1
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Chakrabarti M, Chattha A, Nair A, Jiao K, Potts JD, Wang L, Branch S, Harrelson S, Khan S, Azhar M. Hippo Signaling Mediates TGFβ-Dependent Transcriptional Inputs in Cardiac Cushion Mesenchymal Cells to Regulate Extracellular Matrix Remodeling. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:483. [PMID: 38132651 PMCID: PMC10744298 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10120483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and Hippo signaling pathways are evolutionarily conserved pathways that play a critical role in cardiac fibroblasts during embryonic development, tissue repair, and fibrosis. TGFβ signaling and Hippo signaling are also important for cardiac cushion remodeling and septation during embryonic development. Loss of TGFβ2 in mice causes cardiac cushion remodeling defects resulting in congenital heart disease. In this study, we used in vitro molecular and pharmacologic approaches in the cushion mesenchymal cell line (tsA58-AVM) and investigated if the Hippo pathway acts as a mediator of TGFβ2 signaling. Immunofluorescence staining showed that TGFβ2 induced nuclear translocation of activated SMAD3 in the cushion mesenchymal cells. In addition, the results indicate increased nuclear localization of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) following a similar treatment of TGFβ2. In collagen lattice formation assays, the TGFβ2 treatment of cushion cells resulted in an enhanced collagen contraction compared to the untreated cushion cells. Interestingly, verteporfin, a YAP1 inhibitor, significantly blocked the ability of cushion cells to contract collagen gel in the absence or presence of exogenously added TGFβ2. To confirm the molecular mechanisms of the verteporfin-induced inhibition of TGFβ2-dependent extracellular matrix (ECM) reorganization, we performed a gene expression analysis of key mesenchymal genes involved in ECM remodeling in heart development and disease. Our results confirm that verteporfin significantly decreased the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (Acta2), collagen 1a1 (Col1a1), Ccn1 (i.e., Cyr61), and Ccn2 (i.e., Ctgf). Western blot analysis indicated that verteporfin treatment significantly blocked the TGFβ2-induced activation of SMAD2/3 in cushion mesenchymal cells. Collectively, these results indicate that TGFβ2 regulation of cushion mesenchymal cell behavior and ECM remodeling is mediated by YAP1. Thus, the TGFβ2 and Hippo pathway integration represents an important step in understanding the etiology of congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmay Chakrabarti
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29202, USA; (M.C.); (A.C.); (A.N.); (J.D.P.)
| | - Ahad Chattha
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29202, USA; (M.C.); (A.C.); (A.N.); (J.D.P.)
| | - Abhijith Nair
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29202, USA; (M.C.); (A.C.); (A.N.); (J.D.P.)
| | - Kai Jiao
- Center for Biotechnology & Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Jay D. Potts
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29202, USA; (M.C.); (A.C.); (A.N.); (J.D.P.)
| | - Lianming Wang
- Department of Statistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Scotty Branch
- KOR Life Sciences, KOR Medical, and Vikor Scientific, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (S.B.); (S.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Shea Harrelson
- KOR Life Sciences, KOR Medical, and Vikor Scientific, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (S.B.); (S.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Saeed Khan
- KOR Life Sciences, KOR Medical, and Vikor Scientific, Charleston, SC 29403, USA; (S.B.); (S.H.); (S.K.)
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29202, USA; (M.C.); (A.C.); (A.N.); (J.D.P.)
- William Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC 29202, USA
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2
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Sachan N, Phoon CKL, Zilberberg L, Kugler MC, Ene T, Mintz SB, Murtada SI, Weiss D, Fishman GI, Humphrey JD, Rifkin DB. TGFβ-2 haploinsufficiency causes early death in mice with Marfan syndrome. Matrix Biol 2023; 121:41-55. [PMID: 37217119 PMCID: PMC10527763 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To assess the contribution of individual TGF-β isoforms to aortopathy in Marfan syndrome (MFS), we quantified the survival and phenotypes of mice with a combined fibrillin1 (the gene defective in MFS) hypomorphic mutation and a TGF-β1, 2, or 3 heterozygous null mutation. The loss of TGF-β2, and only TGF-β2, resulted in 80% of the double mutant animals dying earlier, by postnatal day 20, than MFS only mice. Death was not from thoracic aortic rupture, as observed in MFS mice, but was associated with hyperplastic aortic valve leaflets, aortic regurgitation, enlarged aortic root, increased heart weight, and impaired lung alveolar septation. Thus, there appears to be a relationship between loss of fibrillin1 and TGF-β2 in the postnatal development of the heart, aorta and lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalani Sachan
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Colin K L Phoon
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Lior Zilberberg
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Matthias C Kugler
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Taylor Ene
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Shana B Mintz
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Sae-Il Murtada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Dar Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Glenn I Fishman
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jay D Humphrey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Daniel B Rifkin
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA; Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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3
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Branyan K, Labelle-Dumais C, Wang X, Hayashi G, Lee B, Peltz Z, Gorman S, Li BQ, Mao M, Gould DB. Elevated TGFβ signaling contributes to cerebral small vessel disease in mouse models of Gould syndrome. Matrix Biol 2023; 115:48-70. [PMID: 36435425 PMCID: PMC10393528 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a leading cause of stroke and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Studying monogenic CSVD can reveal pathways that are dysregulated in common sporadic forms of the disease and may represent therapeutic targets. Mutations in collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) and alpha 2 (COL4A2) cause highly penetrant CSVD as part of a multisystem disorder referred to as Gould syndrome. COL4A1 and COL4A2 form heterotrimers [a1α1α2(IV)] that are fundamental constituents of basement membranes. However, their functions are poorly understood and the mechanism(s) by which COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations cause CSVD are unknown. We used histological, molecular, genetic, pharmacological, and in vivo imaging approaches to characterize central nervous system (CNS) vascular pathologies in Col4a1 mutant mouse models of monogenic CSVD to provide insight into underlying pathogenic mechanisms. We describe developmental CNS angiogenesis abnormalities characterized by impaired retinal vascular outgrowth and patterning, increased numbers of mural cells with abnormal morphologies, altered contractile protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and age-related loss of arteriolar VSMCs in Col4a1 mutant mice. Importantly, we identified elevated TGFβ signaling as a pathogenic consequence of Col4a1 mutations and show that genetically suppressing TGFβ signaling ameliorated CNS vascular pathologies, including partial rescue of retinal vascular patterning defects, prevention of VSMC loss, and significant reduction of intracerebral hemorrhages in Col4a1 mutant mice aged up to 8 months. This study identifies a novel biological role for collagen α1α1α2(IV) as a regulator of TGFβ signaling and demonstrates that elevated TGFβ signaling contributes to CNS vascular pathologies caused by Col4a1 mutations. Our findings suggest that pharmacologically suppressing TGFβ signaling could reduce the severity of CSVD, and potentially other manifestations associated with Gould syndrome and have important translational implications that could extend to idiopathic forms of CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Branyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Cassandre Labelle-Dumais
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Genki Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Bryson Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Zoe Peltz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Seán Gorman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Bo Qiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Mao Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Douglas B Gould
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States; Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bakar Aging Research Institute, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
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4
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Bone marrow NG2 +/Nestin + mesenchymal stem cells drive DTC dormancy via TGFβ2. NATURE CANCER 2022; 2:327-339. [PMID: 34993493 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-021-00179-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, where breast cancer (BC) disseminated tumour cells (DTCs) can remain dormant for decades, NG2+/Nestin+ mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promote hematopoietic stem cell quiescence. Here, we reveal that periarteriolar BM-resident NG2+/Nestin+ MSCs can also instruct BC DTCs to enter dormancy. NG2+/Nestin+ MSCs produce TGFβ2 and BMP7 and activate a quiescence pathway dependent on TGFBRIII and BMPRII, which via p38-kinase result in p27 induction. Genetic depletion of MSCs or conditional knock-out of TGFβ2 in MSCs using an NG2-CreER driver led to bone metastatic outgrowth of otherwise dormant p27+/Ki67- DTCs. Also ER+ BC patients without systemic recurrence displayed higher frequency of TGFβ2 and BMP7 detection in the BM. Our results provide a direct proof that HSC dormancy niches control BC DTC dormancy and suggest that aging or extrinsic factors that affect the NG2+/Nestin+ MSC niche homeostasis may result in a break from dormancy and BC bone relapse.
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Dumbrava MG, Lacanlale JL, Rowan CJ, Rosenblum ND. Transforming growth factor beta signaling functions during mammalian kidney development. Pediatr Nephrol 2021; 36:1663-1672. [PMID: 32880018 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling during embryogenesis is implicated in severe congenital abnormalities, including kidney malformations. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie congenital kidney malformations related to TGFβ signaling remain poorly understood. Here, we review current understanding of the lineage-specific roles of TGFβ signaling during kidney development and how dysregulation of TGFβ signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of kidney malformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai G Dumbrava
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jon L Lacanlale
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Christopher J Rowan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Norman D Rosenblum
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, M5G 0A4, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Division of Nephrology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada.
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6
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Bhattacharya A, Al-Sammarraie N, Gebere MG, Johnson J, Eberth JF, Azhar M. Myocardial TGFβ2 Is Required for Atrioventricular Cushion Remodeling and Myocardial Development. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8030026. [PMID: 33801433 PMCID: PMC7999251 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the three transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) ligands, TGFβ2 is essential for heart development and is produced by multiple cell types, including myocardium. Heterozygous mutations in TGFB2 in patients of connective tissue disorders result in congenital heart defects and adult valve malformations, including mitral valve prolapse (MVP) with or without regurgitation. Tgfb2 germline knockout fetuses exhibit multiple cardiac defects but the role of myocardial-TGFβ2 in heart development is yet to be elucidated. Here, myocardial Tgfb2 conditional knockout (CKO) embryos were generated by crossing Tgfb2flox mice with Tgfb2+/−; cTntCre mice. Tgfb2flox/− embryos were normal, viable. Cell fate mapping was done using dual-fluorescent mT/mG+/− mice. Cre-mediated Tgfb2 deletion was assessed by genomic PCR. RNAscope in situ hybridization was used to detect the loss of myocardial Tgfb2 expression. Histological, morphometric, immunohistochemical, and in situ hybridization analyses of CKOs and littermate controls at different stages of heart development (E12.5–E18.5) were used to determine the role of myocardium-derived TGFβ2 in atrioventricular (AV) cushion remodeling and myocardial development. CKOs exhibit a thin ventricular myocardium, AV cushion remodeling defects and developed incomplete AV septation defects. The loss of myocardial Tgfb2 resulted in impaired cushion maturation and dysregulated cell death. Phosphorylated SMAD2, a surrogate for TGFβ signaling, was “paradoxically” increased in both AV cushion mesenchyme and ventricular myocardium in the CKOs. Our results indicate that TGFβ2 produced by cardiomyocytes acting as cells autonomously on myocardium and via paracrine signaling on AV cushions are required for heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Bhattacharya
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (A.B.); (N.A.-S.); (M.G.G.); (J.J.); (J.F.E.)
| | - Nadia Al-Sammarraie
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (A.B.); (N.A.-S.); (M.G.G.); (J.J.); (J.F.E.)
| | - Mengistu G. Gebere
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (A.B.); (N.A.-S.); (M.G.G.); (J.J.); (J.F.E.)
| | - John Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (A.B.); (N.A.-S.); (M.G.G.); (J.J.); (J.F.E.)
| | - John F. Eberth
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (A.B.); (N.A.-S.); (M.G.G.); (J.J.); (J.F.E.)
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA; (A.B.); (N.A.-S.); (M.G.G.); (J.J.); (J.F.E.)
- William Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Dorn Research Institute, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-803-216-3831
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7
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Bhandary B, Meng Q, James J, Osinska H, Gulick J, Valiente-Alandi I, Sargent MA, Bhuiyan MS, Blaxall BC, Molkentin JD, Robbins J. Cardiac Fibrosis in Proteotoxic Cardiac Disease is Dependent Upon Myofibroblast TGF -β Signaling. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e010013. [PMID: 30371263 PMCID: PMC6474972 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) is an important cytokine in mediating the cardiac fibrosis that often accompanies pathogenic cardiac remodeling. Cardiomyocyte‐specific expression of a mutant αB‐crystallin (CryABR120G), which causes human desmin‐related cardiomyopathy, results in significant cardiac fibrosis. During onset of fibrosis, fibroblasts are activated to the so‐called myofibroblast state and TGF‐β binding mediates an essential signaling pathway underlying this process. Here, we test the hypothesis that fibroblast‐based TGF‐β signaling can result in significant cardiac fibrosis in a disease model of cardiac proteotoxicity that has an exclusive cardiomyocyte‐based etiology. Methods and Results Against the background of cardiomyocyte‐restricted expression of CryABR120G, we have partially ablated TGF‐β signaling in cardiac myofibroblasts to observe whether cardiac fibrosis is reduced despite the ongoing pathogenic stimulus of CryABR120G production. Transgenic CryABR120G mice were crossed with mice containing a floxed allele of TGF‐β receptor 2 (Tgfbr2f/f). The double transgenic animals were subsequently crossed to another transgenic line in which Cre expression was driven from the periostin locus (Postn) so that Tgfbr2 would be ablated with myofibroblast conversion. Structural and functional assays were then used to determine whether general fibrosis was affected and cardiac function rescued in CryABR120G mice lacking Tgfbr2 in the myofibroblasts. Ablation of myofibroblast specific TGF‐β signaling led to decreased morbidity in a proteotoxic disease resulting from cardiomyocyte autonomous expression of CryABR120G. Cardiac fibrosis was decreased and hypertrophy was also significantly attenuated, with a significant improvement in survival probability over time, even though the primary proteotoxic insult continued. Conclusions Myofibroblast‐targeted knockdown of Tgfbr2 signaling resulted in reduced fibrosis and improved cardiac function, leading to improved probability of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidur Bhandary
- 1 Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Cincinnati OH
| | - Qinghang Meng
- 1 Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Cincinnati OH
| | - Jeanne James
- 2 Division of Pediatric Cardiology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI
| | - Hanna Osinska
- 1 Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Cincinnati OH
| | - James Gulick
- 1 Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Cincinnati OH
| | - Iñigo Valiente-Alandi
- 1 Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Cincinnati OH
| | - Michelle A Sargent
- 1 Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Cincinnati OH
| | - Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- 3 Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport LA
| | - Burns C Blaxall
- 1 Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Cincinnati OH
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- 1 Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Cincinnati OH
| | - Jeffrey Robbins
- 1 Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Cincinnati OH
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8
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Mesenchyme-specific deletion of Tgf-β1 in the embryonic lung disrupts branching morphogenesis and induces lung hypoplasia. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1363-1375. [PMID: 31028279 PMCID: PMC7422700 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0256-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper lung development depends on the precise temporal and spatial expression of several morphogenic factors, including Fgf10, Fgf9, Shh, Bmp4, and Tgf-β. Over- or under-expression of these molecules often leads to aberrant embryonic or postnatal lung development. Herein, we deleted the Tgf-β1 gene specifically within the lung embryonic mesenchymal compartment at specific gestational stages to determine the contribution of this cytokine to lung development. Mutant embryos developed severe lung hypoplasia and died at birth due to the inability to breathe. Despite the markedly reduced lung size, proliferation and differentiation of the lung epithelium was not affected by the lack of mesenchymal expression of the Tgf-β1 gene, while apoptosis was significantly increased in the mutant lung parenchyma. Lack of mesenchymal expression of the Tgf-β1 gene was also associated with reduced lung branching morphogenesis, with accompanying inhibition of the local FGF10 signaling pathway as well as abnormal development of the vascular system. To shed light on the mechanism of lung hypoplasia, we quantified the phosphorylation of 226 proteins in the mutant E12.5 lung compared with control. We identified five proteins, Hrs, Vav2, c-Kit, the regulatory subunit of Pi3k (P85), and Fgfr1, that were over- or under-phosphorylated in the mutant lung, suggesting that they could be indispensable effectors of the TGF-β signaling program during embryonic lung development. In conclusion, we have uncovered novel roles of the mesenchyme-specific Tgf-β1 ligand in embryonic mouse lung development and generated a mouse model that may prove helpful to identify some of the key pathogenic mechanisms underlying lung hypoplasia in humans.
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9
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Chopra S, Al-Sammarraie N, Lai Y, Azhar M. Increased canonical WNT/β-catenin signalling and myxomatous valve disease. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 113:6-9. [PMID: 28069697 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Chopra
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Nadia Al-Sammarraie
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Yimu Lai
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC 29209, USA
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 6439 Garners Ferry Rd., Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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10
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Takahashi H, Alves CRR, Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJW, Pasquale Nigro, Ryan RE, Xue R, Sakaguchi M, Lynes MD, So K, Mul JD, Lee MY, Balan E, Pan H, Dreyfuss JM, Hirshman MF, Azhar M, Hannukainen JC, Nuutila P, Kalliokoski KK, Nielsen S, Pedersen BK, Kahn CR, Tseng YH, Goodyear LJ. TGF-β2 is an exercise-induced adipokine that regulates glucose and fatty acid metabolism. Nat Metab 2019; 1:291-303. [PMID: 31032475 PMCID: PMC6481955 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exercise improves health and well-being across diverse organ systems, and elucidating mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise can lead to new therapies. Here, we show that transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) is secreted from adipose tissue in response to exercise and improves glucose tolerance in mice. We identify TGF-β2 as an exercise-induced adipokine in a gene expression analysis of human subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies after exercise training. In mice, exercise training increases TGF-β2 in scWAT, serum, and its secretion from fat explants. Transplanting scWAT from exercise-trained wild type mice, but not from adipose tissue-specific Tgfb2−/− mice, into sedentary mice improves glucose tolerance. TGF-β2 treatment reverses the detrimental metabolic effects of high fat feeding in mice. Lactate, a metabolite released from muscle during exercise, stimulates TGF-β2 expression in human adipocytes. Administration of the lactate-lowering agent dichloroacetate during exercise training in mice decreases circulating TGF-β2 levels and reduces exercise-stimulated improvements in glucose tolerance. Thus, exercise training improves systemic metabolism through inter-organ communication with fat via a lactate-TGF-β2-signaling cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christiano R R Alves
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Roeland J W Middelbeek
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca E Ryan
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruidan Xue
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Masaji Sakaguchi
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew D Lynes
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kawai So
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joram D Mul
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Estelle Balan
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hui Pan
- Bioinformatics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan M Dreyfuss
- Bioinformatics Core, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mohamad Azhar
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Pirjo Nuutila
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Søren Nielsen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bente K Pedersen
- The Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism and the Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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11
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Wetzel-Strong SE, Detter MR, Marchuk DA. The pathobiology of vascular malformations: insights from human and model organism genetics. J Pathol 2016; 241:281-293. [PMID: 27859310 DOI: 10.1002/path.4844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular malformations may arise in any of the vascular beds present in the human body. These lesions vary in location, type, and clinical severity of the phenotype. In recent years, the genetic basis of several vascular malformations has been elucidated. This review will consider how the identification of the genetic factors contributing to different vascular malformations, with subsequent functional studies in animal models, has provided a better understanding of these factors that maintain vascular integrity in vascular beds, as well as their role in the pathogenesis of vascular malformations. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wetzel-Strong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthew R Detter
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Douglas A Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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12
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Ma M, Li P, Shen H, Estrada KD, Xu J, Kumar SR, Sucov HM. Dysregulated endocardial TGFβ signaling and mesenchymal transformation result in heart outflow tract septation failure. Dev Biol 2015; 409:272-276. [PMID: 26522286 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Heart outflow tract septation in mouse embryos carrying mutations in retinoic acid receptor genes fails with complete penetrance. In this mutant background, ectopic TGFβ signaling in the distal outflow tract is responsible for septation failure, but it was uncertain what tissue was responsive to ectopic TGFβ and why this response interfered with septation. By combining RAR gene mutation with tissue-specific Cre drivers and a conditional type II TGFβ receptor (Tgfbr2) allele, we determined that ectopic activation of TGFβ signaling in the endocardium is responsible for septation defects. Ectopic TGFβ signaling results in ectopic mesenchymal transformation of the endocardium and thereby in improperly constituted distal OFT cushions. Our analysis highlights the interactions between myocardium, endocardium, and neural crest cells in outflow tract morphogenesis, and demonstrates the requirement for proper TGFβ signaling in outflow tract cushion organization and septation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mancheong Ma
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hua Shen
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristine D Estrada
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - S Ram Kumar
- Department of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Henry M Sucov
- Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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