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Follmer ML, Isner T, Ozekin YH, Levitt C, Bates EA. Depolarization induces calcium-dependent BMP4 release from mouse embryonic palate mesenchyme. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.11.598333. [PMID: 38915514 PMCID: PMC11195066 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.11.598333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Ion channels are essential for proper morphogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are unknown. Loss of the Kcnj2 potassium channel disrupts Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling within the developing palate. BMP signaling is essential for the correct development of several skeletal structures, including the palate, though little is known about the mechanisms that govern BMP secretion. We introduce a tool to image the release of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) from mammalian cells. Using this tool, we show that depolarization induces BMP4 release from mouse embryonic palate mesenchyme cells in a calcium-dependent manner. We show native transient changes in intracellular calcium occur in cranial neural crest cells, the cells from which embryonic palate mesenchyme derives. Waves of transient changes in intracellular calcium suggest that these cells are electrically coupled and may temporally coordinate BMP release. These transient changes in intracellular calcium persist in palate mesenchyme cells from embryonic day (E) 9.5 to 13.5 mice. Disruption of Kcnj2 significantly decreases the amplitude of calcium transients and the ability of cells to secrete BMP. Together, these data suggest that temporal control of developmental cues is regulated by ion channels, depolarization, and changes in intracellular calcium for mammalian craniofacial morphogenesis. SUMMARY We show that embryonic palate mesenchyme cells undergo transient changes in intracellular calcium. Depolarization of these cells induces BMP4 release suggesting that ion channels are a node in BMP4 signaling.
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Wang B, Zhang Z, Zhao J, Ma Y, Wang Y, Yin N, Song T. Spatiotemporal Evolution of Developing Palate in Mice. J Dent Res 2024; 103:546-554. [PMID: 38619065 PMCID: PMC11145300 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241232317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate formation of the palate involves a series of complex events, yet its mechanistic basis remains uncertain. To explore major cell populations in the palate and their roles during development, we constructed a spatiotemporal transcription landscape of palatal cells. Palate samples from C57BL/6 J mice at embryonic days 12.5 (E12.5), 14.5 (E14.5), and 16.5 (E16.5) underwent single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to identify distinct cell subsets. In addition, spatial enhanced resolution omics-sequencing (stereo-seq) was used to characterize the spatial distribution of these subsets. Integrating scRNA-seq and stereo-seq with CellTrek annotated mesenchymal and epithelial cellular components of the palate during development. Furthermore, cellular communication networks between these cell subpopulations were analyzed to discover intercellular signaling during palate development. From the analysis of the middle palate, both mesenchymal and epithelial populations were spatially segregated into 3 domains. The middle palate mesenchymal subpopulations were associated with tooth formation, ossification, and tissue remodeling, with initial state cell populations located proximal to the dental lamina. The nasal epithelium of the palatal shelf exhibited richer humoral immune responses than the oral side. Specific enrichment of Tgfβ3 and Pthlh signals in the midline epithelial seam at E14.5 suggested a role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In summary, this study provides high-resolution transcriptomic information, contributing to a deeper mechanistic understanding of palate biology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Wang
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Z. Zhang
- Center for Ear Reconstruction, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - J. Zhao
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Ma
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Y. Wang
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - N. Yin
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - T. Song
- Center for Cleft Lip and Palate Treatment, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Jiang Y, Cai H, Liang J, Li H, Wang C, Hou J. Retinoic Acid Upregulates METTL14 Expression and the m 6A Modification Level to Inhibit the Proliferation of Embryonic Palate Mesenchymal Cells in Cleft Palate Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4538. [PMID: 38674123 PMCID: PMC11050043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate only (CPO) is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects. Environmental factors can induce cleft palate by affecting epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and non-coding RNA. However, there are few reports focusing on the RNA modifications. In this study, all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) was used to simulate environmental factors to induce a C57BL/6J fetal mouse cleft palate model. Techniques such as dot blotting and immunofluorescence were used to find the changes in m6A modification when cleft palate occurs. RNA-seq and KEGG analysis were used to screen for significantly differentially expressed pathways downstream. Primary mouse embryonic palate mesenchymal (MEPM) cells were successfully isolated and used for in vitro experimental verification. We found that an increased m6A methylation level was correlated with suppressed cell proliferation in the palatine process mesenchyme of cleft palate mice. This change is due to the abnormally high expression of m6A methyltransferase METTL14. When using siRNAs and the m6A methyltransferase complex inhibitor SAH to interfere with the expression or function of METTL14, the teratogenic effect of atRA on primary cells was partially alleviated. In conclusion, METTL14 regulates palatal mesenchymal cell proliferation and cycle-related protein expression relies on m6A methylation modification, affecting the occurrence of cleft palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (H.C.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Yadong Zhang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (H.C.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Yaoqi Jiang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (H.C.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Hongshi Cai
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (H.C.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Jianfeng Liang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (H.C.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (H.C.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (H.C.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Jinsong Hou
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China; (Y.Z.); (Y.Z.); (Y.J.); (H.C.); (J.L.); (H.L.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
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Kumaresan V, Ingle TM, Kilgore N, Zhang G, Hermann BP, Seshu J. Cellular and transcriptome signatures unveiled by single-cell RNA-Seq following ex vivo infection of murine splenocytes with Borrelia burgdorferi. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1296580. [PMID: 38149246 PMCID: PMC10749944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1296580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Lyme disease, the most common tick-borne infectious disease in the US, is caused by a spirochetal pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). Distinct host responses are observed in susceptible and resistant strains of inbred of mice following infection with Bb reflecting a subset of inflammatory responses observed in human Lyme disease. The advent of post-genomic methodologies and genomic data sets enables dissecting the host responses to advance therapeutic options for limiting the pathogen transmission and/or treatment of Lyme disease. Methods In this study, we used single-cell RNA-Seq analysis in conjunction with mouse genomics exploiting GFP-expressing Bb to sort GFP+ splenocytes and GFP- bystander cells to uncover novel molecular and cellular signatures that contribute to early stages of immune responses against Bb. Results These data decoded the heterogeneity of splenic neutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, B cells, and T cells in C3H/HeN mice in response to Bb infection. Increased mRNA abundance of apoptosis-related genes was observed in neutrophils and macrophages clustered from GFP+ splenocytes. Moreover, complement-mediated phagocytosis-related genes such as C1q and Ficolin were elevated in an inflammatory macrophage subset, suggesting upregulation of these genes during the interaction of macrophages with Bb-infected neutrophils. In addition, the role of DUSP1 in regulating the expression of Casp3 and pro-inflammatory cytokines Cxcl1, Cxcl2, Il1b, and Ccl5 in Bb-infected neutrophils were identified. Discussion These findings serve as a growing catalog of cell phenotypes/biomarkers among murine splenocytes that can be exploited for limiting spirochetal burden to limit the transmission of the agent of Lyme disease to humans via reservoir hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Kumaresan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Taylor MacMackin Ingle
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Nathan Kilgore
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Guoquan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Brian P. Hermann
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Janakiram Seshu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Tseng KC, Crump JG. Craniofacial developmental biology in the single-cell era. Development 2023; 150:dev202077. [PMID: 37812056 PMCID: PMC10617621 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of a unique craniofacial complex in vertebrates made possible new ways of breathing, eating, communicating and sensing the environment. The head and face develop through interactions of all three germ layers, the endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm, as well as the so-called fourth germ layer, the cranial neural crest. Over a century of experimental embryology and genetics have revealed an incredible diversity of cell types derived from each germ layer, signaling pathways and genes that coordinate craniofacial development, and how changes to these underlie human disease and vertebrate evolution. Yet for many diseases and congenital anomalies, we have an incomplete picture of the causative genomic changes, in particular how alterations to the non-coding genome might affect craniofacial gene expression. Emerging genomics and single-cell technologies provide an opportunity to obtain a more holistic view of the genes and gene regulatory elements orchestrating craniofacial development across vertebrates. These single-cell studies generate novel hypotheses that can be experimentally validated in vivo. In this Review, we highlight recent advances in single-cell studies of diverse craniofacial structures, as well as potential pitfalls and the need for extensive in vivo validation. We discuss how these studies inform the developmental sources and regulation of head structures, bringing new insights into the etiology of structural birth anomalies that affect the vertebrate head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Chang Tseng
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - J. Gage Crump
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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