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Brown HE, Weasner BP, Weasner BM, Kumar JP. Polycomb safeguards imaginal disc specification through control of the Vestigial-Scalloped complex. Development 2023; 150:dev201872. [PMID: 37702007 PMCID: PMC10560572 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental goal of developmental biology is to understand how cell and tissue fates are specified. The imaginal discs of Drosophila are excellent model systems for addressing this paradigm as their fate can be redirected when discs regenerate after injury or when key selector genes are misregulated. Here, we show that when Polycomb expression is reduced, the wing selector gene vestigial is ectopically activated. This leads to the inappropriate formation of the Vestigial-Scalloped complex, which forces the eye to transform into a wing. We further demonstrate that disrupting this complex does not simply block wing formation or restore eye development. Instead, immunohistochemistry and high-throughput genomic analysis show that the eye-antennal disc unexpectedly undergoes hyperplastic growth with multiple domains being organized into other imaginal discs and tissues. These findings provide insight into the complex developmental landscape that tissues must navigate before adopting their final fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E. Brown
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | | | - Bonnie M. Weasner
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Justin P. Kumar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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2
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Maurya CK, Tapadia MG. Expanded polyQ aggregates interact with sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase and Drosophila inhibitor of apoptosis protein1 to regulate polyQ mediated neurodegeneration in Drosophila. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 126:103886. [PMID: 37567489 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine (polyQ) induced neurodegeneration is one of the leading causes of progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized clinically by deteriorating movement defects, psychiatric disability, and dementia. Calcium [Ca2+] homeostasis, which is essential for the functioning of neuronal cells, is disrupted under these pathological conditions. In this paper, we simulated Huntington's disease phenotype in the neuronal cells of the Drosophila eye and identified [Ca2+] pump, sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA), as one of the genetic modifiers of the neurodegenerative phenotype. This paper shows genetic and molecular interaction between polyglutamine (polyQ) aggregates, SERCA and DIAP1. We present evidence that polyQ aggregates interact with SERCA and alter its dynamics, resulting in a decrease in cytosolic [Ca2+] and an increase in ER [Ca2+], and thus toxicity. Downregulating SERCA lowers the enhanced calcium levels in the ER and rescues, morphological and functional defects caused due to expanded polyQ repeats. Cell proliferation markers such as Yorkie (Yki), Scalloped (Sd), and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), also respond to varying levels of calcium due to genetic manipulations, adding to the amelioration of degeneration. These results imply that neurodegeneration due to expanded polyQ repeats is sensitive to SERCA activity, and its manipulation can be an important step toward its therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandan Kumar Maurya
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Madhu G Tapadia
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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3
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Yamashita T, Ohde T, Nakamura T, Ishimaru Y, Watanabe T, Tomonari S, Nakamura Y, Noji S, Mito T. Involvement of the scalloped gene in morphogenesis of the wing margin via regulating cell growth in a hemimetabolous insect Gryllus bimaculatus. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:348-359. [PMID: 37310211 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The acquisition of wings was a key event in insect evolution. As hemimetabolous insects were the first group to acquire functional wings, establishing the mechanisms of wing formation in this group could provide useful insights into their evolution. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the expression and function of the gene scalloped (sd), which is involved in wing formation in Drosophila melanogaster, and in Gryllus bimaculatus mainly during postembryonic development. Expression analysis showed that sd is expressed in the tergal edge, legs, antennae, labrum, and cerci during embryogenesis and in the distal margin of the wing pads from at least the sixth instar in the mid to late stages. Because sd knockout caused early lethality, nymphal RNA interference experiments were performed. Malformations were observed in the wings, ovipositor, and antennae. By analyzing the effects on wing morphology, it was revealed that sd is mainly involved in the formation of the margin, possibly through the regulation of cell proliferation. In conclusion, sd might regulate the local growth of wing pads and influence wing margin morphology in Gryllus.
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Grants
- 17H03945 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 19H02970 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 19K06691 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- 20K21436 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Yamashita
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ohde
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taro Nakamura
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiyasu Ishimaru
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takahito Watanabe
- Bio-Innovation Research Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sayuri Tomonari
- Technical Support Department, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology and Science, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Sumihare Noji
- Bio-Innovation Research Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Taro Mito
- Bio-Innovation Research Center, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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4
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Brown HE, Weasner BP, Weasner BM, Kumar JP. Polycomb safeguards imaginal disc specification through control of the Vestigial-Scalloped complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.11.536444. [PMID: 37090526 PMCID: PMC10120697 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental goal of developmental biology is to understand how cell and tissue fates are specified. The imaginal discs of Drosophila are excellent model systems for addressing this paradigm as their fate can be redirected when discs regenerate after injury or when key selector genes are mis-regulated. Here, we show that when Polycomb expression is reduced, the wing selector gene vestigial is ectopically activated. This leads to the inappropriate formation of the Vestigial-Scalloped complex which forces the eye to transform into a wing. We further demonstrate that disrupting this complex does not simply block wing formation or restore eye development. Instead, immunohistochemistry and high throughput genomic analysis show that the eye-antennal disc unexpectedly undergoes hyperplastic growth with multiple domains being organized into other imaginal discs and tissues. These findings provide insight into the complex developmental landscape that tissues must navigate before adopting their final fate. Summary Statement Here we describe a novel mechanism by which Pc promotes an eye fate during normal development and how the eye is reprogrammed into a wing in its absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E. Brown
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
| | | | - Bonnie M. Weasner
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
| | - Justin P. Kumar
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA
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5
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Currey L, Thor S, Piper M. TEAD family transcription factors in development and disease. Development 2021; 148:269158. [PMID: 34128986 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The balance between stem cell potency and lineage specification entails the integration of both extrinsic and intrinsic cues, which ultimately influence gene expression through the activity of transcription factors. One example of this is provided by the Hippo signalling pathway, which plays a central role in regulating organ size during development. Hippo pathway activity is mediated by the transcriptional co-factors Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), which interact with TEA domain (TEAD) proteins to regulate gene expression. Although the roles of YAP and TAZ have been intensively studied, the roles played by TEAD proteins are less well understood. Recent studies have begun to address this, revealing that TEADs regulate the balance between progenitor self-renewal and differentiation throughout various stages of development. Furthermore, it is becoming apparent that TEAD proteins interact with other co-factors that influence stem cell biology. This Primer provides an overview of the role of TEAD proteins during development, focusing on their role in Hippo signalling as well as within other developmental, homeostatic and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Currey
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Stefan Thor
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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6
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The transcription factor of the Hippo signaling pathway, LmSd, regulates wing development in Locusta migratoria. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:136-143. [PMID: 33667555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Scalloped (Sd) is transcription factor that regulates cell proliferation and organ growth in the Hippo pathway. In the present research, LmSd was identified and characterized, and found to encode an N-terminal TEA domain and a C-terminal YBD domain. qRT-PCR showed that the LmSd transcription level was highest in the fifth-instar nymphs and very little was expressed in embryos. Tissue-specific analyses showed that LmSd was highly expressed in the wing. Immunohistochemistry indicated that LmSd was highly abundant in the head, prothorax, and legs during embryonic development. LmSd dsRNA injection resulted in significantly down-regulated transcription and protein expression levels compared with dsGFP injection. Gene silencing of LmSd resulted in deformed wings that were curved, wrinkled, and failed to fully expand. Approximately 40% of the nymphs had wing pads that were not able to close normally during molting from fifth-instar nymphs into adults. After silencing of LmSd, the transcription levels of cell division genes were suppressed and the expression levels of apoptosis genes were significantly up-regulated. Our results reveal that LmSd plays an important role in wing formation and development by controlling cell proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis.
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7
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Tokamov SA, Su T, Ullyot A, Fehon RG. Negative feedback couples Hippo pathway activation with Kibra degradation independent of Yorkie-mediated transcription. eLife 2021; 10:62326. [PMID: 33555257 PMCID: PMC7895526 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo (Hpo) pathway regulates tissue growth in many animals. Multiple upstream components promote Hpo pathway activity, but the organization of these different inputs, the degree of crosstalk between them, and whether they are regulated in a distinct manner is not well understood. Kibra (Kib) activates the Hpo pathway by recruiting the core Hpo kinase cassette to the apical cortex. Here, we show that the Hpo pathway downregulates Drosophila Kib levels independently of Yorkie-mediated transcription. We find that Hpo signaling complex formation promotes Kib degradation via SCFSlimb-mediated ubiquitination, that this effect requires Merlin, Salvador, Hpo, and Warts, and that this mechanism functions independently of other upstream Hpo pathway activators. Moreover, Kib degradation appears patterned by differences in mechanical tension across the wing. We propose that Kib degradation mediated by Hpo pathway components and regulated by cytoskeletal tension serves to control Kib-driven Hpo pathway activation and ensure optimally scaled and patterned tissue growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherzod A Tokamov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Anne Ullyot
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
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8
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Duy Binh T, L A Pham T, Nishihara T, Thanh Men T, Kamei K. The Function of Lipin in the Wing Development of Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133288. [PMID: 31277421 PMCID: PMC6650997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipin is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to mammals. Although its roles in lipid metabolism in adipocyte tissue, skeletal muscle, and the liver, and as a transcriptional co-activator are known, its functions during development are still under investigation. In this study, we analyzed the role of Drosophila lipin (dLipin) in development. Specifically, we showed that the tissue-selective knockdown of dLipin in the wing pouch led to an atrophied wing. Elevated DNA damage was observed in the wing imaginal disc of dLipin-knockdown flies. dLipin dysfunction induced accumulation of cells in S phase and significantly reduced the number of mitotic cells, indicating DNA damage-induced activation of the G2/M checkpoint. Reduced expression of cyclin B, which is critical for the G2 to M transition, was observed in the margin of the wing imaginal disc of dLipin-knockdown flies. The knockdown of dLipin led to increased apoptotic cell death in the wing imaginal disc. Thus, our results suggest that dLipin is involved in DNA replication during normal cell cycle progression in wing development of Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Duy Binh
- Department of Functional Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tuan L A Pham
- Department of Functional Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Taisei Nishihara
- Department of Functional Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Tran Thanh Men
- Department of Biology, Can Tho University, Cantho City 900000, Vietnam
| | - Kaeko Kamei
- Department of Functional Chemistry, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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9
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The Scalloped and Nerfin-1 Transcription Factors Cooperate to Maintain Neuronal Cell Fate. Cell Rep 2018; 25:1561-1576.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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10
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Xu J, Vanderzalm PJ, Ludwig M, Su T, Tokamov SA, Fehon RG. Yorkie Functions at the Cell Cortex to Promote Myosin Activation in a Non-transcriptional Manner. Dev Cell 2018; 46:271-284.e5. [PMID: 30032991 PMCID: PMC6086586 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that controls organ size in animals. Yorkie is well known as a transcriptional co-activator that functions downstream of the Hippo pathway to positively regulate transcription of genes that promote tissue growth. Recent studies have shown that increased myosin activity activates both Yorkie and its vertebrate orthologue YAP, resulting in increased nuclear localization and tissue growth. Here we show that Yorkie also can accumulate at the cell cortex in the apical junctional region. Moreover, Yorkie functions at the cortex to promote activation of myosin through a myosin regulatory light chain kinase, Stretchin-Mlck. This Yorkie function is not dependent on its transcriptional activity and is required for larval and adult tissues to achieve appropriate size. Based on these results, we suggest that Yorkie functions in a feedforward "amplifier" loop that promotes myosin activation, and thereby greater Yorkie activity, in response to tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajie Xu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Pamela J Vanderzalm
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Biology, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118, USA
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ting Su
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sherzod A Tokamov
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard G Fehon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Development, Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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11
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Sander M, Eichenlaub T, Herranz H. Oncogenic cooperation between Yorkie and the conserved microRNA miR-8 in the wing disc of Drosophila. Development 2018; 145:dev.153817. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.153817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tissue growth has to be carefully controlled to generate well-functioning organs. microRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that modulate the activity of target genes and play a pivotal role in animal development. Understanding the functions of microRNAs in development requires the identification of their target genes. Here, we find that the conserved microRNA miR-8/miR-200 controls tissue growth and homeostasis in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. Upregulation of miR-8 causes the repression of Yorkie, the effector of the Hippo pathway in Drosophila, and reduces tissue size. Remarkably, coexpression of Yorkie and miR-8 causes the formation of neoplastic tumors. We show that upregulation of miR-8 represses the growth inhibitor brinker, and depletion of brinker cooperates with Yorkie in the formation of neoplastic tumors. Hence, miR-8 modulates a positive growth regulator, Yorkie, and a negative growth regulator, brinker. Deregulation of this network can result in the loss of tissue homeostasis and the formation of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Sander
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Teresa Eichenlaub
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Héctor Herranz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Scalloped a member of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway controls mushroom body size in Drosophila brain by non-canonical regulation of neuroblast proliferation. Dev Biol 2017; 432:203-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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13
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Tsai CR, Anderson AE, Burra S, Jo J, Galko MJ. Yorkie regulates epidermal wound healing in Drosophila larvae independently of cell proliferation and apoptosis. Dev Biol 2017; 427:61-71. [PMID: 28514643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Yorkie (Yki), the transcriptional co-activator of the Hippo signaling pathway, has well-characterized roles in balancing apoptosis and cell division during organ growth control. Yki is also required in diverse tissue regenerative contexts. In most cases this requirement reflects its well-characterized roles in balancing apoptosis and cell division. Whether Yki has repair functions outside of the control of cell proliferation, death, and growth is not clear. Here we show that Yki and Scalloped (Sd) are required for epidermal wound closure in the Drosophila larval epidermis. Using a GFP-tagged Yki transgene we show that Yki transiently translocates to some epidermal nuclei upon wounding. Genetic analysis strongly suggests that Yki interacts with the known wound healing pathway, Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), but not with Platelet Derived Growth Factor/Vascular-Endothelial Growth Factor receptor (Pvr). Yki likely acts downstream of or parallel to JNK signaling and does not appear to regulate either proliferation or apoptosis in the larval epidermis during wound repair. Analysis of actin structures after wounding suggests that Yki and Sd promote wound closure through actin regulation. In sum, we found that Yki regulates an epithelial tissue repair process independently of its previously documented roles in balancing proliferation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ru Tsai
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aimee E Anderson
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sirisha Burra
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Juyeon Jo
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Genes and Development Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael J Galko
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Genes and Development Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, TX 77030, USA.
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14
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Pimmett VL, Deng H, Haskins JA, Mercier RJ, LaPointe P, Simmonds AJ. The activity of the Drosophila Vestigial protein is modified by Scalloped-dependent phosphorylation. Dev Biol 2017; 425:58-69. [PMID: 28322734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila vestigial gene is required for proliferation and differentiation of the adult wing and for differentiation of larval and adult muscle identity. Vestigial is part of a multi-protein transcription factor complex, which includes Scalloped, a TEAD-class DNA binding protein. Binding Scalloped is necessary for translocation of Vestigial into the nucleus. We show that Vestigial is extensively post-translationally modified and at least one of these modifications is required for proper function during development. We have shown that there is p38-dependent phosphorylation of Serine 215 in the carboxyl-terminal region of Vestigial. Phosphorylation of Serine 215 occurs in the nucleus and requires the presence of Scalloped. Comparison of a phosphomimetic and non-phosphorylatable mutant forms of Vestigial shows differences in the ability to rescue the wing and muscle phenotypes associated with a null vestigial allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Pimmett
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2H7
| | - Hua Deng
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2H7; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Dept. of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Julie A Haskins
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2H7
| | - Rebecca J Mercier
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2H7
| | - Paul LaPointe
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2H7
| | - Andrew J Simmonds
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G2H7
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15
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Differential Regulation of Cyclin E by Yorkie-Scalloped Signaling in Organ Development. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:1049-1060. [PMID: 28143945 PMCID: PMC5345706 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.039065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tissue integrity and homeostasis are accomplished through strict spatial and temporal regulation of cell growth and proliferation during development. Various signaling pathways have emerged as major growth regulators across metazoans; yet, how differential growth within a tissue is spatiotemporally coordinated remains largely unclear. Here, we report a role of a growth modulator Yorkie (Yki), the Drosophila homolog of Yes-associated protein (YAP), that differentially regulates its targets in Drosophila wing imaginal discs; whereby Yki interacts with its transcriptional partner, Scalloped (Sd), the homolog of the TEAD/TEF family transcription factor in mammals, to control an essential cell cycle regulator Cyclin E (CycE). Interestingly, when Yki was coexpressed with Fizzy-related (Fzr), a Drosophila endocycle inducer and homolog of Cdh1 in mammals, surrounding hinge cells displayed larger nuclear size than distal pouch cells. The observed size difference is attributable to differential regulation of CycE, a target of Yki and Sd, the latter of which can directly bind to CycE regulatory sequences, and is expressed only in the pouch region of the wing disc starting from the late second-instar larval stage. During earlier stages of larval development, when Sd expression was not detected in the wing disc, coexpression of Fzr and Yki did not cause size differences between cells along the proximal–distal axis of the disc. We show that ectopic CycE promoted cell proliferation and apoptosis, and inhibited transcriptional activity of Yki targets. These findings suggest that spatiotemporal expression of transcription factor Sd induces differential growth regulation by Yki during wing disc development, highlighting coordination between Yki and CycE to control growth and maintain homeostasis.
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16
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Corty MM, Tam J, Grueber WB. Dendritic diversification through transcription factor-mediated suppression of alternative morphologies. Development 2016; 143:1351-62. [PMID: 27095495 DOI: 10.1242/dev.130906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neurons display a striking degree of functional and morphological diversity, and the developmental mechanisms that underlie diversification are of significant interest for understanding neural circuit assembly and function. We find that the morphology of Drosophila sensory neurons is diversified through a series of suppressive transcriptional interactions involving the POU domain transcription factors Pdm1 (Nubbin) and Pdm2, the homeodomain transcription factor Cut, and the transcriptional regulators Scalloped and Vestigial. Pdm1 and Pdm2 are expressed in a subset of proprioceptive sensory neurons and function to inhibit dendrite growth and branching. A subset of touch receptors show a capacity to express Pdm1/2, but Cut represses this expression and promotes more complex dendritic arbors. Levels of Cut expression are diversified in distinct sensory neurons by selective expression of Scalloped and Vestigial. Different levels of Cut impact dendritic complexity and, consistent with this, we show that Scalloped and Vestigial suppress terminal dendritic branching. This transcriptional hierarchy therefore acts to suppress alternative morphologies to diversify three distinct types of somatosensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Corty
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St. P&S 12-403, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St. P&S 12-403, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Justina Tam
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St. P&S 12-403, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wesley B Grueber
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St. P&S 12-403, New York, NY 10032, USA Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, 630 W. 168th St. P&S 12-403, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Causes and consequences of genetic background effects illuminated by integrative genomic analysis. Genetics 2014; 196:1321-36. [PMID: 24504186 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.113.159426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic consequences of individual mutations are modulated by the wild-type genetic background in which they occur. Although such background dependence is widely observed, we do not know whether general patterns across species and traits exist or about the mechanisms underlying it. We also lack knowledge on how mutations interact with genetic background to influence gene expression and how this in turn mediates mutant phenotypes. Furthermore, how genetic background influences patterns of epistasis remains unclear. To investigate the genetic basis and genomic consequences of genetic background dependence of the scalloped(E3) allele on the Drosophila melanogaster wing, we generated multiple novel genome-level datasets from a mapping-by-introgression experiment and a tagged RNA gene expression dataset. In addition we used whole genome resequencing of the parental lines-two commonly used laboratory strains-to predict polymorphic transcription factor binding sites for SD. We integrated these data with previously published genomic datasets from expression microarrays and a modifier mutation screen. By searching for genes showing a congruent signal across multiple datasets, we were able to identify a robust set of candidate loci contributing to the background-dependent effects of mutations in sd. We also show that the majority of background-dependent modifiers previously reported are caused by higher-order epistasis, not quantitative noncomplementation. These findings provide a useful foundation for more detailed investigations of genetic background dependence in this system, and this approach is likely to prove useful in exploring the genetic basis of other traits as well.
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