer the unknown experimental results. Similar experiments without similar results get penalized and correspond to smaller probability. This method can provide the most probable results of a group of experiments or the probability of a specific result for each experiment. This method is also generalized to other situations. Besides, we solve a problem: how to design experiments so that such a method can be applied most efficiently.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Boyu Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, Princeton University, 08544 Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Jérémie Kropp
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nadya Morozova
- Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques (IHÉS), 91440 Bures-sur-Yvette, France; Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIN RAS), 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li J, Perfetto M, Materna C, Li R, Thi Tran H, Vleminckx K, Duncan MK, Wei S. A new transgenic reporter line reveals Wnt-dependent Snai2 re-expression and cranial neural crest differentiation in Xenopus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11191. [PMID: 31371771 PMCID: PMC6672020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47665-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate embryogenesis, the cranial neural crest (CNC) forms at the neural plate border and subsequently migrates and differentiates into many types of cells. The transcription factor Snai2, which is induced by canonical Wnt signaling to be expressed in the early CNC, is pivotal for CNC induction and migration in Xenopus. However, snai2 expression is silenced during CNC migration, and its roles at later developmental stages remain unclear. We generated a transgenic X. tropicalis line that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) driven by the snai2 promoter/enhancer, and observed eGFP expression not only in the pre-migratory and migrating CNC, but also the differentiating CNC. This transgenic line can be used directly to detect deficiencies in CNC development at various stages, including subtle perturbation of CNC differentiation. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry confirm that Snai2 is re-expressed in the differentiating CNC. Using a separate transgenic Wnt reporter line, we show that canonical Wnt signaling is also active in the differentiating CNC. Blocking Wnt signaling shortly after CNC migration causes reduced snai2 expression and impaired differentiation of CNC-derived head cartilage structures. These results suggest that Wnt signaling is required for snai2 re-expression and CNC differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiejing Li
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of KMUST, Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Mark Perfetto
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Christopher Materna
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Rebecca Li
- Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Hong Thi Tran
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research and Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Vleminckx
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research and Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Melinda K Duncan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Shuo Wei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jiang N, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Liu W, Robert J, Zeng L. Rag1 and rag2 gene expressions identify lymphopoietic tissues in juvenile and adult Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:24-35. [PMID: 29800626 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Rag1 and rag2 are two closely linked recombination activating genes required for V(D)J recombination of antigen receptors in immature lymphocytes, whose expression can serve as marker to identify the lymphopoietic tissues. To study the development of lymphopoietic tissues in Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), the Chinese giant salamander rag1 and rag2 coding sequences were cloned and determined. High transcript levels of rag1 and rag2 were co-detected in the thymus before 14 months of age, whereas levels were lower in spleen, liver and kidney at all stage of development. The spatial expression patterns of rag1 and rag2 were studied in combination with igY and tcrβ gene expression using in situ hybridization. Significant transcript signals for rag1, rag2, tcrβ and igY were detected not only in the thymus and spleen but also the liver and kidney of juvenile and adult Chinese giant salamanders, which suggests that cells of lymphocyte lineage are present in multiple tissues of the Chinese giant salamander. This implies that lymphopoiesis may take place in these tissues. The tissue morphology of thymus suggested that the branched thymic primordium developed into mature organ with the development of thymocyte from juvenile to adult. These results not only confirm that as expected the thymus and spleen are primordial lymphopoietic tissues but also suggest that the liver and kidney provide site of lymphocyte differentiation in Chinese giant salamander.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York 14642, USA.
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Division of Fish Disease, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430223, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Migration and diversification of the vagal neural crest. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S98-S109. [PMID: 29981692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Arising within the neural tube between the cranial and trunk regions of the body axis, the vagal neural crest shares interesting similarities in its migratory routes and derivatives with other neural crest populations. However, the vagal neural crest is also unique in its ability to contribute to diverse organs including the heart and enteric nervous system. This review highlights the migratory routes of the vagal neural crest and compares them across multiple vertebrates. We also summarize recent advances in understanding vagal neural crest ontogeny and discuss the contribution of this important neural crest population to the cardiovascular system and endoderm-derived organs, including the thymus, lungs and pancreas.
Collapse
|
9
|
Franchini A, Ottaviani E. Thymus: Conservation in evolution. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 246:46-50. [PMID: 28322763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
From an evolutionary point of view, the thymus is a new organ observed for the first time in fish concomitantly with the appearance of adaptive clonotypical immunity. Hormone and neuropeptide expression was demonstrated in different species suggesting a conserved role of these molecules. An integrated evolution of immune and neuroendocrine responses appears to have been realized by means of the re-use of ancestral material, such as neuroendocrine cells and mediators, to create a thymic microenvironment for the maturation and differentiation of T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Franchini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Enzo Ottaviani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aldea D, Leon A, Bertrand S, Escriva H. Expression of Fox genes in the cephalochordate Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Front Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
11
|
Vasil’ev KA, Polevshchikov AV. Thymus development in early ontogeny: A comparative aspect. Russ J Dev Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236041503008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
12
|
Colombo BM, Scalvenzi T, Benlamara S, Pollet N. Microbiota and mucosal immunity in amphibians. Front Immunol 2015; 6:111. [PMID: 25821449 PMCID: PMC4358222 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We know that animals live in a world dominated by bacteria. In the last 20 years, we have learned that microbes are essential regulators of mucosal immunity. Bacteria, archeas, and viruses influence different aspects of mucosal development and function. Yet, the literature mainly covers findings obtained in mammals. In this review, we focus on two major themes that emerge from the comparative analysis of mammals and amphibians. These themes concern: (i) the structure and functions of lymphoid organs and immune cells in amphibians, with a focus on the gut mucosal immune system; and (ii) the characteristics of the amphibian microbiota and its influence on mucosal immunity. Lastly, we propose to use Xenopus tadpoles as an alternative small-animal model to improve the fundamental knowledge on immunological functions of gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M Colombo
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Thibault Scalvenzi
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Sarah Benlamara
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne , Evry , France
| | - Nicolas Pollet
- Institute of Systems and Synthetic Biology, CNRS , Evry , France ; Evolution, Genome, Comportement et Ecologie, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, IRD , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A novel function for Egr4 in posterior hindbrain development. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7750. [PMID: 25583070 PMCID: PMC4291570 DOI: 10.1038/srep07750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Segmentation of the vertebrate hindbrain is an evolutionarily conserved process. Here, we identify the transcription factor early growth response 4 (egr4) as a novel regulator of posterior hindbrain development in Xenopus. egr4 is specifically and transiently expressed in rhombomeres 5 and 6 (r5/r6), and Egr4 knockdown causes a loss of mafb/kreisler and krox20/egr2 expression in r5/r6 and r5, respectively. This phenotype can be fully rescued by injection of frog or mouse Egr4 mRNA. Moreover Egr4-depleted embryos exhibit a specific loss of the neural crest stream adjacent to r5, and have inner ear defects. While the homeodomain protein vHnf1/Hnf1b directly activates Mafb and Krox20 expression in the mouse hindbrain to specify r5, we show that in Xenopus this process is indirect through the activation of Egr4. We provide evidence that rearrangements in the regulatory sequences around egr4 and mafb genes may account for this difference.
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu R, Chen ZY, Wang J, Yuan JD, Liao XY, Gui JF, Zhang QY. Thymus cDNA library survey uncovers novel features of immune molecules in Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:413-422. [PMID: 24909429 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A ranavirus-induced thymus cDNA library was constructed from Chinese giant salamander, the largest extant amphibian species. Among the 137 putative immune-related genes derived from this library, these molecules received particular focus: immunoglobulin heavy chains (IgM, IgD, and IgY), IFN-inducible protein 6 (IFI6), and T cell receptor beta chain (TCRβ). Several unusual features were uncovered: IgD displays a structure pattern distinct from those described for other amphibians by having only four constant domains plus a hinge region. A unique IgY form (IgY(ΔFc)), previously undescribed in amphibians, is present in serum. Alternative splicing is observed to generate IgH diversification. IFI6 is newly-identified in amphibians, which occurs in two forms divergent in subcelluar distribution and antiviral activity. TCRβ immunoscope profile follows the typical vertebrate pattern, implying a polyclonal T cell repertoire. Collectively, the pioneering survey of ranavirus-induced thymus cDNA library from Chinese giant salamander reveals immune components and characteristics in this primitive amphibian.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jiang-Di Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiang-Yong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jian-Fang Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qi-Ya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Keyte AL, Alonzo-Johnsen M, Hutson MR. Evolutionary and developmental origins of the cardiac neural crest: building a divided outflow tract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 102:309-23. [PMID: 25227322 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) have played an important role in the evolution and development of the vertebrate cardiovascular system: from reinforcement of the developing aortic arch arteries early in vertebrate evolution, to later orchestration of aortic arch artery remodeling into the great arteries of the heart, and finally outflow tract septation in amniotes. A critical element necessary for the evolutionary advent of outflow tract septation was the co-evolution of the cardiac neural crest cells with the second heart field. This review highlights the major transitions in vertebrate circulatory evolution, explores the evolutionary developmental origins of the CNCCs from the third stream cranial neural crest, and explores candidate signaling pathways in CNCC and outflow tract evolution drawn from our knowledge of DiGeorge Syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna L Keyte
- Brumley Neonatal Perinatal Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Green SA, Bronner ME. The lamprey: a jawless vertebrate model system for examining origin of the neural crest and other vertebrate traits. Differentiation 2014; 87:44-51. [PMID: 24560767 PMCID: PMC3995830 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lampreys are a group of jawless fishes that serve as an important point of comparison for studies of vertebrate evolution. Lampreys and hagfishes are agnathan fishes, the cyclostomes, which sit at a crucial phylogenetic position as the only living sister group of the jawed vertebrates. Comparisons between cyclostomes and jawed vertebrates can help identify shared derived (i.e. synapomorphic) traits that might have been inherited from ancestral early vertebrates, if unlikely to have arisen convergently by chance. One example of a uniquely vertebrate trait is the neural crest, an embryonic tissue that produces many cell types crucial to vertebrate features, such as the craniofacial skeleton, pigmentation of the skin, and much of the peripheral nervous system (Gans and Northcutt, 1983). Invertebrate chordates arguably lack unambiguous neural crest homologs, yet have cells with some similarities, making comparisons with lampreys and jawed vertebrates essential for inferring characteristics of development in early vertebrates, and how they may have evolved from nonvertebrate chordates. Here we review recent research on cyclostome neural crest development, including research on lamprey gene regulatory networks and differentiated neural crest fates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Green
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Ave., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Marianne E Bronner
- California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Ave., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
| |
Collapse
|