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Devi V, Bhushan B, Gupta M, Sethi M, Kaur C, Singh A, Singh V, Kumar R, Rakshit S, Chaudhary DP. Genetic and molecular understanding for the development of methionine-rich maize: a holistic approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1249230. [PMID: 37794928 PMCID: PMC10546030 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1249230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is the most important coarse cereal utilized as a major energy source for animal feed and humans. However, maize grains are deficient in methionine, an essential amino acid required for proper growth and development. Synthetic methionine has been used in animal feed, which is costlier and leads to adverse health effects on end-users. Bio-fortification of maize for methionine is, therefore, the most sustainable and environmental friendly approach. The zein proteins are responsible for methionine deposition in the form of δ-zein, which are major seed storage proteins of maize kernel. The present review summarizes various aspects of methionine including its importance and requirement for different subjects, its role in animal growth and performance, regulation of methionine content in maize and its utilization in human food. This review gives insight into improvement strategies including the selection of natural high-methionine mutants, molecular modulation of maize seed storage proteins and target key enzymes for sulphur metabolism and its flux towards the methionine synthesis, expression of synthetic genes, modifying gene codon and promoters employing genetic engineering approaches to enhance its expression. The compiled information on methionine and essential amino acids linked Quantitative Trait Loci in maize and orthologs cereals will give insight into the hotspot-linked genomic regions across the diverse range of maize germplasm through meta-QTL studies. The detailed information about candidate genes will provide the opportunity to target specific regions for gene editing to enhance methionine content in maize. Overall, this review will be helpful for researchers to design appropriate strategies to develop high-methionine maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Devi
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Mamta Gupta
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Mehak Sethi
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Charanjeet Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Alla Singh
- Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Vishal Singh
- Division of Plant Breeding, Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Division of Plant Breeding, Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Sujay Rakshit
- Division of Plant Breeding, Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Dharam P. Chaudhary
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Maize Research, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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Larkin JC, Hunsperger JP, Culley D, Rubenstein I, Silflow CD. The organization and expression of a maize ribosomal protein gene family. Genes Dev 1989; 3:500-9. [PMID: 2470645 DOI: 10.1101/gad.3.4.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated several Zea mays cDNAs encoding the 40S subunit ribosomal protein S14. In maize, this ribosomal protein is encoded by a small multigene family, at least three members of which are expressed. S14 transcript levels are highest in mitotically active tissues, such as seedling shoot, developing endosperm, and tassel primordia, and lowest in tissues with little cell division, such as mature leaf and root. Very little S14 RNA is present in pollen, suggesting that translation of pollen mRNAs during pollen germination uses preformed ribosomes. During kernel development, the highest levels of S14 transcripts in endosperm tissue are found at 10-12 days postpollination; S14 RNA levels decline continuously from this point onward. The period of maximal expression of the S14 ribosomal protein gene appears to precede the onset of storage protein synthesis and does not correlate with the reported times of increased nucleolar volume or genome amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Larkin
- Department of Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108-1095
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Boothe JG, Walden DB. Multivariate analyses of polypeptide synthesis in developing maize embryos. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1989; 77:495-500. [PMID: 24232715 DOI: 10.1007/bf00274269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/1988] [Accepted: 01/04/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Variation in polypeptide synthesis was examined in developing maize embryos of two inbred and two hybrid genotypes. Multivariate analyses were used to evaluate the variation among two-dimensional, electrophoretic separations of polypeptides. Several features of the data set were revealed. Similar developmental patterns were exhibited by all genotypes and no evidence was obtained for differential rates of development for inbreds and hybrids. The differential synthesis of two subsets of polypeptides during embryo development was observed. The multivariate methods employed in this study were a valuable aid in interpreting the results from a large and complex data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Boothe
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Western Ontario, N6A 5B7, London, Ontario, Canada
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Manzocchi LA, Bianchi MW, Viotti A. Expression of zein in long term cultures of wildtype and opaque-2 maize endosperms. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1989; 7:639-643. [PMID: 24240450 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/1988] [Revised: 11/27/1988] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that long term cell cultures from maize endosperms are not completely de-differentiated, maintaining some tissue-specific synthesis. We analyzed the expression of zein (the major storage protein of maize seeds) in cultures derived from wildtype and opaque-2 maize endosperms. In wildtype cultures, our data indicate a severe restriction in zein accumulation, resulting both from reduction of transcription and from post-transcriptional events. No detectable zein proteins and trace amounts of transcripts were found in opaque-2 cultures, which do not therefore exhibit a distinctive opaque-2 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Manzocchi
- Istituto Biosintesi Vegetali, C.N.R., Via Bassini, 15, I-20133, Milano, Italy
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Racchi ML, Manzocchi LA. Anthocyanin and proteins as biochemical markers in maize endosperm cultures. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1988; 7:78-81. [PMID: 24241422 DOI: 10.1007/bf00272984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/1987] [Revised: 11/25/1987] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm maize cultures derived from a strain homozygous for all genes required for anthocyanin synthesis develop an intense pigmentation. Pigmenting ability is generally maintained in successive subcultures, altough colourless areas are frequently observed in pigmented cultures. The isolated colourless cell clusters show a growth rate higher than the coloured ones. These calli nevertheless do not lose the ability to synthesize anthocyanins, and in successive subcultures turn red again.The different growth rates associated with the ability of cells to accumulate pigments suggest the existence of different physiological states of the culture. To investigate this possibility we analyzed the polypeptide patterns of coloured and colourless cultures. SDS gel electrophoresis has demonstrated differences in soluble protein fractions, among which a 26 kD peptide, characteristic of pigmented tissues, has been evidenced. Zein, the major storage protein of maize endosperm is present, although at very low levels, both in pigmented and in unpigmented cultures, confirming that its synthesis occurs continuously in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Racchi
- Dipartimento di Genetica e di Biologia dei Microrganismi, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 26, I-20133, Milan, Italy
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Plant Transposable Elements: Unique Structures for Gene Tagging and Gene Cloning. PLANT DNA INFECTIOUS AGENTS 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6977-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Di Fonzo N, Manzocchi L, Salamini F, Soave C. Purification and properties of an endospermic protein of maize associated with the Opaque-2 and Opaque-6 genes. PLANTA 1986; 167:587-594. [PMID: 24240377 DOI: 10.1007/bf00391237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/1985] [Accepted: 10/18/1985] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Maize endosperms accumulate during development a large amount of storage proteins (zeins). The rate of zein accumulation is under the control of several regulatory genes. Two of these, the opaque-2 and opaque-6 mutants, lower the zein level, thus improving the nutritional quality of maize meals. An endosperm protein of Mr 32 000 (b-32) appears to be correlated with the zein level. The b-32 protein is encoded by the opaque-6 gene which, in turn, is activated by opaque-2. We report the purification, amino-acid composition and peptide map of b-32 protein. Furthermore we demonstrate that the protein exists as a monomer likely located in the soluble cytoplasm. As a step towards the isolation of a complementary-DNA clone for b-32 protein, the purification of its corresponding mRNA is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Di Fonzo
- Sezione Maiscoltura, Istituto Sperimentale per la Cerealicoltura, Bergamo, Italy
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