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Muthamil S, Kim HY, Jang HJ, Lyu JH, Shin UC, Go Y, Park SH, Lee HG, Park JH. Biomarkers of Cellular Senescence and Aging: Current State-of-the-Art, Challenges and Future Perspectives. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024:e2400079. [PMID: 38935557 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202400079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Population aging has increased the global prevalence of aging-related diseases, including cancer, sarcopenia, neurological disease, arthritis, and heart disease. Understanding aging, a fundamental biological process, has led to breakthroughs in several fields. Cellular senescence, evinced by flattened cell bodies, vacuole formation, and cytoplasmic granules, ubiquitously plays crucial roles in tissue remodeling, embryogenesis, and wound repair as well as in cancer therapy and aging. The lack of universal biomarkers for detecting and quantifying senescent cells, in vitro and in vivo, constitutes a major limitation. The applications and limitations of major senescence biomarkers, including senescence-associated β-galactosidase staining, telomere shortening, cell-cycle arrest, DNA methylation, and senescence-associated secreted phenotypes are discussed. Furthermore, explore senotherapeutic approaches for aging-associated diseases and cancer. In addition to the conventional biomarkers, this review highlighted the in vitro, in vivo, and disease models used for aging studies. Further, technologies from the current decade including multi-omics and computational methods used in the fields of senescence and aging are also discussed in this review. Understanding aging-associated biological processes by using cellular senescence biomarkers can enable therapeutic innovation and interventions to improve the quality of life of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Muthamil
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Jeollanam-do, Naju, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Yong Kim
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Jeollanam-do, Naju, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Jeollanam-do, Naju, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyo Lyu
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Jeollanam-do, Naju, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Cheol Shin
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Jeollanam-do, Naju, 58245, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Go
- Korean Medicine (KM)-application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Park
- Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Gu Lee
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hong Park
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Jeollanam-do, Naju, 58245, Republic of Korea
- Korean Convergence Medicine Major, University of Science & Technology (UST), KIOM Campus, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
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2
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Matveeva K, Vasilieva M, Minskaia E, Rybtsov S, Shevyrev D. T-cell immunity against senescence: potential role and perspectives. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360109. [PMID: 38504990 PMCID: PMC10948549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of age-associated diseases is related to the accumulation of senescent cells in the body. These are old non-functional cells with impaired metabolism, which are unable to divide. Such cells are also resistant to programmed cell death and prone to spontaneous production of some inflammatory factors. The accumulation of senescent cells is related to the age-associated dysfunction of organs and tissues as well as chronic inflammation that enhances with age. In the young organism, senescent cells are removed with the innate immunity system. However, the efficiency of this process decreases with age. Nowadays, more and more evidences are accumulating to support the involvement of specific immunity and T-lymphocytes in the fight against senescent cells. It has great physiological importance since the efficient elimination of senescent cells requires a high diversity of antigen-recognizing receptors to cover the entire spectrum of senescent-associated antigens with high precision and specificity. Developing the approaches of T-cell immunity stimulation to generate or amplify a physiological immune response against senescent cells can provide new perspectives to extend active longevity. In this mini-review, the authors summarize the current understanding of the role of T-cell immunity in the fight against senescent cells and discuss the prospects of stimulating adaptive immunity for combating the accumulation of senescent cells that occurs with age.
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3
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Bi N, Li N, Liu H, Wang TH. Molecular Network Mechanism Analysis of Urine Stem Cells Against Retinal Aging. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-023-10487-6. [PMID: 38273154 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the effect and potential mechanism of human-derived urine stem cells (hUSCs) in inhibiting retinal aging by using experimental and bioinformatics. Retinal pigment epithelial cells cultured in vitro, which were randomly divided into normal group, aging group and supernatant of hUSCs group. Cell counting kit-8 detection, senescence-related β-galactosidase, and Annexin V/PI staining were performed to detect cell viability, senescence, and apoptosis. Subsequently, bioinformatics methods were used to explore the underlying mechanisms, in which, targets both hUSCs and aging retina-related targets were obtained from GeneCards. Then, Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction network were analysis, and the expressional level of hub gene was validated by q-PCR. Supernatant addition of hUSCs promoted markedly cellular proliferation, improved viability and inhibited senescence and apoptosis in vitro. A total of 1476 hUSCs-related targets (Relevance score > 20), 692 retinal disease-related targets, and 732 targets related to disease of aging were selected from GeneCards database, and 289 common targets of hUSCs against aging retina were confirmed through Venn analysis. Enrichment analysis demonstrated that hUSCs might exert its anti-apoptosis efficacy in multiple biological processes, including oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis, and core targets were associated with HIF-1, MAPK and PI3K-Akt signal. hUSCs inhibited retinal senescence by regulating multiply targets and signaling pathways, of these, HIF-1, MAPK, and PI3K may be important candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Bi
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Na Li
- Animal Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
| | - Ting-Hua Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Animal Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
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4
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Hashim PK, Dokainish HM, Tamaoki N. Chaperonin GroEL hydrolyses ortho-nitrophenyl β-galactoside. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37464895 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00989k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
We serendipitously found that chaperonin GroEL can hydrolyze ortho-nitrophenyl β-galactoside (ONPG), a well-known substrate of the enzyme β-galactosidase. The ONPG hydrolysis by GroEL follows typical enzyme kinetics. Our experiments and molecular docking studies suggest ONPG binding at the ATP binding site of GroEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Hashim
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hisham M Dokainish
- Center of Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tamaoki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Kita20, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0810, Japan
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5
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Álvarez-Hernán G, de Mera-Rodríguez JA, Calle-Guisado V, Martín-Partido G, Rodríguez-León J, Francisco-Morcillo J. Retinal Development in a Precocial Bird Species, the Quail (Coturnix coturnix, Linnaeus 1758). Cells 2023; 12:cells12070989. [PMID: 37048062 PMCID: PMC10093483 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The quail (Coturnix coturnix, Linnaeus 1758), a notable model used in developmental biology, is a precocial bird species in which the processes of retinal cell differentiation and retinal histogenesis have been poorly studied. The purpose of the present research is to examine the retinogenesis in this bird species immunohistochemically and compare the results with those from previous studies in precocial and altricial birds. We found that the first PCNA-negative nuclei are detected at Stage (St) 21 in the vitreal region of the neuroblastic layer, coinciding topographically with the first αTubAc-/Tuj1-/Isl1-immunoreactive differentiating ganglion cells. At St28, the first Prox1-immunoreactive nuclei can be distinguished in the vitreal side of the neuroblastic layer (NbL), but also the first visinin-immunoreactive photoreceptors in the scleral surface. The inner plexiform layer (IPL) emerges at St32, and the outer plexiform layer (OPL) becomes visible at St35—the stage in which the first GS-immunoreactive Müller cells are distinguishable. Newly hatched animals show a well-developed stratified retina in which the PCNA-and pHisH3-immunoreactivies are absent. Therefore, retinal cell differentiation in the quail progresses in the stereotyped order conserved among vertebrates, in which ganglion cells initially appear and are followed by amacrine cells, horizontal cells, and photoreceptors. Müller glia are one of the last cell types to be born. Plexiform layers emerge following a vitreal-to-scleral gradient. Finally, our results suggest that there are no significant differences in the timing of different events involved in retinal maturation between the quail and the chicken, but the same events are delayed in an altricial bird species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - José Antonio de Mera-Rodríguez
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Violeta Calle-Guisado
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Gervasio Martín-Partido
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-León
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Correspondence:
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6
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Daura E, Tegelberg S, Hakala P, Lehesjoki AE, Joensuu T. Cystatin B deficiency results in sustained histone H3 tail cleavage in postnatal mouse brain mediated by increased chromatin-associated cathepsin L activity. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1069122. [DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1069122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystatin B (CSTB) is a cysteine cathepsin inhibitor whose biallelic loss-of-function mutations in human result in defects in brain development and in neurodegeneration. The physiological function of CSTB is largely unknown, and the mechanisms underlying the human brain diseases remain poorly understood. We previously showed that CSTB modulates the proteolysis of the N-terminal tail of histone H3 (H3cs1) during in vitro neurogenesis. Here we investigated the significance of this mechanism in postnatal mouse brain. Spatiotemporal analysis of H3cs1 intensity showed that while H3cs1 in wild-type (wt) mice was found at varying levels during the first postnatal month, it was virtually absent in adult brain. We further showed that the high level of H3cs1 coincides with chromatin association of de novo synthesized cathepsin L suggesting a role for nuclear cathepsin L in brain development and maturation. On the contrary, the brains of Cstb–/– mice showed sustained H3cs1 proteolysis to adulthood with increased chromatin-associated cathepsin L activity, implying that CSTB regulates chromatin-associated cathepsin L activity in the postnatal mouse brain. As H3 tail proteolysis has been linked to cellular senescence in vitro, we explored the presence of several cellular senescence markers in the maturing Cstb–/– cerebellum, where we see increased levels of H3cs1. While several markers showed alterations in Cstb–/– mice, the results remained inconclusive regarding the association of deficient CSTB function with H3cs1-induced senescence. Together, we identify a molecular role for CSTB in brain with implications for brain development and disease.
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Terao R, Ahmed T, Suzumura A, Terasaki H. Oxidative Stress-Induced Cellular Senescence in Aging Retina and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2189. [PMID: 36358561 PMCID: PMC9686487 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging leads to a gradual decline of function in multiple organs. Cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are age-related ocular diseases. Because their pathogenesis is unclear, it is challenging to combat age-related diseases. Cellular senescence is a cellular response characterized by cell cycle arrest. Cellular senescence is an important contributor to aging and age-related diseases through the alteration of cellular function and the secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotypes. As a driver of stress-induced premature senescence, oxidative stress triggers cellular senescence and age-related diseases by inducing senescence markers via reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, we focused on the mechanism of oxidative stress-induced senescence in retinal cells and its role in the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Terao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Tazbir Ahmed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Ayana Suzumura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroko Terasaki
- Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Wagner KD, Wagner N. The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121966. [PMID: 35741095 PMCID: PMC9221567 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that senescent cells accumulate with aging. They are characterized by replicative arrest and the release of a myriad of factors commonly called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Despite the replicative cell cycle arrest, these cells are metabolically active and functional. The release of SASP factors is mostly thought to cause tissue dysfunction and to induce senescence in surrounding cells. As major markers for aging and senescence, p16INK4, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 are established. Importantly, senescence is also implicated in development, cancer, and tissue homeostasis. While many markers of senescence have been identified, none are able to unambiguously identify all senescent cells. However, increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16INK4A and p21 are often used to identify cells with senescence-associated phenotypes. We review here the knowledge of senescence, p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in embryonic and postnatal development and potential functions in pathophysiology and homeostasis. The establishment of senolytic therapies with the ultimate goal to improve healthy aging requires care and detailed knowledge about the involvement of senescence and senescence-associated proteins in developmental processes and homeostatic mechanism. The review contributes to these topics, summarizes open questions, and provides some directions for future research.
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9
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Nacarino-Palma A, Rico-Leo EM, Campisi J, Ramanathan A, González-Rico FJ, Rejano-Gordillo CM, Ordiales-Talavero A, Merino JM, Fernández-Salguero PM. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor blocks aging-induced senescence in the liver and fibroblast cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4281-4304. [PMID: 35619220 PMCID: PMC9186759 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging impairs organismal homeostasis leading to multiple pathologies. Yet, the mechanisms and molecular intermediates involved are largely unknown. Here, we report that aged aryl hydrocarbon receptor-null mice (AhR-/-) had exacerbated cellular senescence and more liver progenitor cells. Senescence-associated markers β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal), p16Ink4a and p21Cip1 and genes encoding senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors TNF and IL1 were overexpressed in aged AhR-/- livers. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that AhR binding to those gene promoters repressed their expression, thus adjusting physiological levels in AhR+/+ livers. MCP-2, MMP12 and FGF secreted by senescent cells were overproduced in aged AhR-null livers. Supporting the relationship between senescence and stemness, liver progenitor cells were overrepresented in AhR-/- mice, probably contributing to increased hepatocarcinoma burden. These AhR roles are not liver-specific since adult and embryonic AhR-null fibroblasts underwent senescence in culture, overexpressing SA-β-Gal, p16Ink4a and p21Cip1. Notably, depletion of senescent cells with the senolytic agent navitoclax restored expression of senescent markers in AhR-/- fibroblasts, whereas senescence induction by palbociclib induced an AhR-null-like phenotype in AhR+/+ fibroblasts. AhR levels were downregulated by senescence in mouse lungs but restored upon depletion of p16Ink4a-expressing senescent cells. Thus, AhR restricts age-induced senescence associated to a differentiated phenotype eventually inducing resistance to liver tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Nacarino-Palma
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06071, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Eva M Rico-Leo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06071, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA.,Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Francisco J González-Rico
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06071, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Claudia M Rejano-Gordillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06071, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Ana Ordiales-Talavero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06071, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Jaime M Merino
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06071, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Badajoz 06071, Spain
| | - Pedro M Fernández-Salguero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz 06071, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Investigación Biosanitaria de Extremadura (INUBE), Badajoz 06071, Spain
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10
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Álvarez-Hernán G, de Mera-Rodríguez JA, Hernández-Núñez I, Acedo A, Marzal A, Gañán Y, Martín-Partido G, Rodríguez-León J, Francisco-Morcillo J. Timing and Distribution of Mitotic Activity in the Retina During Precocial and Altricial Modes of Avian Development. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:853544. [PMID: 35615284 PMCID: PMC9125163 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.853544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development of the vertebrate retina, mitotic activity is defined as apical when is located at the external surface of the neuroepithelium or as non-apical when is found in more internal regions. Apical mitoses give rise to all retinal cell types. Non-apical mitoses are linked to committed horizontal cell precursors that subsequently migrate vitreo-sclerally, reaching their final position in the outer surface of the inner nuclear layer, where they differentiate. Previous studies have suggested differences in the timing of retinal maturation between altricial and precocial bird species. In the present study we analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the mitotic activity in the developing retina of an altricial (zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata) and a precocial (Japanese quail, Coturnix coturnix) bird species. We found that pHisH3-immunoreactive apical and non-apical mitoses were abundant in the T. guttata retina at the hatching stage. In contrast, pHisH3 immunoreactivity almost disappeared from the quail retina at the embryonic day 10 (E10). Furthermore, we also found that the onset of the appearance of non-apical mitoses occurred at later stages in the altricial bird species than in the precocial one. The disappearance of apical mitoses and the spatiotemporal distribution of non-apical mitoses followed central to peripheral and dorsal to ventral gradients, similar to gradients of cell differentiation described in the retina of birds. Therefore, these results suggest that retinal neurogenesis is active at the hatching stage in T. guttata, and that horizontal cell differentiation is delayed in the altricial bird species compared to the precocial one. Together, this study reveals important insights into the timing differences that regulate bird retinal maturation and provides a better understanding of the evolution of avian altriciality and precociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Ismael Hernández-Núñez
- Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Abel Acedo
- Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alfonso Marzal
- Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gañán
- Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Gervasio Martín-Partido
- Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-León
- Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- *Correspondence: Joaquín Rodríguez-León,
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
- Javier Francisco-Morcillo,
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11
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de Mera-Rodríguez JA, Álvarez-Hernán G, Gañán Y, Santos-Almeida A, Martín-Partido G, Rodríguez-León J, Francisco-Morcillo J. Endogenous pH 6.0 β-Galactosidase Activity Is Linked to Neuronal Differentiation in the Olfactory Epithelium. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020298. [PMID: 35053414 PMCID: PMC8774403 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The histochemical detection of β-galactosidase enzymatic activity at pH 6.0 (β-gal-pH6) is a widely used biomarker of cellular senescence in aging tissues. This histochemical assay also detects the presence of programmed cell senescence during specific time windows in degenerating structures of vertebrate embryos. However, it has recently been shown that this enzymatic activity is also enhanced in subpopulations of differentiating neurons in the developing central nervous system in vertebrates. The present study addressed the histochemical detection of β-gal-pH6 enzymatic activity in the developing postnatal olfactory epithelium in the mouse. This activity was detected in the intermediate layer of the olfactory epithelium. As development progressed, the band of β-gal-pH6 labeling in this layer increased in width. Immunohistochemistry and lectin histochemistry showed the β-gal-pH6 staining to be strongly correlated with the immunolabeling of the olfactory marker protein (OMP) that identifies mature olfactory sensory neurons. The cell somata of a subpopulation of differentiated olfactory neurons that were recognized with the Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) were always located inside this band of β-gal-pH6 staining. However, the β-gal-pH6 histochemical signal was always absent from the apical region where the cytokeratin-8 positive supporting cells were located. Furthermore, no β-gal-pH6 staining was found in the basal region of the olfactory epithelium where PCNA/pHisH3 immunoreactive proliferating progenitor cells, GAP43 positive immature neurons, and cytokeratin-5 positive horizontal basal cells were located. Therefore, β-gal-pH6 seems to be linked to neuronal differentiation and cannot be regarded as a biomarker of cellular senescence during olfactory epithelium development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio de Mera-Rodríguez
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Yolanda Gañán
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Ana Santos-Almeida
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Gervasio Martín-Partido
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-León
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.R.-L.); (J.F.-M.)
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (J.A.d.M.-R.); (G.Á.-H.); (A.S.-A.); (G.M.-P.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.-L.); (J.F.-M.)
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12
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Chun C, Smith AST, Kim H, Kamenz DS, Lee JH, Lee JB, Mack DL, Bothwell M, Clelland CD, Kim DH. Astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles enhance the survival and electrophysiological function of human cortical neurons in vitro. Biomaterials 2021; 271:120700. [PMID: 33631652 PMCID: PMC8044026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are powerful tools for modeling neural pathophysiology and preclinical efficacy/toxicity screening of novel therapeutic compounds. However, human neurons cultured in vitro typically do not fully recapitulate the physiology of the human nervous system, especially in terms of exhibiting morphological maturation, longevity, and electrochemical signaling ability comparable to that of adult human neurons. In this study, we investigated the potential for astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) to modulate survival and electrophysiological function of human neurons in vitro. Specifically, we demonstrate that EVs obtained from human astrocytes promote enhanced single cell electrophysiological function and anti-apoptotic behavior in a homogeneous population of human iPSC-derived cortical neurons. Furthermore, EV-proteomic analysis was performed to identify cargo proteins with the potential to promote the physiological enhancement observed. EV cargos were found to include neuroprotective proteins such as heat shock proteins, alpha-synuclein, and lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), as well as apolipoprotein E (APOE), which negatively regulates neuronal apoptosis, and a peroxidasin homolog that supports neuronal oxidative stress management. Proteins that positively regulate neuronal excitability and synaptic development were also detected, such as potassium channel tetramerization domain containing 12 (KCTD12), glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), kinesin family member 5B (KIF5B), spectrin-alpha non-erythrocytic1 (SPTAN1). The remarkable improvements in electrophysiological function and evident inhibition of apoptotic signaling in cultured neurons exposed to these cargos may hold significance for improving preclinical in vitro screening modalities. In addition, our collected data highlight the potential for EV-based therapeutics as a potential class of future clinical treatment for tackling inveterate central and peripheral neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changho Chun
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alec S T Smith
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dana S Kamenz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jung Hyun Lee
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA; Division of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jong Bum Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, South Korea
| | - David L Mack
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mark Bothwell
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Claire D Clelland
- Gladstone Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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13
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Álvarez-Hernán G, de Mera-Rodríguez JA, Hernández-Núñez I, Marzal A, Gañán Y, Martín-Partido G, Rodríguez-León J, Francisco-Morcillo J. Analysis of Programmed Cell Death and Senescence Markers in the Developing Retina of an Altricial Bird Species. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030504. [PMID: 33652964 PMCID: PMC7996935 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows the distribution patterns of apoptotic cells and biomarkers of cellular senescence during the ontogeny of the retina in the zebra finch (T. guttata). Neurogenesis in this altricial bird species is intense in the retina at perinatal and post-hatching stages, as opposed to precocial bird species in which retinogenesis occurs entirely during the embryonic period. Various phases of programmed cell death (PCD) were distinguishable in the T. guttata visual system. These included areas of PCD in the central region of the neuroretina at the stages of optic cup morphogenesis, and in the sub-optic necrotic centers (St15–St20). A small focus of early neural PCD was detected in the neuroblastic layer, dorsal to the optic nerve head, coinciding with the appearance of the first differentiated neuroblasts (St24–St25). There were sparse pyknotic bodies in the non-laminated retina between St26 and St37. An intense wave of neurotrophic PCD was detected in the laminated retina between St42 and P8, the last post-hatching stage included in the present study. PCD was absent from the photoreceptor layer. Phagocytic activity was also detected in Müller cells during the wave of neurotrophic PCD. With regard to the chronotopographical staining patterns of senescence biomarkers, there was strong parallelism between the SA-β-GAL signal and p21 immunoreactivity in both the undifferentiated and the laminated retina, coinciding in the cell body of differentiated neurons. In contrast, no correlation was found between SA-β-GAL activity and the distribution of TUNEL-positive cells in the developing tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Biología Celular Departamento de Anatomía Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (G.Á.-H.); (J.A.d.M.-R.); (I.H.-N.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - José Antonio de Mera-Rodríguez
- Área de Biología Celular Departamento de Anatomía Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (G.Á.-H.); (J.A.d.M.-R.); (I.H.-N.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Ismael Hernández-Núñez
- Área de Biología Celular Departamento de Anatomía Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (G.Á.-H.); (J.A.d.M.-R.); (I.H.-N.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Alfonso Marzal
- Área de Zoología, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Yolanda Gañán
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Gervasio Martín-Partido
- Área de Biología Celular Departamento de Anatomía Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (G.Á.-H.); (J.A.d.M.-R.); (I.H.-N.); (G.M.-P.)
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-León
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
- Correspondence: (J.R.-L.); (J.F.-M.)
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular Departamento de Anatomía Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (G.Á.-H.); (J.A.d.M.-R.); (I.H.-N.); (G.M.-P.)
- Correspondence: (J.R.-L.); (J.F.-M.)
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14
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de Mera-Rodríguez JA, Álvarez-Hernán G, Gañán Y, Martín-Partido G, Rodríguez-León J, Francisco-Morcillo J. Is Senescence-Associated β-Galactosidase a Reliable in vivo Marker of Cellular Senescence During Embryonic Development? Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:623175. [PMID: 33585480 PMCID: PMC7876289 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.623175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate embryonic development, cellular senescence occurs at multiple locations. To date, it has been accepted that when there has been induction of senescence in an embryonic tissue, β-galactosidase activity is detectable at a pH as high as 6.0, and this has been extensively used as a marker of cellular senescence in vivo in both whole-mount and cryosections. Such senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-GAL) labeling appears enhanced in degenerating regions of the vertebrate embryo that are also affected by programmed cell death. In this sense, there is a strong SA-β-GAL signal which overlaps with the pattern of cell death in the interdigital tissue of the developing limbs, and indeed, many of the labeled cells detected go on to subsequently undergo apoptosis. However, it has been reported that β-GAL activity at pH 6.0 is also enhanced in healthy neurons, and some retinal neurons are strongly labeled with this histochemical technique when they begin to differentiate during early embryonic development. These labeled early post-mitotic neurons also express other senescence markers such as p21. Therefore, the reliability of this histochemical technique in studying senescence in cells such as neurons that undergo prolonged and irreversible cell-cycle arrest is questionable because it is also expressed in healthy post-mitotic cells. The identification of new biomarkers of cellular senescence would, in combination with established markers, increase the specificity and efficiency of detecting cellular senescence in embryonic and healthy mature tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio de Mera-Rodríguez
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gañán
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Gervasio Martín-Partido
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-León
- Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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Álvarez-Hernán G, de Mera-Rodríguez JA, Gañán Y, Solana-Fajardo J, Martín-Partido G, Rodríguez-León J, Francisco-Morcillo J. Development and postnatal neurogenesis in the retina: a comparison between altricial and precocial bird species. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:16-20. [PMID: 32788442 PMCID: PMC7818864 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The visual system is affected by neurodegenerative diseases caused by the degeneration of specific retinal neurons, the leading cause of irreversible blindness in humans. Throughout vertebrate phylogeny, the retina has two kinds of specialized niches of constitutive neurogenesis: the retinal progenitors located in the circumferential marginal zone and Müller glia. The proliferative activity in the retinal progenitors located in the circumferential marginal zone in precocial birds such as the chicken, the commonest bird model used in developmental and regenerative studies, is very low. This region adds only a few retinal cells to the peripheral edge of the retina during several months after hatching, but does not seem to be involved in retinal regeneration. Müller cells in the chicken retina are not proliferative under physiological conditions, but after acute damage some of them undergo a reprogramming event, dedifferentiating into retinal stem cells and generating new retinal neurons. Therefore, regenerative response after injury occurs with low efficiency in the precocial avian retina. In contrast, it has recently been shown that neurogenesis is intense in the retina of altricial birds at hatching. In particular, abundant proliferative activity is detected both in the circumferential marginal zone and in the outer half of the inner nuclear layer. Therefore, stem cell niches are very active in the retina of altricial birds. Although more extensive research is needed to assess the potential of proliferating cells in the adult retina of altricial birds, it emerges as an attractive model for studying different aspects of neurogenesis and neural regeneration in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - José Antonio de Mera-Rodríguez
- Área de Anatomía Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gañán
- Área de Anatomía Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jorge Solana-Fajardo
- Servicio de Oftalmología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Gervasio Martín-Partido
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-León
- Área de Anatomía Humana, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Javier Francisco-Morcillo
- Área de Biología Celular, Departamento de Anatomía, Biología Celular y Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
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16
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Wang S, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li C, Wan Q, Yang L, Su Y, Cheng Y, Liu C, Wang X, Wang Z. Reversed Senescence of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cell by Coculture With Embryonic Stem Cell via the TGFβ and PI3K Pathways. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588050. [PMID: 33324644 PMCID: PMC7726211 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cellular senescence is an important etiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Aging interventions based on the application of stem cells to delay cellular senescence have shown good prospects in the treatment of age-related diseases. This study aimed to investigate the potential of the embryonic stem cells (ESCs) to reverse the senescence of RPE cells and to elucidate its regulatory mechanism. The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mediated premature and natural passage-mediated replicative senescent RPE cells were directly cocultured with ESCs. The results showed that the proliferative capacity of premature and replicative senescent RPE cells was increased, while the positive rate of senescence-associated galactosidase (SA-β-GAL) staining and levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were decreased. The positive regulatory factors of cellular senescence (p53, p21WAF1/CIP1, p16INK4a) were downregulated, while the negative regulatory factors of cellular senescence (Cyclin A2, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1) were upregulated. Furthermore, replicative senescent RPE cells entered the S and G2/M phases from the G0/G1 phase. TGFβ (TGFB1, SMAD3, ID1, ID3) and PI3K (PIK3CG, PDK1, PLK1) pathway-related genes were upregulated in premature and replicative senescent RPE cells after ESCs application, respectively. We further treated ESCs-cocultured premature and replicative senescent RPE cells with SB531542 and LY294002 to inhibit the TGFβ and PI3K pathways, respectively, and found that p53, p21WAF1/CIP1 and p16INK4a were upregulated, while Cyclin A2, Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1, TGFβ, and PI3K pathway-related genes were downregulated, accompanied by decreased proliferation and cell cycle transition and increased positive rates of SA-β-GAL staining and levels of ROS and MMP. In conclusion, we demonstrated that ESCs can effectively reverse the senescence of premature and replicative senescent RPE cells by a direct coculture way, which may be achieved by upregulating the TGFβ and PI3K pathways, respectively, providing a basis for establishing a new therapeutic option for AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoubi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yurun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yaqi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Montero JA, Lorda-Diez CI, Hurle JM. Confluence of Cellular Degradation Pathways During Interdigital Tissue Remodeling in Embryonic Tetrapods. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:593761. [PMID: 33195267 PMCID: PMC7644521 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.593761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Digits develop in the distal part of the embryonic limb primordium as radial prechondrogenic condensations separated by undifferentiated mesoderm. In a short time interval the interdigital mesoderm undergoes massive degeneration to determine the formation of free digits. This fascinating process has often been considered as an altruistic cell suicide that is evolutionarily-regulated in species with different degrees of digit webbing. Initial descriptions of interdigit remodeling considered lysosomes as the primary cause of the degenerative process. However, the functional significance of lysosomes lost interest among researcher and was displaced to a secondary role because the introduction of the term apoptosis. Accumulating evidence in recent decades has revealed that, far from being a unique method of embryonic cell death, apoptosis is only one among several redundant dying mechanisms accounting for the elimination of tissues during embryonic development. Developmental cell senescence has emerged in the last decade as a primary factor implicated in interdigit remodeling. Our review proposes that cell senescence is the biological process identified by vital staining in embryonic models and implicates lysosomes in programmed cell death. We review major structural changes associated with interdigit remodeling that may be driven by cell senescence. Furthermore, the identification of cell senescence lacking tissue degeneration, associated with the maturation of the digit tendons at the same stages of interdigital remodeling, allowed us to distinguish between two functionally distinct types of embryonic cell senescence, “constructive” and “destructive.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Montero
- Departamento de Anatomiìa y Biologiìa Celular and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Carlos I Lorda-Diez
- Departamento de Anatomiìa y Biologiìa Celular and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan M Hurle
- Departamento de Anatomiìa y Biologiìa Celular and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Singh VP, McKinney S, Gerton JL. Persistent DNA Damage and Senescence in the Placenta Impacts Developmental Outcomes of Embryos. Dev Cell 2020; 54:333-347.e7. [PMID: 32800293 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cohesin is an evolutionarily conserved chromosome-associated protein complex essential for chromosome segregation, gene expression, and repair of DNA damage. Mutations that affect this complex cause the human developmental disorder Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), thought to arise from defective embryonic transcription. We establish a significant role for placental defects in the development of CdLS mouse embryos (Nipbl and Hdac8). Placenta is a naturally senescent tissue; we demonstrate that persistent DNA damage potentiates senescence and activates cytokine signaling. Mutant embryo developmental outcomes are significantly improved in the context of a wild-type placenta or by genetically restricting cytokine signaling. Our study highlights that cohesin is required for maintaining ploidy and the repair of spontaneous DNA damage in placental cells, suggesting that genotoxic stress and ensuing placental senescence and cytokine production could represent a broad theme in embryo health and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean McKinney
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Jennifer L Gerton
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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