1
|
Ren C, Wen Y, Zheng S, Zhao Z, Li EY, Zhao C, Liao M, Li L, Zhang X, Liu S, Yuan D, Luo K, Wang W, Fei J, Li S. Two transcriptional cascades orchestrate cockroach leg regeneration. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113889. [PMID: 38416646 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The mystery of appendage regeneration has fascinated humans for centuries, while the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we establish a transcriptional landscape of regenerating leg in the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana, an ideal model in appendage regeneration studies showing remarkable regeneration capacity. Through a large-scale in vivo screening, we identify multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors controlling leg regeneration. Specifically, zfh-2 and bowl contribute to blastema cell proliferation and morphogenesis in two transcriptional cascades: bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/JAK-STAT-zfh-2-B-H2 and Notch-drm/bowl-bab1. Notably, we find zfh-2 is working as a direct target of BMP signaling to promote cell proliferation in the blastema. These mechanisms might be conserved in the appendage regeneration of vertebrates from an evolutionary perspective. Overall, our findings reveal that two crucial transcriptional cascades orchestrate distinct cockroach leg regeneration processes, significantly advancing the comprehension of molecular mechanism in appendage regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chonghua Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China.
| | - Yejie Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Shaojuan Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ethan Yihao Li
- International Department, the Affiliated High School of South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chenjing Zhao
- Department of Biology, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, China
| | - Mingtao Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Liang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Suning Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Dongwei Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jifeng Fei
- Department of Pathology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nakamura M, Kyoda T, Yoshida H, Takebayashi-Suzuki K, Koike R, Takahashi E, Moriyama Y, Wlizla M, Horb ME, Suzuki A. Injury-induced cooperation of InhibinβA and JunB is essential for cell proliferation in Xenopus tadpole tail regeneration. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3679. [PMID: 38355764 PMCID: PMC10867027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54280-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In animal species that have the capability of regenerating tissues and limbs, cell proliferation is enhanced after wound healing and is essential for the reconstruction of injured tissue. Although the ability to induce cell proliferation is a common feature of such species, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the transition from wound healing to regenerative cell proliferation remain unclear. Here, we show that upon injury, InhibinβA and JunB cooperatively function for this transition during Xenopus tadpole tail regeneration. We found that the expression of inhibin subunit beta A (inhba) and junB proto-oncogene (junb) is induced by injury-activated TGF-β/Smad and MEK/ERK signaling in regenerating tails. Similarly to junb knockout (KO) tadpoles, inhba KO tadpoles show a delay in tail regeneration, and inhba/junb double KO (DKO) tadpoles exhibit severe impairment of tail regeneration compared with either inhba KO or junb KO tadpoles. Importantly, this impairment is associated with a significant reduction of cell proliferation in regenerating tissue. Moreover, JunB regulates tail regeneration via FGF signaling, while InhibinβA likely acts through different mechanisms. These results demonstrate that the cooperation of injury-induced InhibinβA and JunB is critical for regenerative cell proliferation, which is necessary for re-outgrowth of regenerating Xenopus tadpole tails.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakamura
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Tatsuya Kyoda
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshida
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Kimiko Takebayashi-Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Ryota Koike
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Eri Takahashi
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Yuka Moriyama
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Marcin Wlizla
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
- Embryology, Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, MA, 01887, USA
| | - Marko E Horb
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lyubetsky VA, Rubanov LI, Tereshina MB, Ivanova AS, Araslanova KR, Uroshlev LA, Goremykina GI, Yang JR, Kanovei VG, Zverkov OA, Shitikov AD, Korotkova DD, Zaraisky AG. Wide-scale identification of novel/eliminated genes responsible for evolutionary transformations. Biol Direct 2023; 18:45. [PMID: 37568147 PMCID: PMC10416458 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-023-00405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is generally accepted that most evolutionary transformations at the phenotype level are associated either with rearrangements of genomic regulatory elements, which control the activity of gene networks, or with changes in the amino acid contents of proteins. Recently, evidence has accumulated that significant evolutionary transformations could also be associated with the loss/emergence of whole genes. The targeted identification of such genes is a challenging problem for both bioinformatics and evo-devo research. RESULTS To solve this problem we propose the WINEGRET method, named after the first letters of the title. Its main idea is to search for genes that satisfy two requirements: first, the desired genes were lost/emerged at the same evolutionary stage at which the phenotypic trait of interest was lost/emerged, and second, the expression of these genes changes significantly during the development of the trait of interest in the model organism. To verify the first requirement, we do not use existing databases of orthologs, but rely purely on gene homology and local synteny by using some novel quickly computable conditions. Genes satisfying the second requirement are found by deep RNA sequencing. As a proof of principle, we used our method to find genes absent in extant amniotes (reptiles, birds, mammals) but present in anamniotes (fish and amphibians), in which these genes are involved in the regeneration of large body appendages. As a result, 57 genes were identified. For three of them, c-c motif chemokine 4, eotaxin-like, and a previously unknown gene called here sod4, essential roles for tail regeneration were demonstrated. Noteworthy, we established that the latter gene belongs to a novel family of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutases lost by amniotes, SOD4. CONCLUSIONS We present a method for targeted identification of genes whose loss/emergence in evolution could be associated with the loss/emergence of a phenotypic trait of interest. In a proof-of-principle study, we identified genes absent in amniotes that participate in body appendage regeneration in anamniotes. Our method provides a wide range of opportunities for studying the relationship between the loss/emergence of phenotypic traits and the loss/emergence of specific genes in evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vassily A Lyubetsky
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), 19 Build. 1, Bolshoy Karetny per., Moscow, Russia, 127051
- Department of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Kolmogorova Str., 1, Moscow, Russia, 119234
| | - Lev I Rubanov
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), 19 Build. 1, Bolshoy Karetny per., Moscow, Russia, 127051
| | - Maria B Tereshina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow, Russia, 117997
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya S Ivanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow, Russia, 117997
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA
| | - Karina R Araslanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Leonid A Uroshlev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 32, Vavilova Str., Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Galina I Goremykina
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Stremyanny Lane 36, Moscow, Russia
| | - Jian-Rong Yang
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Department of Genetics and Biomedical Informatics, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Vladimir G Kanovei
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), 19 Build. 1, Bolshoy Karetny per., Moscow, Russia, 127051
| | - Oleg A Zverkov
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Kharkevich Institute), 19 Build. 1, Bolshoy Karetny per., Moscow, Russia, 127051
| | - Alexander D Shitikov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Daria D Korotkova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow, Russia, 117997
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrey G Zaraisky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., Moscow, Russia, 117997.
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang S, Shibata Y, Fu L, Tanizaki Y, Luu N, Bao L, Peng Z, Shi YB. Thyroid hormone receptor knockout prevents the loss of Xenopus tail regeneration capacity at metamorphic climax. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:40. [PMID: 36823612 PMCID: PMC9948486 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-00989-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal regeneration is the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing cells, tissues, organs, and even entire body to full function. Studies in mammals have revealed that many organs lose regenerative ability soon after birth when thyroid hormone (T3) level is high. This suggests that T3 play an important role in organ regeneration. Intriguingly, plasma T3 level peaks during amphibian metamorphosis, which is very similar to postembryonic development in humans. In addition, many organs, such as heart and tail, also lose their regenerative ability during metamorphosis. These make frogs as a good model to address how the organs gradually lose their regenerative ability during development and what roles T3 may play in this. Early tail regeneration studies have been done mainly in the tetraploid Xenopus laevis (X. laevis), which is difficult for gene knockout studies. Here we use the highly related but diploid anuran X. tropicalis to investigate the role of T3 signaling in tail regeneration with gene knockout approaches. RESULTS We discovered that X. tropicalis tadpoles could regenerate their tail from premetamorphic stages up to the climax stage 59 then lose regenerative capacity as tail resorption begins, just like what observed for X. laevis. To test the hypothesis that T3-induced metamorphic program inhibits tail regeneration, we used TR double knockout (TRDKO) tadpoles lacking both TRα and TRβ, the only two receptor genes in vertebrates, for tail regeneration studies. Our results showed that TRs were not necessary for tail regeneration at all stages. However, unlike wild type tadpoles, TRDKO tadpoles retained regenerative capacity at the climax stages 60/61, likely in part by increasing apoptosis at the early regenerative period and enhancing subsequent cell proliferation. In addition, TRDKO animals had higher levels of amputation-induced expression of many genes implicated to be important for tail regeneration, compared to the non-regenerative wild type tadpoles at stage 61. Finally, the high level of apoptosis in the remaining uncut portion of the tail as wild type tadpoles undergo tail resorption after stage 61 appeared to also contribute to the loss of regenerative ability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings for the first time revealed an evolutionary conservation in the loss of tail regeneration capacity at metamorphic climax between X. laevis and X. tropicalis. Our studies with molecular and genetic approaches demonstrated that TR-mediated, T3-induced gene regulation program is responsible not only for tail resorption but also for the loss of tail regeneration capacity. Further studies by using the model should uncover how T3 modulates the regenerative outcome and offer potential new avenues for regenerative medicines toward human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shouhong Wang
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuki Shibata
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, Nippon Medical School, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Liezhen Fu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yuta Tanizaki
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nga Luu
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lingyu Bao
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhaoyi Peng
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Bo Shi
- Section on Molecular Morphogenesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reeve RE, Quale K, Curtis GH, Crespi EJ. Evolutionary conservation of leptin effects on wound healing in vertebrates: Implications for veterinary medicine. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:938296. [PMID: 36093099 PMCID: PMC9453652 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.938296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the cytokine hormone leptin promotes wound healing by increasing inflammation, cellular recruitment, angiogenic regrowth, and re-epithelialization; however, it is not known whether leptin has conserved actions on wound healing in other vertebrates. Here, we tested the hypothesis that leptin promotes both the quality and speed of wound healing in the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. First, fluorescent immunohistochemistry using a polyclonal antibody specific to Xenopus leptin showed that in juvenile dorsal skin, leptin protein is expressed in the dorsal epidermal layer, as well in blood vessel endothelial cells and sensory nerves that run along the base of the dermis. Injection of recombinant Xenopus leptin (rXleptin) stimulates phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), indicative of leptin-activated JAK/STAT signaling in the epidermis. Similar to mammals, leptin protein expression increases at the wound site after injury of the epidermis. We then cultured "punch-in-a-punch" full-thickness dorsal skin explants in three doses of rXleptin (0, 10, and 100 ng/ml) and showed that leptin treatment doubled the rate of wound closure after 48 h relative to skin punches cultured without leptin. Food restriction prior to wound explant culture reduced the amount of wound closure, but leptin injection prior to euthanasia rescued closure to similar control levels. Leptin treatment also significantly reduced bacterial infection of these epidermal punches by 48 h in culture. This study shows that leptin is likely an endogenous promoter of wound healing in amphibians. Leptin-based therapies have the potential to expedite healing and reduce the incidence of secondary infections without toxicity issues, the threat of antibiotic resistance, or environmental antibiotic contamination. The conservation of leptin's actions on wound healing also suggests that it may have similar veterinary applications for other exotic species.
Collapse
|
6
|
Pelzer D, Phipps LS, Thuret R, Gallardo-Dodd CJ, Baker SM, Dorey K. Foxm1 regulates neural progenitor fate during spinal cord regeneration. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50932. [PMID: 34427977 PMCID: PMC8419688 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus tadpoles have the ability to regenerate their tails upon amputation. Although some of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that globally regulate tail regeneration have been characterised, tissue‐specific response to injury remains poorly understood. Using a combination of bulk and single‐cell RNA sequencing on isolated spinal cords before and after amputation, we identify a number of genes specifically expressed in the spinal cord during regeneration. We show that Foxm1, a transcription factor known to promote proliferation, is essential for spinal cord regeneration. Surprisingly, Foxm1 does not control the cell cycle length of neural progenitors but regulates their fate after division. In foxm1−/− tadpoles, we observe a reduction in the number of neurons in the regenerating spinal cord, suggesting that neuronal differentiation is necessary for the regenerative process. Altogether, our data uncover a spinal cord‐specific response to injury and reveal a new role for neuronal differentiation during regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Pelzer
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lauren S Phipps
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Raphael Thuret
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Carlos J Gallardo-Dodd
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Syed Murtuza Baker
- Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karel Dorey
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nakamura M, Yoshida H, Moriyama Y, Kawakita I, Wlizla M, Takebayashi-Suzuki K, Horb ME, Suzuki A. TGF-β1 signaling is essential for tissue regeneration in the Xenopus tadpole tail. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 565:91-96. [PMID: 34102475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amphibians such as Xenopus tropicalis exhibit a remarkable capacity for tissue regeneration after traumatic injury. Although transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor signaling is known to be essential for tissue regeneration in fish and amphibians, the role of TGF-β ligands in this process is not well understood. Here, we show that inhibition of TGF-β1 function prevents tail regeneration in Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles. We found that expression of tgfb1 is present before tail amputation and is sustained throughout the regeneration process. CRISPR-mediated knock-out (KO) of tgfb1 retards tail regeneration; the phenotype of tgfb1 KO tadpoles can be rescued by injection of tgfb1 mRNA. Cell proliferation, a critical event for the success of tissue regeneration, is downregulated in tgfb1 KO tadpoles. In addition, tgfb1 KO reduces the expression of phosphorylated Smad2/3 (pSmad2/3) which is important for TGF-β signal-mediated cell proliferation. Collectively, our results show that TGF-β1 regulates cell proliferation through the activation of Smad2/3. We therefore propose that TGF-β1 plays a critical role in TGF-β receptor-dependent tadpole tail regeneration in Xenopus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakamura
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Yoshida
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Yuka Moriyama
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Itsuki Kawakita
- Amphibian Research Center, School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Marcin Wlizla
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kimiko Takebayashi-Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
| | - Marko E Horb
- National Xenopus Resource and Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Atsushi Suzuki
- Amphibian Research Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pshennikova ES, Voronina AS. Xvent-2 expression in regenerating Xenopus tails. Stem Cell Investig 2020; 7:13. [PMID: 32832536 DOI: 10.21037/sci-2019-044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The tail of Xenopus tadpole is an excellent model for appendage regeneration studies. We analyzed the distribution pattern of the transcription factor Xvent-2 mRNA and protein in the beginning of the regeneration of Xenopus tadpole tail stumps after amputation. We revealed the emergence of Xvent-2 mRNA and protein in regeneration bud during the first day after amputation. The data obtained confirm that soon after amputation of the part of the Xenopus tadpole tail, there occurs the emergence of a structure, to some extend, resembling the early embryonic tail bud.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena S Pshennikova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna S Voronina
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Belrose JL, Prasad A, Sammons MA, Gibbs KM, Szaro BG. Comparative gene expression profiling between optic nerve and spinal cord injury in Xenopus laevis reveals a core set of genes inherent in successful regeneration of vertebrate central nervous system axons. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:540. [PMID: 32758133 PMCID: PMC7430912 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The South African claw-toed frog, Xenopus laevis, is uniquely suited for studying differences between regenerative and non-regenerative responses to CNS injury within the same organism, because some CNS neurons (e.g., retinal ganglion cells after optic nerve crush (ONC)) regenerate axons throughout life, whereas others (e.g., hindbrain neurons after spinal cord injury (SCI)) lose this capacity as tadpoles metamorphose into frogs. Tissues from these CNS regions (frog ONC eye, tadpole SCI hindbrain, frog SCI hindbrain) were used in a three-way RNA-seq study of axotomized CNS axons to identify potential core gene expression programs for successful CNS axon regeneration. RESULTS Despite tissue-specific changes in expression dominating the injury responses of each tissue, injury-induced changes in gene expression were nonetheless shared between the two axon-regenerative CNS regions that were not shared with the non-regenerative region. These included similar temporal patterns of gene expression and over 300 injury-responsive genes. Many of these genes and their associated cellular functions had previously been associated with injury responses of multiple tissues, both neural and non-neural, from different species, thereby demonstrating deep phylogenetically conserved commonalities between successful CNS axon regeneration and tissue regeneration in general. Further analyses implicated the KEGG adipocytokine signaling pathway, which links leptin with metabolic and gene regulatory pathways, and a novel gene regulatory network with genes regulating chromatin accessibility at its core, as important hubs in the larger network of injury response genes involved in successful CNS axon regeneration. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies deep, phylogenetically conserved commonalities between CNS axon regeneration and other examples of successful tissue regeneration and provides new targets for studying the molecular underpinnings of successful CNS axon regeneration, as well as a guide for distinguishing pro-regenerative injury-induced changes in gene expression from detrimental ones in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Belrose
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Aparna Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
- Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Morgan A Sammons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Kurt M Gibbs
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Morehead State University, Morehead, KY, 40351, USA
| | - Ben G Szaro
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience Research, University at Albany, State University of New York, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kakebeen AD, Chitsazan AD, Williams MC, Saunders LM, Wills AE. Chromatin accessibility dynamics and single cell RNA-Seq reveal new regulators of regeneration in neural progenitors. eLife 2020; 9:e52648. [PMID: 32338593 PMCID: PMC7250574 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate appendage regeneration requires precisely coordinated remodeling of the transcriptional landscape to enable the growth and differentiation of new tissue, a process executed over multiple days and across dozens of cell types. The heterogeneity of tissues and temporally-sensitive fate decisions involved has made it difficult to articulate the gene regulatory programs enabling regeneration of individual cell types. To better understand how a regenerative program is fulfilled by neural progenitor cells (NPCs) of the spinal cord, we analyzed pax6-expressing NPCs isolated from regenerating Xenopus tropicalis tails. By intersecting chromatin accessibility data with single-cell transcriptomics, we find that NPCs place an early priority on neuronal differentiation. Late in regeneration, the priority returns to proliferation. Our analyses identify Pbx3 and Meis1 as critical regulators of tail regeneration and axon organization. Overall, we use transcriptional regulatory dynamics to present a new model for cell fate decisions and their regulators in NPCs during regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lauren M Saunders
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of WashingtonSeattleUnited States
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Understanding how to promote organ and appendage regeneration is a key goal of regenerative medicine. The frog, Xenopus, can achieve both scar-free healing and tissue regeneration during its larval stages, although it predominantly loses these abilities during metamorphosis and adulthood. This transient regenerative capacity, alongside their close evolutionary relationship with humans, makes Xenopus an attractive model to uncover the mechanisms underlying functional regeneration. Here, we present an overview of Xenopus as a key model organism for regeneration research and highlight how studies of Xenopus have led to new insights into the mechanisms governing regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren S Phipps
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Lindsey Marshall
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Karel Dorey
- Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Transcriptional analysis of scar-free wound healing during early stages of tail regeneration in the green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regen.2019.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
13
|
An in vivo brain-bacteria interface: the developing brain as a key regulator of innate immunity. NPJ Regen Med 2020; 5:2. [PMID: 32047653 PMCID: PMC7000827 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-020-0087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections have numerous effects on the brain. However, possible roles of the brain in protecting against infection, and the developmental origin and role of brain signaling in immune response, are largely unknown. We exploited a unique Xenopus embryonic model to reveal control of innate immune response to pathogenic E. coli by the developing brain. Using survival assays, morphological analysis of innate immune cells and apoptosis, and RNA-seq, we analyzed combinations of infection, brain removal, and tail-regenerative response. Without a brain, survival of embryos injected with bacteria decreased significantly. The protective effect of the developing brain was mediated by decrease of the infection-induced damage and of apoptosis, and increase of macrophage migration, as well as suppression of the transcriptional consequences of the infection, all of which decrease susceptibility to pathogen. Functional and pharmacological assays implicated dopamine signaling in the bacteria–brain–immune crosstalk. Our data establish a model that reveals the very early brain to be a central player in innate immunity, identify the developmental origins of brain–immune interactions, and suggest several targets for immune therapies.
Collapse
|
14
|
The AP-1 transcription factor JunB functions in Xenopus tail regeneration by positively regulating cell proliferation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:990-995. [PMID: 31812242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus tropicalis tadpoles can regenerate an amputated tail, including spinal cord, muscle and notochord, through cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate cell proliferation during tail regeneration are largely unknown. Here we show that JunB plays an important role in tail regeneration by regulating cell proliferation. The expression of junb is rapidly activated and sustained during tail regeneration. Knockout (KO) of junb causes a delay in tail regeneration and tissue differentiation. In junb KO tadpoles, cell proliferation is prevented before tissue differentiation. Furthermore, TGF-β signaling, which is activated just after tail amputation, regulates the induction and maintenance of junb expression. These findings demonstrate that JunB, a downstream component of TGF-β signaling, works as a positive regulator of cell proliferation during Xenopus tail regeneration.
Collapse
|
15
|
Easterling MR, Engbrecht KM, Crespi EJ. Endocrine Regulation of Epimorphic Regeneration. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2969-2980. [PMID: 31593236 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies aiming to uncover primary mechanisms of regeneration have predominantly focused on genetic pathways regulating specific stages in the regeneration process: wound healing, blastema formation, and pattern formation. However, studies across organisms show that environmental conditions and the physiological state of the animal can affect the rate or quality of regeneration, and endocrine signals are likely the mediators of these effects. Endocrine signals acting directly on receptors expressed in the tissue or via neuroendocrine pathways can affect regeneration by regulating the immune response to injury, allocation of energetic resources, or by enhancing or inhibiting proliferation and differentiation pathways involved in regeneration. This review discusses the cumulative knowledge in the literature about endocrine regulation of regeneration and its importance in future research to advance biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marietta R Easterling
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Kristin M Engbrecht
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Erica J Crespi
- School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Background The study of the mechanisms controlling wound healing is an attractive area within the field of biology, with it having a potentially significant impact on the health sector given the current medical burden associated with healing in the elderly population. Healing is a complex process and includes many steps that are regulated by coding and noncoding RNAs, proteins and other molecules. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of these small molecule regulators and its function has already been associated with inflammation and angiogenesis during adult healing. Results Our results showed that NO is also an essential component during embryonic scarless healing and acts via a previously unknown mechanism. NO is mainly produced during the early phase of healing and it is crucial for the expression of genes associated with healing. However, we also observed a late phase of healing, which occurs for several hours after wound closure and takes place under the epidermis and includes tissue remodelling that is dependent on NO. We also found that the NO is associated with multiple cellular metabolic pathways, in particularly the glucose metabolism pathway. This is particular noteworthy as the use of NO donors have already been found to be beneficial for the treatment of chronic healing defects (including those associated with diabetes) and it is possible that its mechanism of action follows those observed during embryonic wound healing. Conclusions Our study describes a new role of NO during healing, which may potentially translate to improved therapeutic treatments, especially for individual suffering with problematic healing.
Collapse
|
17
|
Easterling MR, Engbrecht KM, Crespi EJ. Endocrine regulation of regeneration: Linking global signals to local processes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 283:113220. [PMID: 31310748 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration in amphibians and reptiles has been explored since the early 18th century, giving us a working in vivo model to study epimorphic regeneration in vertebrates. Studies aiming to uncover primary mechanisms of regeneration have predominantly focused on genetic pathways regulating specific stages of the regeneration process: wound healing, blastema formation and growth, and pattern formation. However, studies across organisms show that environmental conditions and physiological state of the animal can affect the rate or quality of regeneration, and endocrine signals are likely the mediators of these effects. Endocrine signals working/acting directly on receptors expressed in the structure or via neuroendocrine pathways can affect regeneration by modulating immune response to injury, allocation of energetic resources, or by enhancing or inhibiting proliferation and differentiation pathways in regenerating tissue. This review discusses the cumulative knowledge known about endocrine regulation of regeneration and important future research directions of interest to both ecological and biomedical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marietta R Easterling
- Washington State University, School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Pullman, WA 99164, United States.
| | - Kristin M Engbrecht
- Washington State University, School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Pullman, WA 99164, United States; Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, United States
| | - Erica J Crespi
- Washington State University, School of Biological Sciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Pullman, WA 99164, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kakebeen A, Wills A. Advancing genetic and genomic technologies deepen the pool for discovery in Xenopus tropicalis. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:620-625. [PMID: 31254427 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis have long been used to drive discovery in developmental, cell, and molecular biology. These dual frog species boast experimental strengths for embryology including large egg sizes that develop externally, well-defined fate maps, and cell-intrinsic sources of nutrients that allow explanted tissues to grow in culture. Development of the Xenopus cell extract system has been used to study cell cycle and DNA replication. Xenopus tadpole tail and limb regeneration have provided fundamental insights into the underlying mechanisms of this processes, and the loss of regenerative competency in adults adds a complexity to the system that can be more directly compared to humans. Moreover, Xenopus genetics and especially disease-causing mutations are highly conserved with humans, making them a tractable system to model human disease. In the last several years, genome editing, expanding genomic resources, and intersectional approaches leveraging the distinct characteristics of each species have generated new frontiers in cell biology. While Xenopus have enduringly represented a leading embryological model, new technologies are generating exciting diversity in the range of discoveries being made in areas from genomics and proteomics to regenerative biology, neurobiology, cell scaling, and human disease modeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kakebeen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrea Wills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Patel S, Ranadive I, Rajaram S, Desai I, Balakrishnan S. Ablation of BMP signaling hampers the blastema formation in Poecilia latipinna by dysregulating the extracellular matrix remodeling and cell cycle turnover. ZOOLOGY 2019; 133:17-26. [PMID: 30979387 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins play a pivotal role in the epimorphic regeneration in vertebrates. Blastema formation is central to the epimorphic regeneration and crucially determines its fate. Despite an elaborate understanding of importance of Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in regeneration, its specific role during the blastema formation remains to be addressed. Regulatory role of BMP signaling during blastema formation was investigated using LDN193189, a potent inhibitor of BMP receptors. The study involved morphological observation, in vivo proliferation assay by incorporation of BrdU, comet assay, qRT-PCR and western blot. Blastemal outgrowth was seen reduced due to LDN193189 treatment, typified by dimensional differences, reduced number of proliferating cells and decreased levels of PCNA. Additionally, proapoptotic markers were found to be upregulated signifying a skewed cellular turnover. Further, the cell migration was seen obstructed and ECM remodeling was disturbed as well. These findings were marked by differential transcript as well as protein expressions of the key signaling and regulatory components, their altered enzymatic activities and other microscopic as well as molecular characterizations. Our results signify, for the first time, that BMP signaling manifests its effect on blastema formation by controlling the pivotal cellular processes possibly via PI3K/AKT. Our results indicate the pleiotropic role of BMPs specifically during blastema formation in regulating cell migration, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and lead to the generation of a molecular regulatory map of determinative molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Patel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Isha Ranadive
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Shailja Rajaram
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
| | - Isha Desai
- N. V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Suresh Balakrishnan
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kakebeen AD, Wills AE. More Than Just a Bandage: Closing the Gap Between Injury and Appendage Regeneration. Front Physiol 2019; 10:81. [PMID: 30800076 PMCID: PMC6376490 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable regenerative capabilities of amphibians have captured the attention of biologists for centuries. The frogs Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis undergo temporally restricted regenerative healing of appendage amputations and spinal cord truncations, injuries that are both devastating and relatively common in human patients. Rapidly expanding technological innovations have led to a resurgence of interest in defining the factors that enable regenerative healing, and in coupling these factors to human therapeutic interventions. It is well-established that early embryonic signaling pathways are critical for growth and patterning of new tissue during regeneration. A growing body of research now indicates that early physiological injury responses are also required to initiate a regenerative program, and that these differ in regenerative and non-regenerative contexts. Here we review recent insights into the biophysical, biochemical, and epigenetic processes that underlie regenerative healing in amphibians, focusing particularly on tail and limb regeneration in Xenopus. We also discuss the more elusive potential mechanisms that link wounding to tissue growth and patterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anneke D Kakebeen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Andrea E Wills
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
McLaughlin KA, Levin M. Bioelectric signaling in regeneration: Mechanisms of ionic controls of growth and form. Dev Biol 2018; 433:177-189. [PMID: 29291972 PMCID: PMC5753428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control pattern formation is critical for the both the embryonic development of complex structures as well as for the regeneration/repair of damaged or missing tissues and organs. In addition to chemical gradients and gene regulatory networks, endogenous ion flows are key regulators of cell behavior. Not only do bioelectric cues provide information needed for the initial development of structures, they also enable the robust restoration of normal pattern after injury. In order to expand our basic understanding of morphogenetic processes responsible for the repair of complex anatomy, we need to identify the roles of endogenous voltage gradients, ion flows, and electric fields. In complement to the current focus on molecular genetics, decoding the information transduced by bioelectric cues enhances our knowledge of the dynamic control of growth and pattern formation. Recent advances in science and technology place us in an exciting time to elucidate the interplay between molecular-genetic inputs and important biophysical cues that direct the creation of tissues and organs. Moving forward, these new insights enable additional approaches to direct cell behavior and may result in profound advances in augmentation of regenerative capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A McLaughlin
- Allen Discovery Center, Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155, United States.
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center, Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4700, Medford, MA 02155, United States
| |
Collapse
|