1
|
Little MH, Howden SE, Lawlor KT, Vanslambrouck JM. Determining lineage relationships in kidney development and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 18:8-21. [PMID: 34594045 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00485-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The lineage relationships of cells provide information about the origins of component cell types during development and repair as well as the source of aberrant cells during disease. Genetic approaches to lineage tracing applied in the mouse have revealed much about how the mammalian kidney forms, including the identification of key progenitors for the nephrons and stromal compartments. Inducible Cre systems have also facilitated lineage tracing studies in the postnatal animal that illustrate the changes in cellular fate that can occur during kidney injury. With the advent of single-cell transcriptional profiling and trajectory analyses, predictions of cellular relationships across development are now being made in model systems, such as the mouse, as well as in human fetal kidney. Importantly, these approaches provide predictions of lineage relationships rather than definitive evidence. Although genetic approaches to the study of lineage have not previously been possible in a human setting, the application of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing of pluripotent stem cells is beginning to teach us about human lineage relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Little
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sara E Howden
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kynan T Lawlor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Activation of creER recombinase in the mouse calvaria induces local recombination without effects on distant skeletal segments. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8214. [PMID: 33859263 PMCID: PMC8050205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Conditional creER-mediated gene inactivation or gene induction has emerged as a robust tool for studying gene functions in mouse models of tissue development, homeostasis, and regeneration. Here, we present a method to conditionally induce cre recombination in the mouse calvarial bone while avoiding systemic recombination in distal bones. To test our method, we utilized Prx1creER-egfp;td-Tomato mice and delivered 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) to the mouse calvaria, subperiosteally. First, we showed that two calvaria subperiosteal injections of 10 µg of 4-OHT (3.3 mg of 4-OHT/kg of body weight) can induce local recombination as efficiently as two intraperitoneal systemic injections of 200 μg of tamoxifen (70 mg of tamoxifen/kg of body weight). Then, we studied the recombination efficiency of various subperiosteal calvaria dosages and found that two subperiosteal injections of 5 µg 4-OHT (1.65 mg of 4-OHT/kg of body weight) uphold the same recombination efficiency observed with higher dosages. Importantly, the result indicated that the low dosage does not induce significant systemic recombination in remote skeletal tissues. With the proposed local low dosage protocol, the recombination efficiency at the injection site (calvarial bone) reached 94%, while the recombination efficiency at the mandible and the digits was as low as the efficiency measured in control animals.
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The Cre-LoxP technology permits gene ablation in specific cell lineages, at chosen differentiation stages of this lineage and in an inducible manner. It has allowed tremendous advances in our understanding of skeleton biology and related pathophysiological mechanisms, through the generation of loss/gain of function or cell tracing experiments based on the creation of an expanding toolbox of transgenic mice expressing the Cre recombinase in skeletal stem cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, or osteoclasts. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the different Cre-LoxP systems and Cre mouse lines used in the bone field, we discuss their advantages, limitations, and we outline best practices to interpret results obtained from the use of Cre mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florent Elefteriou
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Greig Couasnay
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Conway JA, Ince S, Black S, Kramer ER. GDNF/RET signaling in dopamine neurons in vivo. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:135-146. [PMID: 32870383 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its canonical receptor Ret can signal both in tandem and separately to exert many vital functions in the midbrain dopamine system. It is known that Ret has effects on maintenance, physiology, protection and regeneration in the midbrain dopamine system, with the physiological functions of GDNF still somewhat unclear. Notwithstanding, Ret ligands, such as GDNF, are considered as promising candidates for neuroprotection and/or regeneration in Parkinson's disease, although data from clinical trials are so far inconclusive. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of GDNF/Ret signaling in the dopamine system in vivo as well as crosstalk with pathology-associated proteins and their signaling in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Conway
- Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Selvi Ince
- Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | | | - Edgar R Kramer
- Peninsula Medical School, Institute of Translational and Stratified Medicine, Faculty of Health, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Stein LR, Zorumski CF, Imai SI, Izumi Y. Nampt is required for long-term depression and the function of GluN2B subunit-containing NMDA receptors. Brain Res Bull 2015; 119:41-51. [PMID: 26481044 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is an essential coenzyme/cosubstrate for many biological processes in cellular metabolism. The rate-limiting step in the major pathway of mammalian NAD(+) biosynthesis is mediated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt). Previously, we showed that mice lacking Nampt in forebrain excitatory neurons (CamKIIαNampt(-/-) mice) exhibited hyperactivity, impaired learning and memory, and reduced anxiety-like behaviors. However, it remained unclear if these functional effects were accompanied by synaptic changes. Here, we show that CamKIIαNampt(-/-) mice have impaired induction of long-term depression (LTD) in the Schaffer collateral pathway, but normal induction of long-term potentiation (LTP), at postnatal day 30. Pharmacological assessments demonstrated that CamKIIαNampt(-/-) mice also display dysfunction of synaptic GluN2B (NR2B)-containing N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) prior to changes in NMDAR subunit expression. These results support a novel, important role for Nampt-mediated NAD(+) biosynthesis in LTD and in the function of GluN2B-containing NMDARs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liana Roberts Stein
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Charles F Zorumski
- Department of Psychiatry, The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Imai
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8103, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Yukitoshi Izumi
- Department of Psychiatry, The Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8134, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tillack K, Aboutalebi H, Kramer ER. An Efficient and Versatile System for Visualization and Genetic Modification of Dopaminergic Neurons in Transgenic Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136203. [PMID: 26291828 PMCID: PMC4546329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims The brain dopaminergic (DA) system is involved in fine tuning many behaviors and several human diseases are associated with pathological alterations of the DA system such as Parkinson’s disease (PD) and drug addiction. Because of its complex network integration, detailed analyses of physiological and pathophysiological conditions are only possible in a whole organism with a sophisticated tool box for visualization and functional modification. Methods & Results Here, we have generated transgenic mice expressing the tetracycline-regulated transactivator (tTA) or the reverse tetracycline-regulated transactivator (rtTA) under control of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter, TH-tTA (tet-OFF) and TH-rtTA (tet-ON) mice, to visualize and genetically modify DA neurons. We show their tight regulation and efficient use to overexpress proteins under the control of tet-responsive elements or to delete genes of interest with tet-responsive Cre. In combination with mice encoding tet-responsive luciferase, we visualized the DA system in living mice progressively over time. Conclusion These experiments establish TH-tTA and TH-rtTA mice as a powerful tool to generate and monitor mouse models for DA system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Tillack
- Development and Maintenance of the Nervous System, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helia Aboutalebi
- Development and Maintenance of the Nervous System, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Edgar R. Kramer
- Development and Maintenance of the Nervous System, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Horie M, Watanabe K, Bepari AK, Nashimoto JI, Araki K, Sano H, Chiken S, Nambu A, Ono K, Ikenaka K, Kakita A, Yamamura KI, Takebayashi H. Disruption of actin-binding domain-containing Dystonin protein causesdystonia musculorumin mice. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:3458-71. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masao Horie
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata University; Asahimachi Chuo-ku Niigata 951-8510 Japan
| | - Keisuke Watanabe
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata University; Asahimachi Chuo-ku Niigata 951-8510 Japan
| | - Asim K. Bepari
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata University; Asahimachi Chuo-ku Niigata 951-8510 Japan
| | - Jun-ichiro Nashimoto
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata University; Asahimachi Chuo-ku Niigata 951-8510 Japan
| | - Kimi Araki
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Division of System Neurophysiology; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Biology; Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; Kyoto Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ikenaka
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics; National Institute for Physiological Sciences; Okazaki Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology; Brain Research Institute; Niigata University; Niigata Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yamamura
- Institute of Resource Development and Analysis; Kumamoto University; Kumamoto Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy; Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences; Niigata University; Asahimachi Chuo-ku Niigata 951-8510 Japan
- PRESTO; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST); Saitama Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ono K, Clavairoly A, Nomura T, Gotoh H, Uno A, Armant O, Takebayashi H, Zhang Q, Shimamura K, Itohara S, Parras CM, Ikenaka K. Development of the prethalamus is crucial for thalamocortical projection formation and is regulated by Olig2. Development 2014; 141:2075-84. [PMID: 24803655 DOI: 10.1242/dev.097790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Thalamocortical axons (TCAs) pass through the prethalamus in the first step of their neural circuit formation. Although it has been supposed that the prethalamus is an intermediate target for thalamocortical projection formation, much less is known about the molecular mechanisms of this targeting. Here, we demonstrated the functional implications of the prethalamus in the formation of this neural circuit. We show that Olig2 transcription factor, which is expressed in the ventricular zone (VZ) of prosomere 3, regulates prethalamus formation, and loss of Olig2 results in reduced prethalamus size in early development, which is accompanied by expansion of the thalamic eminence (TE). Extension of TCAs is disorganized in the Olig2-KO dorsal thalamus, and initial elongation of TCAs is retarded in the Olig2-KO forebrain. Microarray analysis demonstrated upregulation of several axon guidance molecules, including Epha3 and Epha5, in the Olig2-KO basal forebrain. In situ hybridization showed that the prethalamus in the wild type excluded the expression of Epha3 and Epha5, whereas loss of Olig2 resulted in reduction of this Ephas-negative area and the corresponding expansion of the Ephas-positive TE. Dissociated cultures of thalamic progenitor cells demonstrated that substrate-bound EphA3 suppresses neurite extension from dorsal thalamic neurons. These results indicate that Olig2 is involved in correct formation of the prethalamus, which leads to exclusion of the EphA3-expressing region and is crucial for proper TCA formation. Our observation is the first report showing the molecular mechanisms underlying how the prethalamus acts on initial thalamocortical projection formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 603-8334, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Deussing JM. Targeted mutagenesis tools for modelling psychiatric disorders. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 354:9-25. [PMID: 24078022 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1708-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the 1980s, the basic principles of gene targeting were discovered and forged into sharp tools for efficient and precise engineering of the mouse genome. Since then, genetic mouse models have substantially contributed to our understanding of major neurobiological concepts and are of utmost importance for our comprehension of neuropsychiatric disorders. The "domestication" of site-specific recombinases and the continuous creative technological developments involving the implementation of previously identified biological principles such as transcriptional and posttranslational control now enable conditional mutagenesis with high spatial and temporal resolution. The initiation and successful accomplishment of large-scale efforts to annotate functionally the entire mouse genome and to build strategic resources for the research community have significantly accelerated the rapid proliferation and broad propagation of mouse genetic tools. Addressing neurobiological processes with the assistance of genetic mouse models is a routine procedure in psychiatric research and will be further extended in order to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms. In light of the highly complex nature of psychiatric disorders and the current lack of strong causal genetic variants, a major future challenge is to model of psychiatric disorders more appropriately. Humanized mice, and the recently developed toolbox of site-specific nucleases for more efficient and simplified tailoring of the genome, offer the perspective of significantly improved models. Ultimately, these tools will push the limits of gene targeting beyond the mouse to allow genome engineering in any model organism of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan M Deussing
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Molecular Neurogenetics, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pan Y, Zhang J, Liu W, Shu P, Yin B, Yuan J, Qiang B, Peng X. Dok5 is involved in the signaling pathway of neurotrophin-3 against TrkC-induced apoptosis. Neurosci Lett 2013; 553:46-51. [PMID: 23954828 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
TrkC is a dependence receptor and many reports have shown that neurotrophin-3 promotes cell survival by inhibiting TrkC-induced apoptosis in many cell lines. However, the identity of the adaptor protein involved in the NT-3/TrkC signaling pathway regulating cell death and survival remains unclear. The downstream of tyrosine kinase/docking protein (Dok) adaptor protein 5 is one substrate of the TrkC receptor. Because NT-3 and its receptor, TrkC, are strongly expressed by sensory neurons, we measured the expression of Dok5 and TrkC in the developing mouse spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We found that the number of cells positive for both Dok5 and TrkC decreases with DRG development. Immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence staining showed that Dok5 interacted with TrkC and partially colocalized with TrkC in DRG neurons. In HEK293T cells, TrkC triggered apoptosis, but NT-3 prevented TrkC-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, siRNA knockdown of Dok5 expression partially prevented the protection of NT-3 against TrkC-induced apoptosis by regulating the activity of caspase-3. Taken together, we concluded that Dok5 is necessary for NT-3 signaling to block TrkC-induced apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Pan
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bersell K, Choudhury S, Mollova M, Polizzotti BD, Ganapathy B, Walsh S, Wadugu B, Arab S, Kühn B. Moderate and high amounts of tamoxifen in αMHC-MerCreMer mice induce a DNA damage response, leading to heart failure and death. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1459-69. [PMID: 23929941 PMCID: PMC3820268 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.010447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous mouse models have utilized Cre-loxP technology to modify gene expression. Adverse effects of Cre recombinase activity have been reported, including in the heart. However, the mechanisms associated with cardiac Cre toxicity are largely unknown. Here, we show that expression of Cre in cardiomyocytes induces a DNA damage response, resulting in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac fibrosis and cardiac dysfunction. In an effort to increase the recombination efficiency of a widely used tamoxifen-sensitive Cre transgene under control of the α-myosin-heavy-chain promoter (αMHC-MerCreMer), we observed myocardial dysfunction and decreased survival, which were dependent on the dose of tamoxifen injected. After excluding a Cre-independent contribution by tamoxifen, we found that Cre induced myocardial fibrosis, activation of pro-fibrotic genes and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Examination of the molecular mechanisms showed activation of DNA damage response signaling and p53 stabilization in the absence of loxP sites, suggesting that Cre induced illegitimate DNA breaks. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was also induced by expressing Cre using adenoviral transduction, indicating that the effect was not dependent on genomic integration of the transgene. Cre-mediated homologous recombination at loxP sites was dose-dependent and had a ceiling effect at ∼80% of cardiomyocytes showing recombination. By titrating the amount of tamoxifen to maximize recombination while minimizing animal lethality, we determined that 30 μg tamoxifen/g body weight/day injected on three consecutive days is the optimal condition for the αMHC-MerCreMer system to induce recombination in the Rosa26-lacZ strain. Our results further highlight the importance of experimental design, including the use of appropriate genetic controls for Cre expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bersell
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Murray SA, Eppig JT, Smedley D, Simpson EM, Rosenthal N. Beyond knockouts: cre resources for conditional mutagenesis. Mamm Genome 2012; 23:587-99. [PMID: 22926223 PMCID: PMC3655717 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-012-9430-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the effort of the International Phenotyping Consortium to produce thousands of strains with conditional potential gathering steam, there is growing recognition that it must be supported by a rich toolbox of cre driver strains. The approaches to build cre strains have evolved in both sophistication and reliability, replacing first-generation strains with tools that can target individual cell populations with incredible precision and specificity. The modest set of cre drivers generated by individual labs over the past 15+ years is now growing rapidly, thanks to a number of large-scale projects to produce new cre strains for the community. The power of this growing resource, however, depends upon the proper deep characterization of strain function, as even the best designed strain can display a variety of undesirable features that must be considered in experimental design. This must be coupled with the parallel development of informatics tools to provide functional data to the user and facilitated access to the strains through public repositories. We discuss the current progress on all of these fronts and the challenges that remain to ensure the scientific community can capitalize on the tremendous number of mouse resources at their disposal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Murray
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Usui N, Watanabe K, Ono K, Tomita K, Tamamaki N, Ikenaka K, Takebayashi H. Role of motoneuron-derived neurotrophin 3 in survival and axonal projection of sensory neurons during neural circuit formation. Development 2012; 139:1125-32. [PMID: 22318233 DOI: 10.1242/dev.069997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sensory neurons possess the central and peripheral branches and they form unique spinal neural circuits with motoneurons during development. Peripheral branches of sensory axons fasciculate with the motor axons that extend toward the peripheral muscles from the central nervous system (CNS), whereas the central branches of proprioceptive sensory neurons directly innervate motoneurons. Although anatomically well documented, the molecular mechanism underlying sensory-motor interaction during neural circuit formation is not fully understood. To investigate the role of motoneuron on sensory neuron development, we analyzed sensory neuron phenotypes in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of Olig2 knockout (KO) mouse embryos, which lack motoneurons. We found an increased number of apoptotic cells in the DRG of Olig2 KO embryos at embryonic day (E) 10.5. Furthermore, abnormal axonal projections of sensory neurons were observed in both the peripheral branches at E10.5 and central branches at E15.5. To understand the motoneuron-derived factor that regulates sensory neuron development, we focused on neurotrophin 3 (Ntf3; NT-3), because Ntf3 and its receptors (Trk) are strongly expressed in motoneurons and sensory neurons, respectively. The significance of motoneuron-derived Ntf3 was analyzed using Ntf3 conditional knockout (cKO) embryos, in which we observed increased apoptosis and abnormal projection of the central branch innervating motoneuron, the phenotypes being apparently comparable with that of Olig2 KO embryos. Taken together, we show that the motoneuron is a functional source of Ntf3 and motoneuron-derived Ntf3 is an essential pre-target neurotrophin for survival and axonal projection of sensory neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Usui
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The GraduateUniversity for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
The channel kinase, TRPM7, is required for early embryonic development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 109:E225-33. [PMID: 22203997 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1120033109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Global disruption of transient receptor potential-melastatin-like 7 (Trpm7) in mice results in embryonic lethality before embryonic day 7. Using tamoxifen-inducible disruption of Trpm7 and multiple Cre recombinase lines, we show that Trpm7 deletion before and during organogenesis results in severe tissue-specific developmental defects. We find that Trpm7 is essential for kidney development from metanephric mesenchyme but not ureteric bud. Disruption of neural crest Trpm7 at early stages results in loss of pigment cells and dorsal root ganglion neurons. In contrast, late disruption of brain-specific Trpm7 after embryonic day 10.5 does not alter normal brain development. We developed induced pluripotent stem cells and neural stem (NS) cells in which Trpm7 disruption could be induced. Trpm7(-/-) NS cells retained the capacities of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons and astrocytes. During in vitro differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells to NS cells, Trpm7 disruption prevents the formation of the NS cell monolayer. The in vivo and in vitro results demonstrate a temporal requirement for the Trpm7 channel kinase during embryogenesis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Inamura N, Ono K, Takebayashi H, Zalc B, Ikenaka K. Olig2 Lineage Cells Generate GABAergic Neurons in the Prethalamic Nuclei, Including the Zona Incerta, Ventral Lateral Geniculate Nucleus and Reticular Thalamic Nucleus. Dev Neurosci 2011; 33:118-29. [DOI: 10.1159/000328974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
16
|
Abstract
Understanding how cells are assembled in three dimensions to generate an organ, or a whole organism, is a pivotal question in developmental biology. Similarly, it is critical to understand how adult stem cells integrate into an existing organ during regeneration or in response to injury. Key to discovering the answers to these questions is being able to study the various behaviors of distinct cell types during development or regeneration. Fate mapping techniques are fundamental to studying cell behaviors such as proliferation, movement, and lineage segregation, as the techniques allow precursor cells to be marked and their descendants followed and characterized over time. The generation of transgenic mice, combined with the use of site-specific recombinases (SSR) in the mouse genome, has provided a means to develop powerful genetic fate mapping approaches. A key advantage of genetic fate mapping is that it allows cells to be genetically marked, and therefore the mark is transmitted to all the descendants of the initially marked cells. By making modifications to the SSRs that render their enzymatic activity inducible, and the development of an assortment of reporter alleles for marking cells, increasingly sophisticated genetic fate mapping studies can be performed. In this chapter, we review the four main genetic fate mapping methods that utilize intrachromosomal recombination to mark cells (cumulative, inducible, clonal, and intersectional) and one interchromosomal method, the tools required to carry out each approach, and the practical considerations that have to be taken into account before embarking on each type of genetic fate mapping study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Legué
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ono K, Takebayashi H, Ikenaka K. Olig2 transcription factor in the developing and injured forebrain; cell lineage and glial development. Mol Cells 2009; 27:397-401. [PMID: 19390819 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-009-0067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Olig2 transcription factor is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system; therefore, it is considered to have multiple functions in the developing, mature and injured brain. In this mini-review, we focus on Olig2 in the forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon) and discuss the functional significance of Olig2 and the differentiation properties of Olig2-expressing progenitors in the development and injured states. Short- and long-term lineage analysis in the developing forebrain elucidated that not all late Olig2+ cells are direct cohorts of early cells and that Olig2 lineage cells differentiate into neurons or glial cells in a region- and stage-dependent manner. Olig2-deficient mice revealed large elimination of oligodendrocyte precursor cells and a decreased number of astrocyte progenitors in the dorsal cortex, whereas no reduction in the number of GABAergic neurons. In addition to Olig2 function in the developing cortex, Olig2 is also reported to be important for glial scar formation after injury. Thus, Olig2 can be essential for glial differentiation during development and after injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ono
- Department of Biology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|