1
|
Minařík M, Modrell MS, Gillis JA, Campbell AS, Fuller I, Lyne R, Micklem G, Gela D, Pšenička M, Baker CVH. Identification of multiple transcription factor genes potentially involved in the development of electrosensory versus mechanosensory lateral line organs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1327924. [PMID: 38562141 PMCID: PMC10982350 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1327924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In electroreceptive jawed vertebrates, embryonic lateral line placodes give rise to electrosensory ampullary organs as well as mechanosensory neuromasts. Previous reports of shared gene expression suggest that conserved mechanisms underlie electroreceptor and mechanosensory hair cell development and that electroreceptors evolved as a transcriptionally related "sister cell type" to hair cells. We previously identified only one transcription factor gene, Neurod4, as ampullary organ-restricted in the developing lateral line system of a chondrostean ray-finned fish, the Mississippi paddlefish (Polyodon spathula). The other 16 transcription factor genes we previously validated in paddlefish were expressed in both ampullary organs and neuromasts. Here, we used our published lateral line organ-enriched gene-set (arising from differential bulk RNA-seq in late-larval paddlefish), together with a candidate gene approach, to identify 25 transcription factor genes expressed in the developing lateral line system of a more experimentally tractable chondrostean, the sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus, a small sturgeon), and/or that of paddlefish. Thirteen are expressed in both ampullary organs and neuromasts, consistent with conservation of molecular mechanisms. Seven are electrosensory-restricted on the head (Irx5, Irx3, Insm1, Sp5, Satb2, Mafa and Rorc), and five are the first-reported mechanosensory-restricted transcription factor genes (Foxg1, Sox8, Isl1, Hmx2 and Rorb). However, as previously reported, Sox8 is expressed in ampullary organs as well as neuromasts in a catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula), suggesting the existence of lineage-specific differences between cartilaginous and ray-finned fishes. Overall, our results support the hypothesis that ampullary organs and neuromasts develop via largely conserved transcriptional mechanisms, and identify multiple transcription factors potentially involved in the formation of electrosensory versus mechanosensory lateral line organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Minařík
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Melinda S. Modrell
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - J. Andrew Gillis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Alexander S. Campbell
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Isobel Fuller
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lyne
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gos Micklem
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Gela
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Martin Pšenička
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Vodňany, Czechia
| | - Clare V. H. Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Notch and Fgf signaling during electrosensory versus mechanosensory lateral line organ development in a non-teleost ray-finned fish. Dev Biol 2017; 431:48-58. [PMID: 28818669 PMCID: PMC5650464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lateral line system is a useful model for studying the embryonic and evolutionary diversification of different organs and cell types. In jawed vertebrates, this ancestrally comprises lines of mechanosensory neuromasts over the head and trunk, flanked on the head by fields of electrosensory ampullary organs, all innervated by lateral line neurons in cranial lateral line ganglia. Both types of sense organs, and their afferent neurons, develop from cranial lateral line placodes. Current research primarily focuses on the posterior lateral line primordium in zebrafish, which migrates as a cell collective along the trunk; epithelial rosettes form in the trailing zone and are deposited as a line of neuromasts, within which hair cells and supporting cells differentiate. However, in at least some other teleosts (e.g. catfishes) and all non-teleosts, lines of cranial neuromasts are formed by placodes that elongate to form a sensory ridge, which subsequently fragments, with neuromasts differentiating in a line along the crest of the ridge. Furthermore, in many non-teleost species, electrosensory ampullary organs develop from the flanks of the sensory ridge. It is unknown to what extent the molecular mechanisms underlying neuromast formation from the zebrafish migrating posterior lateral line primordium are conserved with the as-yet unexplored molecular mechanisms underlying neuromast and ampullary organ formation from elongating lateral line placodes. Here, we report experiments in an electroreceptive non-teleost ray-finned fish, the Mississippi paddlefish Polyodon spathula, that suggest a conserved role for Notch signaling in regulating lateral line organ receptor cell number, but potentially divergent roles for the fibroblast growth factor signaling pathway, both between neuromasts and ampullary organs, and between paddlefish and zebrafish. Notch and Fgf pathway genes are expressed during paddlefish lateral line development. Fgf ligand genes are differentially expressed in neuromasts and ampullary organs. DAPT treatment results in irregular organ spacing and supernumerary receptor cells. SU5402 treatment yields fewer neuromasts, but ampullary organs form precociously. SU5402 treatment also results in supernumerary receptor cells.
Collapse
|
3
|
Modrell MS, Lyne M, Carr AR, Zakon HH, Buckley D, Campbell AS, Davis MC, Micklem G, Baker CV. Insights into electrosensory organ development, physiology and evolution from a lateral line-enriched transcriptome. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28346141 PMCID: PMC5429088 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The anamniote lateral line system, comprising mechanosensory neuromasts and electrosensory ampullary organs, is a useful model for investigating the developmental and evolutionary diversification of different organs and cell types. Zebrafish neuromast development is increasingly well understood, but neither zebrafish nor Xenopus is electroreceptive and our molecular understanding of ampullary organ development is rudimentary. We have used RNA-seq to generate a lateral line-enriched gene-set from late-larval paddlefish (Polyodon spathula). Validation of a subset reveals expression in developing ampullary organs of transcription factor genes critical for hair cell development, and genes essential for glutamate release at hair cell ribbon synapses, suggesting close developmental, physiological and evolutionary links between non-teleost electroreceptors and hair cells. We identify an ampullary organ-specific proneural transcription factor, and candidates for the voltage-sensing L-type Cav channel and rectifying Kv channel predicted from skate (cartilaginous fish) ampullary organ electrophysiology. Overall, our results illuminate ampullary organ development, physiology and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S Modrell
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Lyne
- Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian R Carr
- Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Harold H Zakon
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, United States
| | - David Buckley
- Departmento de Biodiversidad y Biología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-MNCN-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Natural Sciences, Saint Louis University - Madrid Campus, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alexander S Campbell
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus C Davis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, United States
| | - Gos Micklem
- Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Vh Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nagasawa T, Kawaguchi M, Yano T, Sano K, Okabe M, Yasumasu S. Evolutionary Changes in the Developmental Origin of Hatching Gland Cells in Basal Ray-Finned Fishes. Zoolog Sci 2016; 33:272-81. [PMID: 27268981 DOI: 10.2108/zs150183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hatching gland cells (HGCs) originate from different germ layers between frogs and teleosts, although the hatching enzyme genes are orthologous. Teleostei HGCs differentiate in the mesoendodermal cells at the anterior end of the involved hypoblast layer (known as the polster) in late gastrula embryos. Conversely, frog HGCs differentiate in the epidermal cells at the neural plate border in early neurula embryos. To infer the transition in the developmental origin of HGCs, we studied two basal ray-finned fishes, bichir (Polypterus) and sturgeon. We observed expression patterns of their hatching enzyme (HE) and that of three transcription factors that are critical for HGC differentiation: KLF17 is common to both teleosts and frogs; whereas FoxA3 and Pax3 are specific to teleosts and frogs, respectively. We then inferred the transition in the developmental origin of HGCs. In sturgeon, the KLF17, FoxA3, and HE genes were expressed during the tailbud stage in the cell mass at the anterior region of the body axis, a region corresponding to the polster in teleost embryos. In contrast, the bichir was suggested to possess both teleost- and amphibian-type HGCs, i.e. the KLF17 and FoxA3 genes were expressed in the anterior cell mass corresponding to the polster, and the KLF17, Pax3 and HE genes were expressed in dorsal epidermal layer of the head. The change in developmental origin is thought to have occurred during the evolution of basal ray-finned fish, because bichir has two HGCs, while sturgeon only has the teleost-type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuki Nagasawa
- 1 Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Mari Kawaguchi
- 1 Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Tohru Yano
- 2 Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbasi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kaori Sano
- 3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Masataka Okabe
- 2 Department of Anatomy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishishinbasi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Shigeki Yasumasu
- 1 Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Smith MM, Johanson Z, Butts T, Ericsson R, Modrell M, Tulenko FJ, Davis MC, Fraser GJ. Making teeth to order: conserved genes reveal an ancient molecular pattern in paddlefish (Actinopterygii). Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:rspb.2014.2700. [PMID: 25788604 PMCID: PMC4389609 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) are the dominant vertebrate group today (+30 000 species, predominantly teleosts), with great morphological diversity, including their dentitions. How dental morphological variation evolved is best addressed by considering a range of taxa across actinopterygian phylogeny; here we examine the dentition of Polyodon spathula (American paddlefish), assigned to the basal group Acipenseriformes. Although teeth are present and functional in young individuals of Polyodon, they are completely absent in adults. Our current understanding of developmental genes operating in the dentition is primarily restricted to teleosts; we show that shh and bmp4, as highly conserved epithelial and mesenchymal genes for gnathostome tooth development, are similarly expressed at Polyodon tooth loci, thus extending this conserved developmental pattern within the Actinopterygii. These genes map spatio-temporal tooth initiation in Polyodon larvae and provide new data in both oral and pharyngeal tooth sites. Variation in cellular intensity of shh maps timing of tooth morphogenesis, revealing a second odontogenic wave as alternate sites within tooth rows, a dental pattern also present in more derived actinopterygians. Developmental timing for each tooth field in Polyodon follows a gradient, from rostral to caudal and ventral to dorsal, repeated during subsequent loss of teeth. The transitory Polyodon dentition is modified by cessation of tooth addition and loss. As such, Polyodon represents a basal actinopterygian model for the evolution of developmental novelty: initial conservation, followed by tooth loss, accommodating the adult trophic modification to filter-feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moya M Smith
- Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London Dental Institute, London, UK Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Zerina Johanson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Thomas Butts
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rolf Ericsson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Melinda Modrell
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Frank J Tulenko
- Department of Biology and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Marcus C Davis
- Department of Biology and Physics, College of Science and Mathematics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA
| | - Gareth J Fraser
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Butts T, Modrell MS, Baker CVH, Wingate RJT. The evolution of the vertebrate cerebellum: absence of a proliferative external granule layer in a non-teleost ray-finned fish. Evol Dev 2014; 16:92-100. [PMID: 24617988 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum represents one of the most morphologically variable structures in the vertebrate brain. To shed light on its evolutionary history, we have examined the molecular anatomy and proliferation of the developing cerebellum of the North American paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. Absence of an external proliferative cerebellar layer and the restriction of Atonal1 expression to the rhombic lip and valvular primordium demonstrate that transit amplification in a cerebellar external germinal layer, a prominent feature of amniote cerebellum development, is absent in paddlefish. Furthermore, expression of Sonic hedgehog, which drives secondary proliferation in the mouse cerebellum, is absent from the paddlefish cerebellum. These data are consistent with what has been observed in zebrafish and suggest that the transit amplification seen in the amniote cerebellum was either lost very early in the ray-finned fish lineage or evolved in the lobe-finned fish lineage. We also suggest that the Atoh1-positive proliferative valvular primordium may represent a synapomorphy (shared derived character) of ray-finned fishes. The topology of valvular primordium development in paddlefish differs significantly from that of zebrafish and correlates with the adult cerebellar form. The distribution of proliferative granule cell precursors in different vertebrate taxa is thus the likely determining factor in cerebellar morphological diversity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Butts
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Steventon B, Mayor R, Streit A. Neural crest and placode interaction during the development of the cranial sensory system. Dev Biol 2014; 389:28-38. [PMID: 24491819 PMCID: PMC4439187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the vertebrate head, the peripheral components of the sensory nervous system are derived from two embryonic cell populations, the neural crest and cranial sensory placodes. Both arise in close proximity to each other at the border of the neural plate: neural crest precursors abut the future central nervous system, while placodes originate in a common preplacodal region slightly more lateral. During head morphogenesis, complex events organise these precursors into functional sensory structures, raising the question of how their development is coordinated. Here we review the evidence that neural crest and placode cells remain in close proximity throughout their development and interact repeatedly in a reciprocal manner. We also review recent controversies about the relative contribution of the neural crest and placodes to the otic and olfactory systems. We propose that a sequence of mutual interactions between the neural crest and placodes drives the coordinated morphogenesis that generates functional sensory systems within the head.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Steventon
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Insitut Pasteur, France
| | - Roberto Mayor
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Streit
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King׳s College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Modrell MS, Hockman D, Uy B, Buckley D, Sauka-Spengler T, Bronner ME, Baker CVH. A fate-map for cranial sensory ganglia in the sea lamprey. Dev Biol 2014; 385:405-16. [PMID: 24513489 PMCID: PMC3928997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cranial neurogenic placodes and the neural crest make essential contributions to key adult characteristics of all vertebrates, including the paired peripheral sense organs and craniofacial skeleton. Neurogenic placode development has been extensively characterized in representative jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) but not in jawless fishes (agnathans). Here, we use in vivo lineage tracing with DiI, together with neuronal differentiation markers, to establish the first detailed fate-map for placode-derived sensory neurons in a jawless fish, the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus, and to confirm that neural crest cells in the lamprey contribute to the cranial sensory ganglia. We also show that a pan-Pax3/7 antibody labels ophthalmic trigeminal (opV, profundal) placode-derived but not maxillomandibular trigeminal (mmV) placode-derived neurons, mirroring the expression of gnathostome Pax3 and suggesting that Pax3 (and its single Pax3/7 lamprey ortholog) is a pan-vertebrate marker for opV placode-derived neurons. Unexpectedly, however, our data reveal that mmV neuron precursors are located in two separate domains at neurula stages, with opV neuron precursors sandwiched between them. The different branches of the mmV nerve are not comparable between lampreys and gnatho-stomes, and spatial segregation of mmV neuron precursor territories may be a derived feature of lampreys. Nevertheless, maxillary and mandibular neurons are spatially segregated within gnathostome mmV ganglia, suggesting that a more detailed investigation of gnathostome mmV placode development would be worthwhile. Overall, however, our results highlight the conservation of cranial peripheral sensory nervous system development across vertebrates, yielding insight into ancestral vertebrate traits. The first detailed fate-map for placode-derived sensory neurons in a jawless fish. Pax3 is a pan-vertebrate marker for ophthalmic trigeminal placode-derived neurons. Maxillomandibular trigeminal neuron precursors are located in two separate domains. Confirmation that lamprey neural crest cells contribute to cranial sensory ganglia. Results overall highlight conservation of cranial sensory nervous system development.
Collapse
|
9
|
Piotrowski T, Baker CVH. The development of lateral line placodes: taking a broader view. Dev Biol 2014; 389:68-81. [PMID: 24582732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The lateral line system of anamniote vertebrates enables the detection of local water movement and weak bioelectric fields. Ancestrally, it comprises neuromasts - small sense organs containing mechanosensory hair cells - distributed in characteristic lines over the head and trunk, flanked on the head by fields of electroreceptive ampullary organs, innervated by afferent neurons projecting respectively to the medial and dorsal octavolateral nuclei in the hindbrain. Given the independent loss of the electrosensory system in multiple lineages, the development and evolution of the mechanosensory and electrosensory components of the lateral line must be dissociable. Nevertheless, the entire system arises from a series of cranial lateral line placodes, which exhibit two modes of sensory organ formation: elongation to form sensory ridges that fragment (with neuromasts differentiating in the center of the ridge, and ampullary organs on the flanks), or migration as collectives of cells, depositing sense organs in their wake. Intensive study of the migrating posterior lateral line placode in zebrafish has yielded a wealth of information concerning the molecular control of migration and neuromast formation in this migrating placode, in this cypriniform teleost species. However, our mechanistic understanding of neuromast and ampullary organ formation by elongating lateral line placodes, and even of other zebrafish lateral line placodes, is sparse or non-existent. Here, we attempt to highlight the diversity of lateral line development and the limits of the current research focus on the zebrafish posterior lateral line placode. We hope this will stimulate a broader approach to this fascinating sensory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Piotrowski
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.
| | - Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Baker CVH, Modrell MS, Gillis JA. The evolution and development of vertebrate lateral line electroreceptors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 216:2515-22. [PMID: 23761476 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.082362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Electroreception is an ancient vertebrate sense with a fascinating evolutionary history involving multiple losses as well as independent evolution at least twice within teleosts. We review the phylogenetic distribution of electroreception and the morphology and innervation of electroreceptors in different vertebrate groups. We summarise recent work from our laboratory that has confirmed the homology of ampullary electroreceptors in non-teleost jawed vertebrates by showing, in conjunction with previously published work, that these are derived embryonically from lateral line placodes. Finally, we review hypotheses to explain the distribution of electroreception within teleosts, including the hypothesis that teleost ampullary and tuberous electroreceptors evolved via the modification of mechanosensory hair cells in lateral line neuromasts. We conclude that further experimental work on teleost electroreceptor development is needed to test such hypotheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Carlson BA, Gallant JR. From sequence to spike to spark: evo-devo-neuroethology of electric communication in mormyrid fishes. J Neurogenet 2013; 27:106-29. [PMID: 23802152 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2013.799670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Mormyrid fishes communicate using pulses of electricity, conveying information about their identity, behavioral state, and location. They have long been used as neuroethological model systems because they are uniquely suited to identifying cellular mechanisms for behavior. They are also remarkably diverse, and they have recently emerged as a model system for studying how communication systems may influence the process of speciation. These two lines of inquiry have now converged, generating insights into the neural basis of evolutionary change in behavior, as well as the influence of sensory and motor systems on behavioral diversification and speciation. Here, we review the mechanisms of electric signal generation, reception, and analysis and relate these to our current understanding of the evolution and development of electromotor and electrosensory systems. We highlight the enormous potential of mormyrids for studying evolutionary developmental mechanisms of behavioral diversification, and make the case for developing genomic and transcriptomic resources. A complete mormyrid genome sequence would enable studies that extend our understanding of mormyrid behavior to the molecular level by linking morphological and physiological mechanisms to their genetic basis. Applied in a comparative framework, genomic resources would facilitate analysis of evolutionary processes underlying mormyrid diversification, reveal the genetic basis of species differences in behavior, and illuminate the origins of a novel vertebrate sensory and motor system. Genomic approaches to studying the evo-devo-neuroethology of mormyrid communication represent a deeply integrative approach to understanding the evolution, function, development, and mechanisms of behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Carlson
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4899, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gillis JA, Modrell MS, Baker CVH. Developmental evidence for serial homology of the vertebrate jaw and gill arch skeleton. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1436. [PMID: 23385581 PMCID: PMC3600657 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Gegenbaur’s classical hypothesis of jaw-gill arch serial homology is widely cited, but remains unsupported by either paleontological evidence (e.g. a series of fossils reflecting the stepwise transformation of a gill arch into a jaw) or developmental genetic data (e.g. shared molecular mechanisms underlying segment identity in the mandibular, hyoid and gill arch endoskeletons). Here we show that nested expression of Dlx genes – the “Dlx code” that specifies upper and lower jaw identity in mammals and teleosts – is a primitive feature of the mandibular, hyoid and gill arches of jawed vertebrates. Using fate-mapping techniques, we demonstrate that the principal dorsal and ventral endoskeletal segments of the jaw, hyoid and gill arches of the skate Leucoraja erinacea derive from molecularly equivalent mesenchymal domains of combinatorial Dlx gene expression. Our data suggest that vertebrate jaw, hyoid and gill arch cartilages are serially homologous, and were primitively patterned dorsoventrally by a common Dlx blueprint.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Anatomy Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Modrell MS, Baker CVH. Evolution of electrosensory ampullary organs: conservation of Eya4 expression during lateral line development in jawed vertebrates. Evol Dev 2013; 14:277-85. [PMID: 23017075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2012.00544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The lateral line system of fishes and amphibians comprises two ancient sensory systems: mechanoreception and electroreception. Electroreception is found in all major vertebrate groups (i.e. jawless fishes, cartilaginous fishes, and bony fishes); however, it was lost in several groups including anuran amphibians (frogs) and amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals), as well as in the lineage leading to the neopterygian clade of bony fishes (bowfins, gars, and teleosts). Electroreception is mediated by modified "hair cells," which are collected in ampullary organs that flank lines of mechanosensory hair cell containing neuromasts. In the axolotl (a urodele amphibian), grafting and ablation studies have shown a lateral line placode origin for both mechanosensory neuromasts and electrosensory ampullary organs (and the neurons that innervate them). However, little is known at the molecular level about the development of the amphibian lateral line system in general and electrosensory ampullary organs in particular. Previously, we identified Eya4 as a marker for lateral line (and otic) placodes, neuromasts, and ampullary organs in a shark (a cartilaginous fish) and a paddlefish (a basal ray-finned fish). Here, we show that Eya4 is similarly expressed during otic and lateral line placode development in the axolotl (a representative of the lobe-finned fish clade). Furthermore, Eya4 expression is specifically restricted to hair cells in both neuromasts and ampullary organs, as identified by coexpression with the calcium-buffering protein Parvalbumin3. As well as identifying new molecular markers for amphibian mechanosensory and electrosensory hair cells, these data demonstrate that Eya4 is a conserved marker for lateral line placodes and their derivatives in all jawed vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda S Modrell
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rhinn M, Miyoshi K, Watanabe A, Kawaguchi M, Ito F, Kuratani S, Baker CV, Murakami Y, Rijli FM. Evolutionary divergence of trigeminal nerve somatotopy in amniotes. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1378-94. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
15
|
Holland LZ. Evolution of new characters after whole genome duplications: insights from amphioxus. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:101-9. [PMID: 23291260 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Additional copies of genes resulting from two whole genome duplications at the base of the vertebrates have been suggested as enabling the evolution of vertebrate-specific structures such as neural crest, a midbrain/hindbrain organizer and neurogenic placodes. These structures, however, did not evolve entirely de novo, but arose from tissues already present in an ancestral chordate. This review discusses the evolutionary history of co-option of old genes for new roles in vertebrate development as well as the relative contributions of changes in cis-regulation and in protein structure. Particular examples are the FoxD, FGF8/17/18 and Pax2/5/8 genes. Comparisons with invertebrate chordates (amphioxus and tunicates) paint a complex picture with co-option of genes into new structures occurring both after and before the whole genome duplications. In addition, while cis-regulatory changes are likely of primary importance in evolution of vertebrate-specific structures, changes in protein structure including alternative splicing are non-trivial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Z Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Morphological Diversity, Development, and Evolution of the Mechanosensory Lateral Line System. SPRINGER HANDBOOK OF AUDITORY RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/2506_2013_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
17
|
Gillis JA, Modrell MS, Northcutt RG, Catania KC, Luer CA, Baker CVH. Electrosensory ampullary organs are derived from lateral line placodes in cartilaginous fishes. Development 2012; 139:3142-6. [PMID: 22833123 DOI: 10.1242/dev.084046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ampullary organ electroreceptors excited by weak cathodal electric fields are used for hunting by both cartilaginous and non-teleost bony fishes. Despite similarities of neurophysiology and innervation, their embryonic origins remain controversial: bony fish ampullary organs are derived from lateral line placodes, whereas a neural crest origin has been proposed for cartilaginous fish electroreceptors. This calls into question the homology of electroreceptors and ampullary organs in the two lineages of jawed vertebrates. Here, we test the hypothesis that lateral line placodes form electroreceptors in cartilaginous fishes by undertaking the first long-term in vivo fate-mapping study in any cartilaginous fish. Using DiI tracing for up to 70 days in the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea, we show that lateral line placodes form both ampullary electroreceptors and mechanosensory neuromasts. These data confirm the homology of electroreceptors and ampullary organs in cartilaginous and non-teleost bony fishes, and indicate that jawed vertebrates primitively possessed a lateral line placode-derived system of electrosensory ampullary organs and mechanosensory neuromasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew Gillis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Anatomy Building, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gillis JA, Modrell MS, Baker CVH. A timeline of pharyngeal endoskeletal condensation and differentiation in the shark, Scyliorhinus canicula, and the paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ICHTHYOLOGIE = JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY 2012; 28:341-345. [PMID: 26566297 PMCID: PMC4640176 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2012.01976.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The lesser-spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) and the North American paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) are two emerging model systems for the study of vertebrate craniofacial development. Notably, both of these taxa have retained plesiomorphic aspects of pharyngeal endoskeletal organization, relative to more commonly used models of vertebrate craniofacial development (e.g. zebrafish, chick and mouse), and are therefore well suited to inform the pharyngeal endoskeletal patterning mechanisms that functioned in the last common ancestor of jawed vertebrates. Here, we present a histological overview of the condensation and chondrogenesis of the most prominent endoskeletal elements of the jaw, hyoid and gill arches - the palatoquadrate/Meckel's cartilage, the hyomandibula/ceratohyal, and the epi-/ceratobranchial cartilages, respectively - in embryonic series of S. canicula and P. spathula. Our observations provide a provisional timeline and anatomical framework for further molecular developmental and functional investigations of pharyngeal endoskeletal differentiation and patterning in these phylogenetically informative taxa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Gillis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - M S Modrell
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - C V H Baker
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lavoué S, Miya M, Arnegard ME, Sullivan JP, Hopkins CD, Nishida M. Comparable ages for the independent origins of electrogenesis in African and South American weakly electric fishes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36287. [PMID: 22606250 PMCID: PMC3351409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most remarkable examples of convergent evolution among vertebrates is illustrated by the independent origins of an active electric sense in South American and African weakly electric fishes, the Gymnotiformes and Mormyroidea, respectively. These groups independently evolved similar complex systems for object localization and communication via the generation and reception of weak electric fields. While good estimates of divergence times are critical to understanding the temporal context for the evolution and diversification of these two groups, their respective ages have been difficult to estimate due to the absence of an informative fossil record, use of strict molecular clock models in previous studies, and/or incomplete taxonomic sampling. Here, we examine the timing of the origins of the Gymnotiformes and the Mormyroidea using complete mitogenome sequences and a parametric bayesian method for divergence time reconstruction. Under two different fossil-based calibration methods, we estimated similar ages for the independent origins of the Mormyroidea and Gymnotiformes. Our absolute estimates for the origins of these groups either slightly postdate, or just predate, the final separation of Africa and South America by continental drift. The most recent common ancestor of the Mormyroidea and Gymnotiformes was found to be a non-electrogenic basal teleost living more than 85 millions years earlier. For both electric fish lineages, we also estimated similar intervals (16-19 or 22-26 million years, depending on calibration method) between the appearance of electroreception and the origin of myogenic electric organs, providing rough upper estimates for the time periods during which these complex electric organs evolved de novo from skeletal muscle precursors. The fact that the Gymnotiformes and Mormyroidea are of similar age enhances the comparative value of the weakly electric fish system for investigating pathways to evolutionary novelty, as well as the influences of key innovations in communication on the process of species radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lavoué
- Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Electrosensory ampullary organs are derived from lateral line placodes in bony fishes. Nat Commun 2011; 2:496. [PMID: 21988912 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Electroreception is an ancient subdivision of the lateral line sensory system, found in all major vertebrate groups (though lost in frogs, amniotes and most ray-finned fishes). Electroreception is mediated by 'hair cells' in ampullary organs, distributed in fields flanking lines of mechanosensory hair cell-containing neuromasts that detect local water movement. Neuromasts, and afferent neurons for both neuromasts and ampullary organs, develop from lateral line placodes. Although ampullary organs in the axolotl (a representative of the lobe-finned clade of bony fishes) are lateral line placode-derived, non-placodal origins have been proposed for electroreceptors in other taxa. Here we show morphological and molecular data describing lateral line system development in the basal ray-finned fish Polyodon spathula, and present fate-mapping data that conclusively demonstrate a lateral line placode origin for ampullary organs and neuromasts. Together with the axolotl data, this confirms that ampullary organs are ancestrally lateral line placode-derived in bony fishes.
Collapse
|