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Bresee C, Litman-Cleper J, Clayton CJ, Krubitzer L. Translating the Timing of Developmental Benchmarks in Short-Tailed Opossums (Monodelphisdomestica) to Facilitate Comparisons with Commonly Used Rodent Models. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2024; 99:69-85. [PMID: 38527443 DOI: 10.1159/000538524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The gray short-tailed opossum, Monodelhis domestica (M. domestica), is a widely used marsupial model species that presents unique advantages for neurodevelopmental studies. Notably their extremely altricial birth allows manipulation of postnatal pups at timepoints equivalent to embryonic stages of placental mammals. A robust literature exists on the development of short-tailed opossums, but many researchers working in the more conventional model species of mice and rats may find it daunting to identify the appropriate age at which to conduct experiments. METHODS Here, we present detailed staging diagrams taken from photographic observations of 40 individual pups, in 6 litters, over 25 timepoints across postnatal development. We also present a comparative neurodevelopmental timeline of short-tailed opossums (M. domestica), the house mouse (Mus musculus), and the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus) during embryonic as well as postnatal development, using timepoints taken from this study and a review of existing literature, and use this dataset to present statistical models comparing the opossum to the rat and mouse. RESULTS One aim of this research was to aid in testing the generalizability of results found in rodents to other mammalian brains, such as the more distantly related metatherians. However, this broad dataset also allows the identification of potential heterochronies in opossum development compared to rats and mice. In contrast to previous work, we found broad similarity between the pace of opossum neural development with that of rats and mice. We also found that development of some systems was accelerated in the opossum, such as the forelimb motor plant, oral motor control, and some aspects of the olfactory system, while the development of the cortex, some aspects of the retina, and other aspects of the olfactory system are delayed compared to the rat and mouse. DISCUSSION The pace of opossum development is broadly similar to that of mice and rats, which underscores the usefulness of this species as a compliment to the more commonly used rodents. Many features that differ the most between opossums and rats and mice were either clustered around the day of birth and were features that have functional importance for the pup immediately after or during birth, or were features that have reduced functional importance for the pup until later in postnatal development, given that it is initially attached to the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bresee
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Jules Litman-Cleper
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cindy J Clayton
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Leah Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Hong Q, Liu ZX, Liang HF, Wu DG, Chen Y, Yu B. Inhibition of HOXD11 promotes cartilage degradation and induces osteoarthritis development. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:111. [PMID: 38308324 PMCID: PMC10837984 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-04573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The 5'-HOXD genes are important for chondrogenesis in vertebrates, but their roles in osteoarthritis (OA) are still ambiguous. In our study, 5'-HOXD genes involvement contributing to cartilage degradation and OA was investigated. In bioinformatics analysis of 5'-HOXD genes, we obtained the GSE169077 data set related to OA in the GEO and analyzed DEGs using the GEO2R tool attached to the GEO. Then, we screened the mRNA levels of 5'-HOXD genes by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We discovered that OA chondrocyte proliferation was inhibited, and apoptosis was increased. Moreover, it was discovered that SOX9 and COL2A1 were downregulated at mRNA and protein levels, while matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTSs) were upregulated. According to the results of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and qRT-PCR, we evaluated the protein level of HOXD11 and found that the expression of HOXD11 was downregulated, reversed to MMPs and ADAMTSs but consistent with the cartilage-specific factors, SOX9 and COL2A1. In the lentivirus transfection experiments, HOXD11 overexpression reversed the effects in OA chondrocytes. In human OA articular cartilage, aberrant subchondral bone was formed in hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and Safranin O and fast green (SOFG) staining results. Furthermore, according to immunohistochemistry findings, SOX9 and HOXD11 expression was inhibited. The results of this study established that HOXD11 was downregulated in OA cartilage and that overexpression of HOXD11 could prevent cartilage degradation in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Jieyang People's Hospital (Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University), Jieyang, 522000, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhong-Xun Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai-Feng Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - De-Guang Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Ultrasonic Diagnosis, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
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Boschann F, Cogulu MÖ, Pehlivan D, Balachandran S, Vallecillo-Garcia P, Grochowski CM, Hansmeier NR, Coban Akdemir ZH, Prada-Medina CA, Aykut A, Fischer-Zirnsak B, Badura S, Durmaz B, Ozkinay F, Hägerling R, Posey JE, Stricker S, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Spielmann M, Horn D, Brockmann K, Lupski JR, Kornak U, Schmidt J. Biallelic variants in ADAMTS15 cause a novel form of distal arthrogryposis. Genet Med 2022; 24:2187-2193. [PMID: 35962790 PMCID: PMC9982667 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to identify the underlying genetic cause for a novel form of distal arthrogryposis. METHODS Rare variant family-based genomics, exome sequencing, and disease-specific panel sequencing were used to detect ADAMTS15 variants in affected individuals. Adamts15 expression was analyzed at the single-cell level during murine embryogenesis. Expression patterns were characterized using in situ hybridization and RNAscope. RESULTS We identified homozygous rare variant alleles of ADAMTS15 in 5 affected individuals from 4 unrelated consanguineous families presenting with congenital flexion contractures of the interphalangeal joints and hypoplastic or absent palmar creases. Radiographic investigations showed physiological interphalangeal joint morphology. Additional features included knee, Achilles tendon, and toe contractures, spinal stiffness, scoliosis, and orthodontic abnormalities. Analysis of mouse whole-embryo single-cell sequencing data revealed a tightly regulated Adamts15 expression in the limb mesenchyme between embryonic stages E11.5 and E15.0. A perimuscular and peritendinous expression was evident in in situ hybridization in the developing mouse limb. In accordance, RNAscope analysis detected a significant coexpression with Osr1, but not with markers for skeletal muscle or joint formation. CONCLUSION In aggregate, our findings provide evidence that rare biallelic recessive trait variants in ADAMTS15 cause a novel autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder, resulting in a distal arthrogryposis syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Boschann
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhsin Ö Cogulu
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX; Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Saranya Balachandran
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Nils R Hansmeier
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeynep H Coban Akdemir
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth School of Public Health, The University of Texas, Houston, TX
| | - Cesar A Prada-Medina
- RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ayca Aykut
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Björn Fischer-Zirnsak
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Badura
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Center for Children With Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Burak Durmaz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferda Ozkinay
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - René Hägerling
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer E Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Sigmar Stricker
- Institute of Biochemistry, Freie University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Malte Spielmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Denise Horn
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Brockmann
- Interdisciplinary Pediatric Center for Children With Developmental Disabilities and Severe Chronic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; RG Development & Disease, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Julia Schmidt
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Ruyani A, Kartika E, Parlindungan D, Putra R, Sundaryono A, Susanta A. LP-52 Leaf ethanolic extract of Etlingera hemesphaerica Blume mitigates defects in fetal anatomy and endochondral ossification due to mercuric chloride during the post-implantation period in Mus musculus. Toxicol Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Polikarpova A, Ellinghaus A, Schmidt-Bleek O, Grosser L, Bucher CH, Duda GN, Tanaka EM, Schmidt-Bleek K. The specialist in regeneration-the Axolotl-a suitable model to study bone healing? NPJ Regen Med 2022; 7:35. [PMID: 35773262 PMCID: PMC9246919 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-022-00229-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
While the axolotl's ability to completely regenerate amputated limbs is well known and studied, the mechanism of axolotl bone fracture healing remains poorly understood. One reason might be the lack of a standardized fracture fixation in axolotl. We present a surgical technique to stabilize the osteotomized axolotl femur with a fixator plate and compare it to a non-stabilized osteotomy and to limb amputation. The healing outcome was evaluated 3 weeks, 3, 6 and 9 months post-surgery by microcomputer tomography, histology and immunohistochemistry. Plate-fixated femurs regained bone integrity more efficiently in comparison to the non-fixated osteotomized bone, where larger callus formed, possibly to compensate for the bone fragment misalignment. The healing of a non-critical osteotomy in axolotl was incomplete after 9 months, while amputated limbs efficiently restored bone length and structure. In axolotl amputated limbs, plate-fixated and non-fixated fractures, we observed accumulation of PCNA+ proliferating cells at 3 weeks post-injury similar to mouse. Additionally, as in mouse, SOX9-expressing cells appeared in the early phase of fracture healing and amputated limb regeneration in axolotl, preceding cartilage formation. This implicates endochondral ossification to be the probable mechanism of bone healing in axolotls. Altogether, the surgery with a standardized fixation technique demonstrated here allows for controlled axolotl bone healing experiments, facilitating their comparison to mammals (mice).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Polikarpova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - A Ellinghaus
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - O Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - L Grosser
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - C H Bucher
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - G N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany
| | - E M Tanaka
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - K Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute and BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, DE-13353, Germany.
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Pinson MR, Tseng AM, Adams A, Lehman TE, Chung K, Gutierrez J, Larin KV, Chambers C, Miranda RC. Prenatal alcohol exposure contributes to negative pregnancy outcomes by altering fetal vascular dynamics and the placental transcriptome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1036-1049. [PMID: 35474222 PMCID: PMC9325399 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been shown to alter fetal blood flow in utero and is also associated with placental insufficiency and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), suggesting an underlying connection between perturbed circulation and pregnancy outcomes. Methods Timed‐pregnant C57/BL6NHsd mice, bred in‐house, were exposed by gavage on gestational day 10 (GD10) to ethanol (3 g/kg) or purified water, as a control. Pulse‐wave Doppler ultrasound measurements for umbilical arteries and ascending aorta were obtained post‐gavage (GD12, GD14, GD18) on 2 fetuses/litter. RNA from the non‐decidual (labyrinthine and junctional zone) portion of placentas was isolated and processed for RNA‐seq and subsequent bioinformatic analyses, and the association between transcriptomic changes and fetal phenotypes assessed. Results Exposure to ethanol in pregnant mice on GD10 attenuates umbilical cord blood flow transiently during gestation, and is associated with indices of IUGR, specifically decreased fetal weight and morphometric indices of cranial growth. Moreover, RNA‐seq of the fetal portion of the placenta demonstrated that this single exposure has lasting transcriptomic changes, including upregulation of Tet3, which is associated with spontaneous abortion. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified erythrocyte differentiation and homeostasis as important pathways associated with improved umbilical cord blood flow as gestation progresses. WGCNA also identified sensory perception of chemical stimulus/odorant and receptor activity as important pathways associated with cranial growth. Conclusion Our data suggest that PAE perturbs the expression of placental genes relevant for placental hematopoiesis and environmental sensing, resulting in transient impairment of umbilical cord blood flow and, subsequently, IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa R Pinson
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Alexander M Tseng
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Amy Adams
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Tenley E Lehman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Karen Chung
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica Gutierrez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kirill V Larin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Christina Chambers
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Rajesh C Miranda
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA.,Women's Health in Neuroscience Program, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, Texas, USA.,Interdisciplinary Program of Genetics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Diaz RE, Taylor-Diaz EA, Trainor PA, Diogo R, Molnar JL. Comparative development of limb musculature in phylogenetically and ecologically divergent lizards. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:1576-1612. [PMID: 34927301 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians) exhibit incredible diversity in their locomotion, behavior, morphology, and ecological breadth. Although they often are used as models of locomotor diversity, surprisingly little attention has been given to muscle development in squamate reptiles. In fact, the most detailed examination was conducted almost 80 years ago and solely focused on the proximal limb regions. Herein, we present forelimb and hindlimb muscle morphogenesis data for three lizard species with different locomotion and feeding strategies: the desert grassland whiptail lizard, the central bearded dragon, and the veiled chameleon. This study fills critical gaps in our understanding of muscle morphogenesis in squamate reptiles and presents a comparative and temporospatial analysis of muscle development. RESULTS Our results reveal a conserved pattern of early muscle development among lizards with different adult morphologies and ecologies. The variations that exist are concentrated in distal regions, particularly the specialized autopodia of chameleons, where differentiation of muscles associated with the digits is delayed. CONCLUSIONS The chameleon autopod provides an example of major evolutionary modifications to the skeleton with only minor disruption of the conserved order and pattern of limb muscle development. This robustness of muscle patterning facilitates the evolution of extreme yet functional phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul E Diaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Herpetology, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Taylor-Diaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Investigator, Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Rui Diogo
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Julia L Molnar
- Department of Anatomy, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
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Analysis of Gene Expression Patterns of Epigenetic Enzymes Dnmt3a, Tet1 and Ogt in Murine Chondrogenic Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102678. [PMID: 34685658 PMCID: PMC8534543 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the gene expression pattern of selected enzymes involved in DNA methylation and the effects of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine during in vitro and in vivo cartilage formation. Based on the data of a PCR array performed on chondrifying BMP2-overexpressing C3H10T1/2 cells, the relative expressions of Tet1 (tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1), Dnmt3a (DNA methyltransferase 3), and Ogt (O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase) were further examined with RT-qPCR in murine cell line-based and primary chondrifying micromass cultures. We found very strong but gradually decreasing expression of Tet1 throughout the entire course of in vitro cartilage differentiation along with strong signals in the cartilaginous embryonic skeleton using specific RNA probes for in situ hybridization on frozen sections of 15-day-old mouse embryos. Dnmt3a and Ogt expressions did not show significant changes with RT-qPCR and gave weak in situ hybridization signals. The DNA methylation inhibitor 5-azacytidine reduced cartilage-specific gene expression and cartilage formation when applied during the early stages of chondrogenesis. In contrast, it had a stimulatory effect when added to differentiated chondrocytes, and quantitative methylation-specific PCR proved that the DNA methylation pattern of key chondrogenic marker genes was altered by the treatment. Our results indicate that the DNA demethylation inducing Tet1 plays a significant role during chondrogenesis, and inhibition of DNA methylation exerts distinct effects in different phases of in vitro cartilage formation.
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Hong Q, Li XD, Xie P, Du SX. All-trans-retinoic acid suppresses rat embryo hindlimb bud mesenchymal chondrogenesis by modulating HoxD9 expression. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3900-3911. [PMID: 34288810 PMCID: PMC8806522 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1940613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, 5ʹ-Hoxd genes (Hoxd9), which are expressed in the hindlimb bud mesenchyme, participate in limb growth and patterning in early embryonic development. In the present study, We investigated the mechanisms by which ATRA regulates cultured E12.5 rat embryo hindlimb bud mesenchymal cells (rEHBMCs). Following exposure to ATRA over 24 h, mRNA and protein expression levels of HoxD9 were evaluated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and western blotting. Flow cytometry was used to detect apoptosis. ATRA inhibited the condensation and proliferation, and promoted the apoptosis rate of the rEHBMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Sox9 and Col2a1 in rEHBMCs were downregulated by ATRA in a dose-dependent manner at both mRNA and protein levels. Similarly, HoxD9 was downregulated by ATRA in a dose-dependent manner, in parallel with the cartilage-specific molecules Sox9 and Col2a1. Both qPCR and western blotting showed that both Shh and Gli3 were downregulated. Overexpression of HoxD9 reversed the effects of ATRA. These results demonstrate that ATRA suppresses chondrogenesis in rEHBMCs by inhibiting the expression of HoxD9 and its downstream protein targets, including Sox9 and Col2a1. This effect may also be correlated with inhibition of the Shh-Gli3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Hong
- Department of Orthopedics, Jieyang People's Hospital (Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University), Jieyang, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue-Dong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Luohu People's Hospital (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Luohu People's Hospital (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Xin Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group Luohu People's Hospital (The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Sakai E, Sato M, Memtily N, Tsukuba T, Sato C. Liquid-phase ASEM imaging of cellular and structural details in cartilage and bone formed during endochondral ossification: Keap1-deficient osteomalacia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5722. [PMID: 33707458 PMCID: PMC7952587 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrogenesis and angiogenesis drive endochondral ossification. Using the atmospheric scanning electron microscopy (ASEM) without decalcification and dehydration, we directly imaged angiogenesis-driven ossification at different developmental stages shortly after aldehyde fixation, using aqueous radical scavenger glucose solution to preserve water-rich structures. An embryonic day 15.5 mouse femur was fixed and stained with phosphotungstic acid (PTA), and blood vessel penetration into the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone was visualised. We observed a novel envelope between the perichondrium and proliferating chondrocytes, which was lined with spindle-shaped cells that could be borderline chondrocytes. At postnatal day (P)1, trabecular and cortical bone mineralisation was imaged without staining. Additional PTA staining visualised surrounding soft tissues; filamentous connections between osteoblast-like cells and osteocytes in cortical bone were interpreted as the osteocytic lacunar-canalicular system. By P10, resorption pits had formed on the tibial trabecular bone surface. The applicability of ASEM for pathological analysis was addressed using knockout mice of Keap1, an oxidative-stress sensor. In Keap1-/- femurs, we observed impaired calcification and angiogenesis of epiphyseal cartilage, suggesting impaired bone development. Overall, the quick ASEM method we developed revealed mineralisation and new structures in wet bone tissue at EM resolution and can be used to study mineralisation-associated phenomena of any hydrated tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Sakai
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Mari Sato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
| | - Nassirhadjy Memtily
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
- Traditional Uyghur Medicine Institute of Xinjiang Medical University, 393 Xinyi Rd, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Takayuki Tsukuba
- Division of Dental Pharmacology, Department of Developmental and Reconstructive Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan
| | - Chikara Sato
- Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
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Leaf ethanolic extract of Etlingera hemesphaerica Blume mitigates defects in fetal anatomy and endochondral ossification due to mercuric chloride during the post-implantation period in Mus musculus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247467. [PMID: 33690696 PMCID: PMC7946197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of leaf ethanolic extract of Etlingera hemisphaerica (LE3H) in reducing defects in fetal anatomy and endochondral ossification in mice induced by HgCl2 during the post-implantation period. Pregnant mice were divided into four groups, each consisting of 10 dams, and received drink and food ad libitum. The first group was administered LE3H (E1), the second one HgCl2 (E2), the third one HgCl2+LE3H (E3), and the fourth was control (E0), administered double-distilled water only. HgCl2 (5 mg/kg bw) was administrated by injection intraperitoneally on gestation day (GD)9 and LE3H (0.39 mg/g bw) was administered by gavage on GD10. The treated and control animals were killed by cervical dislocation on GD18, dissected, and the morphologically normal living fetuses (MNLF) were collected. The MNLF of E0, E1, E2, and E3 from 5 dams were fixed with Bouin solution, and observed using the free hand razor blade technique for soft tissue examination. The remaining MNLF were fixed with 96% ethanol, and then stained with Alizarin Red S and Alcian Blue for ossification examination. Index of length of ossified part (ILOP) of humerus, index of width of ossified part (IWOP) of humerus, ILOP of femur, and IWOP of femur were calculated. E2 had higher cases of anatomical defects (74,6%) than E3 (48.9%), E1 (15.0%), and E0 (0%). E2 had humerus IWOP of 0.82±0.03, which was significantly lower than that of E0 (0.89±0.04) and E1 (0.89±0.03), while that of E1 and E0 was not significantly different from each other. Meanwhile, IWOP in E3 (0.88±0.03) was significantly higher than that in E2, but not different from that in E1 and E0. Thus, LE3H mitigated defects in fetal anatomy and endochondral ossification induced by HgCl2 in mice.
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Nakamichi R, Asahara H. Regulation of tendon and ligament differentiation. Bone 2021; 143:115609. [PMID: 32829041 PMCID: PMC7770025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tendons transmit power from muscles to bones, and ligaments maintain the stability of joints, thus producing smooth and flexible movements of articular joints. However, tendons have poor self-healing ability upon damage due to injuries, diseases, or aging. To maintain homeostasis or promote regeneration of the tendon/ligament, it is critical to understand the mechanism responsible for the coordination of tendon/ligament-specific gene expression and subsequent cell differentiation. In this review, we have discussed the core molecular mechanisms involved in the development and homeostasis of tendons and ligaments, with particular focus on transcription factors, signaling, and mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Nakamichi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MBB-102, , La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, MBB-102, , La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Systems Biomedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.
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13
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Rafipay A, Dun X, Parkinson DB, Erskine L, Vargesson N. Knockdown of slit signaling during limb development leads to a reduction in humerus length. Dev Dyn 2021; 250:1340-1357. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Rafipay
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - Xin‐Peng Dun
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - David B Parkinson
- Peninsula Medical School, Faculty of Health University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - Lynda Erskine
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
| | - Neil Vargesson
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK
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